Deck 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

During adolescence,boys are more advanced than girls on which of the following aspects of physical development?

A) size of heart and lungs
B) attainment of adult height
C) joints of the skeletal system
D) acquisition of fat tissue

Answer 1

size of heart and lungs

Question 2

Dawn has just turned 13 years old,and she recently experienced menarche.If Dawn becomes sexually active,will she be at risk for pregnancy?

A) No. The irregularity of menstrual cycles after menarche means that it will be impossible to have intercourse during an ovulatory cycle.
B) Yes. Menarche represents full sexual maturity and pregnancy is likely.
C) Probably not. She is too young to get pregnant.
D) Possibly. Although irregular menstrual cycles are the norm for some time, pregnancy is still possible.

Answer 2

Possibly. Although irregular menstrual cycles are the norm for some time, pregnancy is still possible.

Question 3

Of the following,which is NOT an example of changes in primary sex characteristics during puberty?

A) growth of the penis
B) growth of a uterus
C) growth of breasts
D) growth of the ovaries

Answer 3

growth of breasts

Question 4

Menarche is

A) the onset of primary sex characteristics.
B) a female's first menstruation.
C) the peak of the female growth spurt.
D) the onset of secondary sex characteristics.

Question 5

During puberty,the most important endocrine gland is ________ because ________.

A) the thyroid; it controls the overall rate of growth
B) the adrenal gland; it produces androgens, such as testosterone, which stimulate sexual interest
C) the pituitary gland; it activates the release of hormones from other glands
D) the hypothalamus; it regulates sexual behaviour

Question 6

Which of the following is the earliest sign of puberty for a female?

A) menstruation
B) development of a mesomorphic body type
C) changes in breasts and pubic hair
D) growth spurt

Question 7

Research has demonstrated that higher hours of "screen time" leisure activities are highly correlated with __________ in adolescents.

A) lack of school achievement
B) early substance use
C) obesity rates
D) depression rates

Question 8

______ percent of youth who clocked more than _____ hours of screen time per week were overweight/obese.

A) 25; 20
B) 32; 25
C) 66; 20
D) 77; 25

Question 9

Which is the most accurate statement about the results or effects of teenagers' physical development during puberty?

A) As a result of growth of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, teens are better able to plan and use logical thinking.
B) As a result of puberty, the proportion of body weight that is fat increases for boys.
C) Boys have an advantage over girls in athletic skills that require coordination because their joints are more developed.
D) Boys attain their mature adult height by age 16 to 18.

Question 10

The cumulative psychological effect of experiencing significantly early or significantly late puberty is related to

A) whether the individual's family members experienced similar timing of puberty.
B) whether the individual is capable of formal operational thought.
C) an individual's stage of moral development when the changes of puberty begin.
D) an individual's belief about the "right time" to go through puberty.

Question 11

With respect to male adolescent development,which of the following is NOT a variable for a male whose sexual development is earlier than his peers?

A) they are more academically successful
B) they assume leadership roles
C) they perform better in sports
D) they are economically more successful

Question 12

Of the following events in boys' puberty,which typically occurs earliest?

A) growth of the genitals
B) growth of a beard
C) lowering of the voice
D) peak of the growth spurt

Question 13

The changes in the patterns of physical growth and development that are known as the secular trend are most likely caused by

A) cultural values that favour a thin, angular body image
B) increased levels of demand and stress placed upon children and adolescents
C) an increasingly sexualized society
D) improved nutrition and health status

Question 14

In _______ of the menstrual cycles in the second and third years after menarche,the girl's body produces no ovum.

A) ¼
B) ½
C) ¾
D) none

Question 15

Which of the following is an unlikely characteristic of a girl who experienced the major physical changes of puberty by age 10?

A) a positive body image
B) getting in trouble at home and at school
C) depression
D) involved with older misbehaving peers

Question 16

Which hormones are responsible for the development of the sex organs?

A) estrogen in females and testosterone in males
B) thyroid gland hormones
C) general growth hormones
D) adrenal androgen hormones

Question 17

Which of the following statements about menarche is NOT true?

A) Menarche typically occurs two years after the beginning of indicators such as changes in the breast and pubic hair.
B) In industrialized countries, the average age of menarche has remained fairly stable for the last 100 years.
C) Girls now show signs of secondary sex characteristics one or two years earlier than their mothers and grandmothers.
D) Girls who are sexually active are more likely to have experienced early menarche.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about puberty?

A) The worst effects are experienced by girls who are late in their physical development.
B) Normal-developing girls and early-developing boys should have the best psychological experience of puberty.
C) Pubertal changes should occur between 12 and 14.
D) The negative psychological effects experienced by late-developing boys and early-developing girls occur because they are "off-time" in their development.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of changes in secondary sex characteristics during puberty?

A) growth of the penis
B) growth of breasts
C) growth of the uterus
D) growth of the testes

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT considered a contributing factor to the steady drop in the average age of menarche onset in young girls in industrialized countries?

A) lifestyle
B) protein intake
C) fat intake
D) increased exercise

Question 21

The general pattern of adolescent pregnancy is that

A) the rate of births to married teenagers has increased in the last four decades.
B) the likelihood of pregnancy is lower among teenaged girls who do well in school.
C) the teenaged pregnancy rate has steadily increased since the 1960s.
D) the highest rate of teenaged pregnancy is among girls under the age of 15.

Question 22

Adolescents whose psychological gender is different from their biological sex are known as

A) bisexuals.
B) transgendered.
C) transsexuals.
D) cross-gendered.

Question 23

Researchers believe the gradual process of achieving and accepting one's sexual orientation usually begins in

A) early childhood.
B) middle childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) young adulthood.

Question 24

Which of the following factors is associated with increased likelihood of teenaged pregnancy?

A) late initiation of sexual activity
B) low level of family education
C) communication about sex and contraception with one's mother
D) popularity among peers

Question 25

Adolescents or adults who choose to live as the opposite gender on a full-time basis are known as

A) transgendered.
B) bisexuals.
C) transsexuals.
D) sex reassignments.

Question 26

The eating disorder bulimia nervosa is characterized by

A) episodes of binge eating that are followed by purging activities.
B) metabolic dysfunction that triggers compulsive and excessive eating.
C) obsessive dieting that results in death by starvation.
D) significant weight loss.

Question 27

What statement best represents current trends in adolescent sexual behaviour in Canada?

A) The rate of teens who report having sexual intercourse before age 15 has decreased.
B) The rate of 15- to 19-year-old females who reported ever having intercourse has declined.
C) The rates of sexual activity are higher among teens who are involved in sports or after-school pursuits.
D) The rate of condom use with sexual intercourse among teens of both sexes increases with age.

Question 28

Among teenagers,sensation-seeking appears to be least associated with

A) tobacco use.
B) alcohol use.
C) drug use.
D) automobile accidents and injuries.

Question 29

One of the most promising explanations for understanding eating disorders is

A) biological theories.
B) image discrepancy between the person's internal image of a desirable body and their perception of their own body.
C) psychoanalytic theory, based on fear of growing up.
D) abnormal brain functioning.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about adolescent sexual activity is NOT true?

A) Alcohol use is associated with 22% of adolescent sexual encounters.
B) Among girls, those who are sexually active are more likely to have had early menarche.
C) Of the students using contraception, more use the birth control pill than use condoms.
D) Teens who are involved in sports or after-school activities have lower rates of sexual activity than teens who do not participate in such activities.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

A) intense fear of gaining weight
B) risk for death by starvation
C) fear of conflict
D) cessation of menstruation

Question 32

The eating disorder anorexia nervosa is characterized by

A) an obsessive fear of food.
B) intense fear of weight gain, extreme dieting, and obsessive exercising.
C) acid-related tooth decay and stomach irritation.
D) the use of laxatives or self-induced vomiting.

Question 33

Among teenagers,sensation-seeking behaviours are associated with

A) recklessness.
B) increased volume of music, television, video games, etc.
C) reduced need for sleep.
D) emotional arguments with parents and friends.

Question 34

Concerning risk factors and teenage pregnancy,which of the following statements is true:

A) The age at which an adolescent girl first becomes sexually active is not a risk factor.
B) Demographic and economic variables like parents' educational attainment, income level and family composition (single parent vs. two parent) are not risk factors.
C) Among teen girls who are from poor families, or families with relatively uneducated parents, pregnancy rates are higher.
D) Pregnancy rates are highest in mid-adolescence, specifically ages 15 to 17, making middle adolescence a risk factor.

Question 35

Research indicates that the most effective sex education programs for teens focus on

A) communication skills.
B) reducing specific risk-taking behaviour.
C) the responsibilities of teenage parenting.
D) promotion of abstinence.

Question 36

A link can be found between parenting styles and sensation-seeking and the likelihood of drug use.Children whose parents have a(n)________ parenting style are less likely to engage in such behaviours.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with bulimia?

A) depression
B) excessive weight loss
C) hair loss
D) tooth decay

Question 38

Of the following,which would be the least effective strategy for parents who want to prevent children from smoking?

A) provide a parental model for non-smoking
B) punish teens who are found to be smoking
C) establish family rules against substance use
D) monitor friends of teen and discouraging them from associating with smokers.

Question 39

Across cultures,earlier initiation to adolescent sexual activity is associated with

A) involvement in school activities.
B) a history of abuse.
C) a history of dating at a later age.
D) school-based sexuality education programs.

Question 40

Studies seeking to identify factors that contribute to the development of a bisexual,gay or lesbian sexual orientation indicate that the most statistically relevant factor is _________.

A) prenatal hormone exposure.
B) environmental influences.
C) family trait inheritance.
D) genetic programming.

Question 41

With regard to schooling,which of the following best characterizes the transition from a lower level of education to high school for most adolescents?

A) losses in academic achievement and self-esteem
B) increased competence and self-efficacy
C) smooth transition and easy adaptation to different demands of a new educational environment
D) establishment of higher personal standards and goals for success

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a predictor of high school dropout according to longitudinal studies?

A) being reared in a single-parent home
B) a pattern of aggressive behaviour
C) involvement in risky behaviour
D) a history of academic failure

Question 43

Fourteen-year-old George won a contest sponsored by the local newspaper to celebrate a championship basketball game.The object of the contest was to determine how many words could be made from the word score.Which newly developed ability of formal operational thought would have been most helpful to George?

A) the ability to reason about objects or situations not previously seen or experienced
B) the ability to start with a theory and a prediction and arrive at a conclusion
C) the ability to use ethical principles for decision-making
D) the ability to search systematically and methodologically for the solutions to a problem

Question 44

A developmental pathway for adolescent depression may be created by

A) growing up in a religion that emphasizes traditional gender roles.
B) growing up with a depressed parent.
C) having many siblings.
D) growing up in a low socioeconomic status family.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about adolescents' development of formal operational thinking?

A) An adolescent's decision-making can include future possibilities in addition to here-and-now factors.
B) Higher education plays a key role in the development of formal operational thinking.
C) Nearly all adolescents are engaged in formal operational thinking by the twelfth grade.
D) Formal operational reasoning enables adolescents to understand figurative language, such as metaphors.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a key element in the type of thinking that emerges during adolescence?

A) naive hedonism, or believing that something is good if it feels good or brings pleasant results
B) the ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
C) deductive reasoning using a theory and a prediction
D) systematic problem-solving by testing hypotheses about single factors

Question 47

Which one of the following has been proven to help with transition to secondary school?

A) parental involvement in the school
B) guidance counselling
C) a wide variety of elective and extracurricular activities
D) junior high/middle school

Question 48

Which of the following is the best example of a child who has ability goals for academic achievement?

A) Marla hopes to score higher on her college entrance exam than any of her brothers and sisters.
B) Justin hopes his computer teacher will let him learn Java computer programming language for his final project.
C) Amy was inspired to become a stage lighting designer when she participated in high-school theatrical productions.
D) Larry wants to do another biology project on fruit flies because he learned so much on his first project.

Question 49

Jaythree is in the stage of formal operational thought and has been asked to attempt Piaget's pendulum task.What will she be able to do that she was unable to do at the stage of concrete operations?

A) evaluate the effects of multiple factors in a systematic, methodical fashion
B) measure the length of the string, the height of the pendulum, and the weight of the object
C) formulate an approach to the task
D) try out varying combinations of height, weight, force, and length

Question 50

In Canada,the group with the highest suicide rate is

A) adolescent girls in rural areas.
B) First Nations adolescents.
C) all adolescent males.
D) all adolescent girls.

Question 51

What type of cognitive ability dramatically increases in adolescence,which results in teens benefitting from training more than younger children?

A) reasoning
B) metamemory
C) metacognitive
D) processing

Question 52

Although combined PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment)science test scores were equal for Canadian boys and girls,boys out-performed girls on the following two skills:

A) math and reading.
B) identifying scientific issues and explaining phenomena scientifically.
C) reading and identifying scientific phenomena.
D) explaining phenomena scientifically and math.

Question 53

In Canada,the reason more young males than young females die as a result of suicide is

A) boys are more violent.
B) boys use more lethal methods.
C) girls are more likely to go for counselling.
D) boys have a higher rate of depression.

Question 54

A pattern seen in adolescent depression rates that persists across the lifespan is

A) females experience depression more frequently than males.
B) there are no true gender patterns in adolescent depression rates.
C) males experience depression more frequently than females.
D) females may experience more depression but males experience more severe forms of depression.

Question 55

A universal ingredient in the suicides of adolescents is

A) a preference for music with violent themes.
B) a knowledge of suicide committed by a friend or peer.
C) a history of abuse or abandonment.
D) some form of significant psychopathology, such as depression.

Question 56

If Marta wants to be the best clarinet player in the band,she is motivated by a(n)________ goal.

A) inductive
B) ability
C) task
D) deductive

Question 57

Which of the following is most likely if an adolescent has adopted ability goals with regard to academic work?

A) increased sense of personal control over successes and failures
B) high personal academic standards
C) a desire to become more competent in academic subjects
D) a desire to be better than others at school work

Question 58

If Sameer wants to learn calculus so he can become an engineer,he is motivated by a(n)________ goal.

A) task
B) ability
C) hypothetico-deductive
D) metacognitive

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a factor that may contribute to the development of depression among adolescents?

A) low self-esteem
B) family responsibilities and chores
C) family stressors
D) genetic factors

Question 60

Lisako's assignment in biology class is to grow beans in order to measure the effect of light upon plant growth.She develops an experiment based upon a theory that the height of the plants will be proportional to the amount of light they receive.Which aspect of formal operational thought is the basis of Lisako's biology experiment?

A) the ability to understand figurative language
B) deductive reasoning, which utilizes hypotheses and predictions
C) the ability to engage in long-range planning
D) the ability to use universal ethical principles in problem-solving

Question 61

Becoming overweight/obese and underfit is an increasing problem for Canadian adolescents of both genders.

Question 62

The pituitary gland triggers other glands to release hormones.

Question 63

Before age 12,boys and girls have similar endurance limits.

Question 64

What is the optimal number of hours that teens should work per week?

A) 10-12
B) 15-20
C) 20-25
D) 25-30

Question 65

It is not possible to become pregnant shortly after menarche.

Question 66

Sexually transmitted infection rates are among the highest in 18-20 year old females.

Question 67

Lifestyle and diet are responsible for shortening the average time between the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and menarche in Canadian teens.

Question 68

The risky behaviours of adolescence may have a developmental function because they help teens gain peer acceptance and establish autonomy with respect to parents and other authority figures.

Question 69

In females,menarche is the signal that puberty has begun.

Question 70

Most sexual minority youth are aware of their sexual orientation in early childhood.

Question 71

Primary sex characteristics include the growth of the penis and testes in males,and the growth of the uterus,ovaries,and vagina in females.

Question 72

The number of hours a teen works is positively correlated with all of the following EXCEPT

A) arguments with parents.
B) amount of sleep.
C) dissatisfaction with life.
D) drug use.

Question 73

Children being attracted to cross-gender activities or children expressing a desire to be the opposite gender are two sound predictors of a future transgender sexual orientation.

Question 74

Linda is a high school junior who works three hours every night for a fast-food chain.She hates her job.Linda's work experience most likely

A) helps her develop feelings of competency and self-efficacy.
B) has no effect on her academic achievements.
C) inspires her to make better grades.
D) impairs her performance in school.

Question 75

Adolescent girls reach adult height later than adolescent boys.

Question 76

Studies suggest that working more than ________ in paid employment has a negative effect on students' grades and their decisions about risky behaviour.

A) 15-20 hours per week
B) 18-20 hours per week
C) 10-15 hours per week
D) 5-8 hours per week

Question 77

What is the most positive effect of teens working?

A) They meet friends on the job.
B) They stay in school longer.
C) They have increased feelings of competence and efficacy.
D) They argue less with their parents.

Question 78

In studies of teenage sexual behaviour,birth control pills were reported as the most frequently used form of contraception.

Question 79

The thyroid gland and thyroxine are the master endocrine gland and master hormone for controlling the processes of puberty.

Question 80

Too much "screen time" is a contributing factor to obesity rates in Canadian boys but not in girls.