Deck 2: Genetics and Prenatal Development

Question 1

The totality of an individual's genes is referred to as his or her ____.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)inheritance
D)environment

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How many nucleotide pairs comprise the human genome?

A)100,000
B)150 million
C)3 billion
D)5 trillion

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Alejandro was born into a family with high musical talent.Both his parents were professional musicians who encouraged and fostered his musical development.Throughout childhood he practiced the guitar whenever he could and eventually became a professional musician himself.Which of the following best describes Alejandro's phenotype?

A)Alejandro's musical genes
B)Alejandro's musical talent
C)Alejandro's nurturing parents
D)Alejandro's practice of the guitar

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Chromosomes are organized into segments called ____.

A)DNA
B)RNA
C)genes
D)nucleotides

Question 5

The expression of an individual's genetic material is referred to as his or her _____.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)inheritance
D)environment

Question 6

Fred was born into a family with high musical talent.Both his parents were professional musicians who encouraged and fostered his musical development.Throughout childhood he practiced the guitar whenever he could and eventually became a professional musician himself.Which of the following best describes Fred's genotype?

A)Fred's musical genes
B)Fred's musical talent
C)Fred's nurturing parents
D)Fred's musical genes and musical talent

Question 7

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A)23
B)46
C)69
D)92

Question 8

The human body contains how many chromosomes?

A)23
B)46
C)69
D)92

Question 9

According to the text,chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as _____.

A)nucleotides
B)genes
C)DNA
D)RNA

Question 10

The difference between an individual's genotype and its expression in his or her phenotype is a consequence of the person's ____.

A)genes
B)DNA
C)environment
D)parents

Question 11

Jill's mother was an All-American in the 1,500m and qualified for the Olympic team in the marathon.Jill is a freshman in high school and does not think that she will need to train to become a member of the school's cross country team.Jill keeps telling you that her mother was a great runner,so she will also be a great runner.What do you think?

A)She is
B)It is unlikely that Jill even has the genotype for running.
C)Jill might have the genotype for running ability,but she will need to train become a great runner.
D)Jill has also inherited the genes for superior intelligence.

Question 12

Chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as ____.

A)DNA
B)nucleotide pairs
C)genetic
D)dominant recessive

Question 13

Genes contain paired sequences of chemicals called ____.

A)genes
B)RNA
C)DNA
D)nucleotides

Question 14

An individual's complete genetic makeup is his or her ____.

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)allele
D)reaction range

Question 15

A person's characteristics are known as his or her ____.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)chromosomes
D)DNA

Question 16

Genes are made of ____.

A)protein segments
B)nucleotides
C)fatty cells
D)chromosomes

Question 17

How many chromosomes from each pair of chromosomes are generally inherited from the father?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 18

A person's ____ is/are their genetic makeup,whereas a person's ____ is/are their characteristics.

A)phenotype; genotype
B)genotype; phenotype
C)nucelotides; DNA
D)DNA; nucleotides

Question 19

Approximately how many genes comprise the human genome?

A)10,000
B)23,000
C)50,000
D)100,000

Question 20

The average human cell has ____ chromosomes.

A)42
B)46
C)23
D)26

Question 21

Sickle-cell anemia is an evolutionary defense against what disease?

A)sickle-cell trait
B)malaria
C)smallpox
D)Nile fever

Question 22

If having more than five fingers occurs because of a dominant gene,what needs to happen for a person to have more than five fingers?

A)A person must have that dominant gene.
B)A person must have two recessive genes.
C)The gene must mutate.
D)Both dominant genes must be present.

Question 23

What recessive disorder results in non-normal shaped blood cells that clog up blood vessels and cause pain,increased susceptibility to disease,and early death?

A)Tay-Sachs
B)trisomy-21
C)sickle-cell anemia
D)malaria

Question 24

Jill's mother and father both have brown eyes yet she has blue eyes.She has come to believe that she is not her parents' actual biological daughter.What would you tell her?

A)Her mother and father probably carry the recessive trait for blue eyes.
B)She is
C)Blue eyes are dominant,so her parents should have blue eyes too.
D)Only the environment determines eye color once the fetus has been born.

Question 25

If the gene for curly hair is dominant and the gene for straight hair is recessive,from a dominant-recessive pairing,which of the following would be an individual's phenotype?

A)straight hair
B)curly hair
C)dominant-recessive
D)their complete genetic makeup

Question 26

If the fetus has the sex chromosomes XY,its genotype is _____.

A)female
B)male
C)undetermined
D)dimorphic

Question 27

What is occurring when the phenotype is influenced primarily but not exclusively by the dominant gene?

A)expression of the dominant gene
B)expression of the recessive gene
C)incomplete dominance
D)failure of expression

Question 28

Characteristics such as height,weight,and skin color are made up of a ____.

A)homogenetic inheritance
B)heterogenetic inheritance
C)dominant-recessive inheritance
D)polygenetic inheritance

Question 29

Each form of a gene that is contained within a chromosome is referred to as a ____.

A)dominant gene
B)recessive gene
C)allele
D)single gene

Question 30

What type of gene,if it is present,will be expressed in the phenotype?

A)recessive gene
B)dominant gene
C)expressed gene
D)controller gene

Question 31

Thomas's biological mother and father are both gifted athletes.He was adopted by a couple who had no interest in him being involved in sports.Although Thomas likely inherited athletic ability,it was never expressed in his _____.

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)genes
D)alleles

Question 32

For a recessive gene to be expressed in the phenotype,it must be paired with a ____.

A)dominant gene
B)recessive gene
C)expressed gene
D)controller gene

Question 33

In a dominant-recessive pairing,which of the following genes would be expressed in a person's phenotype?

A)the dominant
B)the recessive
C)the dominant-recessive pairing
D)it is too complicated to know which genes will be expressed

Question 34

On every pair of chromosomes there are how many forms of each gene?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 35

If the fetus has the sex chromosomes XX,its genotype is ____.

A)female
B)male
C)undertermined
D)dimorphic

Question 36

The chromosomes that determine if a fetus will be male or female are known as the _____.

A)sex chromosomes
B)gender chromosomes
C)male chromosomes
D)female chromosomes

Question 37

A person with an XY pairing of chromosomes is a ____,whereas a person with an XX pairing of chromosomes is a ____.

A)male; female
B)female; male
C)homogenetic inheritance; polygenetic inheritance
D)polygenetic inheritance; homogenetic inheritance

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of an incomplete dominant inheritance?

A)Down syndrome
B)Fragile X
C)sickle-cell anemia
D)HIV

Question 39

Single gene pairs play a crucial role in development.However,it is more common that developmental outcomes occur because of the interaction of multiple genes.This is known as _____.

A)inheritability
B)polygenic inheritance
C)bimodal inheritance
D)single dominance

Question 40

Who is most likely to have sickle-cell anemia?

A)European and European Americans
B)Hispanics and Hispanic Americans
C)Asians and Asian Americans
D)Africans and African Americans

Question 41

Nature is to ____ as nurture is to ____.

A)conditioning; learning
B)learning; conditioning
C)environment; genetics
D)genetics; environment

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of an X-linked disorder?

A)schizophrenia
B)hemophilia
C)bipolar Disease
D)enuresis

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of an X-linked inheritance disorder?

A)autism
B)Down syndrome
C)hemophilia
D)Turner's syndrome

Question 44

What happens that determines the sex of the offspring?

A)The ovum contains the X chromosome and the sperm cells carry either the X or the Y.The sperm cell that is involved in fertilization determines the sex of the offspring.
B)The sperm cells all carry the X chromosome.The ovum contains both the X and Y so it is the ovum that determines the sex of the offspring.
C)The ovum and sperm cells both carry X chromosomes.The placenta carries both the X and Y and it determines the sex of the offspring.
D)The ovum and the sperm cells both contain the X chromosome.During the course of fertilization either an X or a Y will be created,which determines the sex of the offspring.

Question 45

What field is concerned with the question of how much genes influence development?

A)embryology
B)behavior genetics
C)developmental psychology
D)genetics

Question 46

Who is more affected by X-linked inherited disorders?

A)females
B)males
C)children under one year of age.
D)adults with mutations

Question 47

While having a conversation with a friend who is pregnant,she says to you that since she is "carrying high" she will have a girl.Based upon the textbook,which of the following statements are you thinking?

A)There is no scientific evidence to support her belief.
B)There are countless research studies that support her belief.
C)Statistically speaking she is
D)She is wrong,a pregnant woman who is "carrying high" a more likely to be carrying a boy.

Question 48

Which the following statement best describes the nature-nurture debate?

A)Most characteristics develop solely from nature or nurture,but not both.
B)Most characteristics develop from a combination of nature and nurture.
C)Most characteristics develop from only nature.
D)Most characteristics develop from only nurture.

Question 49

Why are males more susceptible to X linked disorders?

A)Because males have an XX pairing of chromosomes; therefore,this increases their odds of a disorder.
B)Because males have an XY pairing of chromosomes and the Y chromosome is more likely to host a genetic disorder.
C)Because most genetic disorders are connected to the dominant gene and since men have an XY pairing a disorder is more likely to be expressed.
D)Because males have one X chromosome and if a recessive gene for a disorder is present he does not have another X chromosome that may contain a dominant gene to block its expression.

Question 50

Your friend has hemophilia and was worried that he could pass it to his offspring when he had children.What would you tell him?

A)He is probably
B)Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder and it would be impossible for him to pass it to any male offspring.It would be possible for his female offspring to be carriers though.
C)X-linked disorders are not inherited; he has no worries
D)Since he has hemophilia,he is probably sterile and unable to father children.

Question 51

Which of the two sex chromosomes is significantly smaller and contains approximately 30% less genetic material?

A)X
B)Y
C)O
D)They are both the same

Question 52

According to your text,what have researchers concluded about the nature-nurture debate in terms of development?

A)Genetics is more important.
B)Environment is more important.
C)Both are important.
D)Genetics is more important in infancy and environment in childhood.

Question 53

What determines the sex of the offspring?

A)the ovum
B)the first sperm cell to arrive at the ovum
C)egg re-arrangement at fertilization
D)time of the monthly cycle when fertilization occurs

Question 54

Your older brother has a friend who was angry with his wife because they have two sons and he wanted to have a daughter.He thought that she was responsible for having two boys rather than a boy and a girl.What would you tell your brother?

A)His friend was
B)It was not anyone's "fault," but the sperm determined the sex of the offspring.
C)It was not anyone's "fault" even though her ova determined the sex of the offspring.
D)Sex of the offspring is determined by day of the week.They both should have known what day they were trying to conceive.

Question 55

Of the following,which best describes the Y chromosome?

A)The Y chromosome is bigger than X chromosome.
B)The Y chromosome contains 30% less genetic material than the X chromosome.
C)The Y chromosome is responsible for determining the sex of the child.
D)There are no differences between the Y chromosome and the X chromosome.

Question 56

Why are males more likely to have X-linked inherited disorders?

A)If the X chromosome contains the recessive gene for the disorder,their Y chromosome has no dominant gene to prevent it.
B)They are generally more immature at birth
C)Androgen is a hormone that causes disorders to occur
D)If the Y chromosome does not develop properly,the genes on this chromosome cannot prevent the disorder from occurring

Question 57

All ova,a female reproductive egg,are ____.

A)X chromosome
B)Y chromosome
C)XY chromosome
D)XX chromosome

Question 58

Who are generally carriers of X-linked disorders?

A)females
B)males
C)individuals who have been exposed to teratogens
D)individuals with a trisomy

Question 59

All ova contain which sex chromosome?

A)X
B)Y
C)O
D)None

Question 60

A behavioral geneticist would use which of the following research methods to study the influence of genetics?

A)longitudinal studies
B)cross-sectional studies
C)quasi-experimental studies
D)twin and adoption studies

Question 61

Which of the following have a 100% genetic similarity to each other?

A)brother and sister
B)dizygotic twins
C)cousins
D)monozygotic twins

Question 62

What percentage of their genes do monozygotic twins have in common?

A)40%
B)60%
C)80%
D)100%

Question 63

Monozygotic (MZ)twins are also known as _____.

A)fraternal twins
B)identical twins
C)dizygotic twins
D)conjoined twins

Question 64

When concordance rates are higher among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins,this indicates which of the following?

A)There is partially a genetic basis.
B)There is partially an environmental basis.
C)There is a 100% environmental cause.
D)There is a 100% genetic cause.

Question 65

What type of study allows researchers to study whether certain behaviors or traits are more closely related to their genetics or their environment?

A)genetics
B)temperament
C)chromosomal
D)adoption

Question 66

Which of the following have a 40 to 60% similarity of genetic inheritance?

A)identical twins
B)fraternal twins
C)cousins
D)adopted siblings

Question 67

If temperament were genetically based,which of the following would have the greatest degree of similarity?

A)monozygotic twins
B)dizygotic twins
C)parents and children
D)cousins

Question 68

What percentage of their genes do parents and their children have in common?

A)10%
B)30%
C)50%
D)70%

Question 69

The heritability estimate ranges from ____.

A)1 to 100
B)0 to 1.00
C)1 to 5
D)0 to 20

Question 70

What measure allows researchers to estimate not just genetic influence,but of how much the environment allows the genes to be expressed?

A)genetic correlation
B)heritability estimate
C)concordance rate
D)chromosomal

Question 71

Professor Glossner proposes that the heritability of temperament is .80.Which of the following statements does Professor Glossner propose?

A)A large portion of temperament is determined by genetics.
B)A large portion of temperament is determined by environment.
C)80% of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.
D)20% of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.

Question 72

You are pushing a stroller that has two babies in it.One boy,dressed in blue,and one girl,dressed in pink.Someone stops you tells you how beautiful your baby boy and girl are.Then they ask if they are "identical twins." You tell them they are not,but what are you thinking?

A)It is impossible to have identical twins of different sexes.
B)They could be identical; that was a great question.
C)Fraternal twins are usually both girls.
D)Fraternal twins are usually both boys.

Question 73

What percentage of their genes do dizygotic twins have in common?

A)100%
B)70 to 90%
C)40 to 60%
D)10 to 30%

Question 74

If you were to design a research study that examines depression in relation to concordance rate,which of the following are the best groups to use for comparison?

A)identical twins to and fraternal twins
B)college students and the general public
C)brothers and sisters
D)parent(s)and children

Question 75

____ is an estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons within a specific population.

A)Heritability
B)Reaction range
C)Genetic ratio
D)Environmental coefficient

Question 76

Concordance rate is defined as _____.

A)the degree of similarity in characteristics among peoples of a cultural group
B)the influence of genes on development by comparing people who share different amounts of their genes
C)the percentage that indicates the degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members
D)the degree of difference as expressed by variations in environment

Question 77

Your friend's mother is extremely intelligent.As a result,even though he usually does OK in school (2.8 GPA)he is convinced that he is a genius.What do you think?

A)Since heritability estimates for intelligence are .50,he is probably overestimating his intelligence.
B)He is definitely
C)Actually,children of intellectually gifted adults are usually much lower in intelligence.
D)With a 2.8 GPA,he must be

Question 78

Dizygotic (DZ)twins are also known as:

A)fraternal twins
B)identical twins
C)monozygotic twins
D)conjoined twins

Question 79

What is the name of the statistic that ranges from 0 to 1.00 and is used to estimate the degree to which genes are responsible for differences among people from a specific population?

A)genetic correlation
B)heritability estimate
C)concordance rate
D)chromosomal

Question 80

According to your text,what percentage of variation of intelligence is estimated to be attributed to genetics?

A)25%
B)50%
C)75%
D)100%