Deck 17: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The _________ secretes growth hormone,which is also known as somatotropin.

A) posterior pituitary
B) anterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus
D) thyroid
E) thymus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate,sluggishness,and sleepiness.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?

A) They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells,but have extracellular effects.
B) They secrete their products by way of ducts.
C) They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries.
D) They release their secretions into the blood.
E) Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.

Question 6

The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system,adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system,and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system.

A) slowly;slowly;widespread
B) quickly;slowly;specific
C) quickly;quickly;widespread
D) quickly;quickly;specific
E) slowly;quickly;specific

Question 7

Eicosanoids are derived from steroids.

Question 8

The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response)sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.

Question 9

Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.

Question 10

Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.

Question 11

Regardless of the cause of stress,the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.

Question 12

The ___________ can be found as part of the epithalamus,near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.

A) hypothalamus
B) pituitary gland
C) pineal gland
D) hypophysis
E) adrenal gland

Question 13

Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)secreted by the pancreas.

Question 14

_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid,diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue,and stimulate their physiology.

A) Neurotransmitters
B) Neuromodulators
C) Hormones
D) Parahormones
E) Paracrines

Question 15

Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.

Question 16

Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.

Question 17

Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.

Question 18

Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.

Question 19

Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.

Question 20

Testosterone is a gonadotropin.

Question 21

The anterior pituitary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus.

A) smaller;no nervous
B) larger;a nervous
C) larger;no nervous
D) smaller;a nervous

Question 22

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?

A) CRH
B) GHRH
C) GHIH
D) APRH
E) TRH

Question 23

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________.

A) thyroid gland
B) thyroid hormone
C) hypothalamus
D) posterior pituitary
E) anterior pituitary

Question 24

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when __________.

A) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)targets the anterior pituitary
B) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)causes the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)targets the thyroid gland
D) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)targets the thyroid gland
E) thyroid hormone (TH)targets the anterior pituitary

Question 25

The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.

A) kidney
B) pancreas
C) thyroid gland
D) parathyroid gland
E) adrenal gland

Question 26

Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
D) Somatostatin
E) Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Question 27

__________ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes,whereas __________ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

A) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH);luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) Oxytocin (OT);antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH);oxytocin (OT)
D) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH);thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
E) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH);luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 28

The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate,promotes alertness,quickens reflexes,and stimulates the fetal nervous system.

A) thyroid gland
B) pancreas
C) adrenal gland
D) parathyroid gland
E) thymus

Question 29

Of the following hormones,which has more target cells in the body than the others?

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
C) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
D) Growth hormone (GH)
E) Oxytocin (OT)

Question 30

The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

A) calcitonin
B) melanin
C) melatonin
D) hepcidin
E) inhibin

Question 31

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

A) The chemical properties of the hormone
B) The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
C) The location of the gland that secretes the hormone
D) The location of the target cells in the body
E) The site where the hormone is secreted

Question 32

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?

A) GHRH
B) GHIH
C) ACTH
D) CRH
E) TSH

Question 33

The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).

A) thyroid
B) thymus
C) adrenal gland
D) spleen
E) parathyroid

Question 34

Which of these hormones does not stimulate the release of another hormone by its target cells?

A) TSH
B) GRH
C) ACTH
D) PRL
E) TRH

Question 35

The posterior pituitary secretes _________.

A) prolactin (PRL)
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C) oxytocin (OT)
D) thyroid hormone (TH)
E) growth hormone (GH)

Question 36

The __________ secrete(s)a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.

A) thymus
B) thyroid gland
C) parathyroid glands
D) pineal gland
E) pituitary gland

Question 37

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________.

A) negative feedback inhibition
B) positive feedback inhibition
C) up-regulation
D) down-regulation
E) antagonistic regulation

Question 38

The hypophyseal portal system connects the _________ with the _________.

A) anterior pituitary;hypothalamus
B) posterior pituitary;hypothalamus
C) anterior pituitary;posterior pituitary
D) hypothalamus;thyroid
E) pituitary glands;thyroid

Question 39

The infundibulum is a ___________.

A) mass of endocrine and neural cells
B) portal system between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
C) bulky nucleus composed of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus
D) depression of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland
E) projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs

Question 40

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)targets the __________.

A) kidneys
B) adrenal gland
C) anterior pituitary
D) hypothalamus
E) pancreas

Question 41

Neither follicle stimulating (FSH)hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production,whereas when they act together,the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute.This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?

A) Hormone clearance
B) The cascade effect
C) The synergistic effect
D) The permissive effect
E) The antagonistic effect

Question 42

Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?

A) Negative feedback inhibition
B) The antagonistic effect
C) Up-regulation
D) Enzyme amplification
E) Down-regulation

Question 43

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Progesterone
D) Aldosterone
E) Estradiol

Question 44

Many hours after a meal,alpha (α)cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________,which _________ blood glucose.

A) glucagon;lowers
B) glucagon;raises
C) insulin;lowers
D) insulin;raises
E) glucocorticoids;raises

Question 45

Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes.

A) Insulin
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Estrogen
D) Glucagon
E) Oxytocin (OT)

Question 46

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response)is dominated by __________.

A) cortisol
B) epinephrine
C) norepinephrine
D) angiotensin
E) aldosterone

Question 47

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response),stress overwhelms homeostasis.One characteristic of this stage is that __________.

A) glycogen supplies are depleted
B) energy demands are met primarily by fat metabolism
C) fermentation is not enough to provide the necessary ATP
D) energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
E) energy demands are met primarily by carbohydrate metabolism

Question 48

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it.This is an example of _____.

A) hormone clearance
B) the cascade effect
C) the synergistic effect
D) the permissive effect
E) the antagonistic effect

Question 49

Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A) Aldosterone
B) Cortisol
C) Testosterone
D) Calcitriol
E) Glucagon

Question 50

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.

A) glucagon
B) epinephrine
C) estradiol
D) aldosterone
E) cortisol

Question 51

Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _________ and the __________.

A) adrenal glands;intestines
B) liver;kidneys
C) blood;kidneys
D) liver;spleen
E) spleen;kidneys

Question 52

The __________ secrete(s)__________,which promotes Na⁺ and water retention.

A) adrenal medulla;epinephrine
B) pancreas;cortisol
C) kidneys;corticosterone
D) adrenal cortex;aldosterone
E) thyroid;calcitonin

Question 53

Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?

A) G protein activates adenylate cyclase
B) cAMP activates protein kinases
C) Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
D) G protein is activated by the binding of a hormone to the receptor
E) Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

Question 54

Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?

A) Negative feedback inhibition
B) The antagonistic effect
C) Up-regulation
D) Enzyme amplification
E) Down-regulation

Question 55

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A) The adrenal gland
B) The salivary glands
C) The ovary
D) The pineal gland
E) The thymus

Question 56

T₄ and T₃ are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood.

A) monoamine;bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
B) monoamine;unbound (free)
C) steroid;bound to transcortin-binding protein (TBP)
D) steroid;unbound (free)
E) catecholamine;bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

Question 57

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________.

A) stress
B) pathology
C) disease
D) hyperthyroidism
E) hirsuitism

Question 58

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.

A) hypoparathyroidism
B) hypothyroidism
C) hypocalcemia
D) hypoglycemia
E) hypoxemia

Question 59

Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?

A) It inhibits fat digestion.
B) It stimulates protein synthesis.
C) It promotes glycogen synthesis.
D) It stimulates glucose intake by most organs.
E) It promotes breakdown of fat and protein.

Question 60

Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?

A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Gastrin
D) Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)
E) Somatotropin (growth hormone)

Question 61

Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

A) Hypoglycemia
B) Polyuria
C) Polyphagia
D) Polydipsia
E) Glycosuria

Question 62

TEST and EST are abbreviations for testosterone and estrogen.

Question 63

Hormones that bind to proteins while transported in the blood generally have a longer half-life.

Question 64

Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?

A) Hypersecretion only
B) Hyposecretion only
C) Hyposecretion and hypersecretion

Question 65

Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?

A) To induce labor contractions
B) To stop fever and pain
C) To constrict or dilate arterioles
D) To act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors
E) To inhibit gastric secretion

Question 66

Eicosanoids are derived from __________.

A) arachidonic acid
B) leukotriene
C) prostacyclin
D) prostaglandins
E) thromboxanes

Question 67

Growth hormone (GH)hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood,but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood.

A) myxedema
B) Graves disease
C) Cushing syndrome
D) goiter
E) acromegaly

Question 68

Aspirin and ibuprofen block the __________.

A) release of arachidonic acid from the plasma membrane
B) action of phospholipase A₁
C) action of phospholipase A₂
D) action of lipoxygenase
E) action of cyclooxygenase

Question 69

The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by __________.

A) resistance stage;cortisol
B) resistance stage;aldosterone and cortisol
C) alarm reaction;norepinephrine and epinephrine
D) alarm reaction;cortisol
E) exhaustion stage;norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 70

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?

A) Hyperglycemia → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → osmotic diuresis
B) Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis
C) Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis → glucose transport maximum exceeded
D) Hyperglycemia → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis
E) Osmotic diuresis → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → hyperglycemia

Question 71

Diabetes insipidus is caused by __________.

A) epinephrine hypersecretion
B) cortisol hypersecretion
C) aldosterone hypersecretion
D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)hyposecretion
E) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)hypersecretion

Question 72

Worrying about your upcoming exam in history class is a valid form of stress.

Question 73

Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?

A) The body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM.
B) Target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM.
C) Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of,or low levels of,insulin.
D) Diabetic neuropathy is a common long term effect of DM.
E) Type II DM is more common than type I DM.

Question 74

Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?

A) ACTH hypersecretion by the pituitary
B) ACTH-secreting tumors
C) Hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex
D) Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla
E) Excess cortisol secretion