Deck 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Which of these is the best imaging technique for routinely examining the anatomical development of a fetus?

A) Auscultation
B) PET scan
C) MRI
D) Sonography
E) Radiography

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Homeostasis and occupying space are both unique characteristics of living things.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

All functions of the body can be interpreted as the effects of cellular activity.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Histology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying lens.

Question 5

We can see through bones with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Question 6

Evolutionary (Darwinian)medicine traces some of our diseases to our evolutionary past.

Question 7

Sometimes anatomical terms come from origins that do not lend any insight into their meaning.

Question 8

The terms development and evolution have the same meaning in physiology.

Question 9

Anatomists around the world adhere to a lexicon of standard international terms,which stipulates both Latin names and accepted English equivalents.

Question 10

Known as "the father of modern anatomy," __________ was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body.

A) Vesalius
B) Maimonides
C) Harvey
D) Aristotle
E) van Leeuwenhoek

Question 11

Positive feedback helps to restore normal function when one of the body's physiological variables gets out of balance.

Question 12

Cells were first named by microscopist Robert Hooke.

Question 13

Organs are made of tissues.

Question 14

The hypothetico-deductive method is common in physiology,whereas the inductive method is common in anatomy.

Question 15

Feeling for swollen lymph nodes is an example of auscultation.

Question 16

Negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to produce rapid change in the body.

Question 17

The most influential medical textbook of the ancient era was written by __________.

A) Hippocrates
B) Aristotle
C) Galen
D) Vesalius
E) Avicenna

Question 18

An individual scientific fact has more information than a theory.

Question 19

A molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle).

Question 20

Feeling structures with your fingertips is called _________,whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called ____________.

A) palpation;auscultation
B) auscultation;percussion
C) percussion;auscultation
D) palpation;percussion
E) percussion;palpation

Question 21

Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress.It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium,Heliobacter pylori,lives in the lining of the stomach.If these bacteria cause ulcers,then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers.This line of investigation is an example of __________.

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) hypothetico-deductive reasoning
C) the inductive method
D) experimental design
E) statistical analysis

Question 22

The terms physics,physiology,and physician come from a term that __________ proposed to distinguish natural causes from supernatural causes.

A) Hippocrates
B) Plato
C) Schwann
D) Aristotle
E) Avicenna

Question 23

The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called __________.

A) experimental design
B) the deductive method
C) the inductive method
D) a hypothesis
E) statistical testing

Question 24

Which of the following would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge?

A) A fact
B) A law of nature
C) A hypothesis
D) An equation
E) A theory

Question 25

A new drug apparently increases short-term memory.Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester.One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester,and the other group was given a same-looking pill,but it was just sugar.The sugar pill is termed a(n)__________.

A) controlled pill
B) placebo
C) treatment pill
D) variable
E) effective dose

Question 26

An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n)__________.

A) scientific method
B) theory
C) law
D) hypothesis
E) fact

Question 27

Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels.One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol.The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol.The group that was not given the garlic was the __________ group.

A) peer
B) test
C) treatment
D) control
E) double-blind

Question 28

The study of the structure and function of cells is called ___________.

A) cytology
B) gross anatomy
C) exploratory physiology
D) comparative physiology
E) radiology

Question 29

A human is born before his/her nervous system has matured.This is traceable to __________.

A) their inability to regulate body temperature
B) skeletal adaptations to bipedalism
C) the arboreal habits of early primates
D) the conditions of modern civilization
E) the diet of early species of Homo

Question 30

Which of the following was an adaptation that evolved in connection with human upright walking?

A) Hair
B) Fully opposable thumbs
C) Stereoscopic vision
D) Color vision
E) Spinal and pelvic anatomy

Question 31

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called __________.

A) mutation
B) natural selection
C) selection pressure
D) evolution
E) adaptation

Question 32

Stereoscopic vision provides __________.

A) opposable perception
B) color perception
C) depth perception
D) bipedalism
E) opposition of thumbs

Question 33

________________ established a code of ethics for physicians.He is considered the "father of medicine."

A) Aristotle
B) Hippocrates
C) Galen
D) Vesalius
E) Hooke

Question 34

The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of __________.

A) a model
B) evolution
C) selection pressure
D) survivorship
E) success

Question 35

The principal theory of how evolution works is called __________.

A) natural pressure
B) selective pressure
C) darwinian pressure
D) natural adaptation
E) natural selection

Question 36

Who was a physician to the Roman gladiators,learned by dissection of animals,and saw science as a method of discovery?

A) Hippocrates
B) Plato
C) Schwann
D) Aristotle
E) Galen

Question 37

______________ is a process that submits a scientist's ideas to the critical judgment of other specialists in the field before the research is funded or published.

A) Adjudication
B) Statistical testing
C) Falsification
D) Peer review
E) Hypothetico-deductive testing

Question 38

Most primates are ________________,meaning they live in trees.

A) prehensile
B) bipedal
C) cursorial
D) troglodytic
E) arboreal

Question 39

The species of modern humans is called _________.

A) Homo erectus
B) Homo sapiens
C) Homo habilis
D) early Homo
E) Australopithecus

Question 40

The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure __________.

A) an adequate sample size
B) objective and reliable results
C) experimental bias
D) psychosomatic effects
E) treatment groups

Question 41

When a woman is giving birth,the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin.Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract.Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled.This is an example of __________.

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) dynamic equilibrium
D) integration control
E) set point adjustment

Question 42

A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female,but low for an adult male.This is an example of _____.

A) cellular adaptation
B) holistic medicine
C) physiological variation
D) anatomical variation

Question 43

_________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.

A) Organ systems
B) Organs
C) Cells
D) Organelles
E) Molecules

Question 44

All of the following are human organ systems except ___________.

A) skeletal
B) endocrine
C) epidermal
D) reproductive
E) lymphatic

Question 45

The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae,but some people have six and some have four,is an example of ____________ variation among organisms.

A) cellular
B) holistic
C) physiological
D) anatomical
E) reductionist

Question 46

All of the following are organs except __________.

A) teeth
B) the skin
C) nails
D) the liver
E) the digestive system

Question 47

Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation?

A) Age
B) Gender
C) Environment
D) Physical activity
E) These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.

Question 48

An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types,whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.

A) organ system;organs
B) organ system;organelles
C) organ;organelles
D) organ;molecules
E) organelle;molecules

Question 49

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

A) Positive feedback
B) Negative feedback
C) Homeostasis
D) Equilibrium
E) Irritability

Question 50

_______________ approaches understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts.

A) Naturalism
B) Reductionism
C) Vitalism
D) Holism
E) Rationalism

Question 51

_____________ is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components;that is,the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

A) Naturalism
B) Reductionism
C) Holism
D) Materialism
E) Science

Question 52

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin.Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream,thus reducing blood glucose concentration.This is an example of _________.

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) dynamic equilibrium
D) integration control
E) set point adjustment

Question 53

A surgeon needs to be familiar with different versions of anatomy.This is because of the phenomenon of _____.

A) cellular adaptation
B) holistic medicine
C) physiological variation
D) anatomical variation

Question 54

Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to ____________ thinking about human physiology.

A) comparative
B) evolutionary
C) holistic
D) inductive
E) reductionist

Question 55

A(n)_____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.

A) macromolecule
B) organ system
C) organelle
D) organism
E) tissue

Question 56

Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?

A) Organelle,cell,tissue,organ,organ system
B) Organ system,organ,cell,tissue,organelle
C) Organ system,organelle,tissue,cell,organ
D) Organ system,organ,tissue,cell,organelle
E) Organ,organ system,tissue,cell,organelle

Question 57

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

A) Mitochondrion,connective tissue,protein,stomach,adipocyte (fat cell)
B) Protein,mitochondrion,adipocyte (fat cell),connective tissue,stomach
C) Mitochondrion,connective tissue,stomach,protein,adipocyte (fat cell)
D) Protein,adipocyte (fat cell),stomach,connective tissue,mitochondrion
E) Protein,stomach,connective tissue,adipocyte (fat cell),mitochondrion

Question 58

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body,yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable.This is called __________.

A) homeostasis
B) metastasis
C) responsiveness
D) adaptation
E) evolution

Question 59

Metabolism is the sum of all __________ __________ change.

A) external;physical
B) external;chemical
C) internal;chemical
D) internal;physical
E) stimulated;movement

Question 60

During exercise,one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises.As a response,blood vessels dilate in the skin,warm blood flows closer to the body surface,and heat is lost.This is an example of __________.

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) dynamic equilibrium
D) integration control
E) set point adjustment

Question 61

DNA is an example of an __________,whereas PET scan is an example of an _________.

A) eponym;abbreviation
B) acronym;eponym
C) eponym;acronym
D) abbreviation;acronym
E) acronym;abbreviation

Question 62

Three common components of a feedback loop are _________,__________,and __________.

A) stimulus;integrating (control)center;organ system
B) stimulus;receptor;integrating (control)center
C) receptor;integrating (control)center;effector
D) receptor;organ;organ system
E) receptor;integrating (control)center;organ system

Question 63

The study of how hormones function is called __________.

A) neuroanatomy
B) neurophysiology
C) endocrinology
D) histology
E) pathophysiology

Question 64

The plural of axilla (armpit)is ____________,whereas the plural of appendix is ___________.

A) axillae;appendices
B) axillides;appendages
C) axillies;appendi
D) axilli;appendices

Question 65

The term fallopian tube (uterine tube)is an example of __________.

A) a Latin root used in medical terminology
B) the use of prefixes to name an anatomical structure
C) the use of suffixes to name an anatomical structure
D) an eponym
E) an acronym

Question 66

The study of how the body functions is called __________.

A) anatomy
B) chemistry
C) physiology
D) neuroanatomy
E) histology

Question 67

Ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the _____.

A) molecule
B) cell
C) organelle
D) tissue

Question 68

The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced)as an infant matures is an example of __________,whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________.

A) development;differentiation
B) growth;development
C) growth;differentiation
D) differentiation;growth
E) differentiation;development

Question 69

Negative feedback loops are __________.

A) homeostatic mechanisms
B) not homeostatic mechanisms
C) associated with "vicious circles"
D) self-amplifying cycles
E) usually harmful

Question 70

The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms is __________.

A) called Nomina Anatomica (NA)
B) formed from thousands of French word roots
C) called Terminologia Anatomica (TA)
D) formed from thousands of English word roots
E) formed from thousands of Italian word roots

Question 71

The prefix hypo- means _______________,whereas hyper- means _____________.

A) front;back
B) right;left
C) inside;outside
D) clear;dark
E) below;above

Question 72

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient.This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.

A) low;high
B) high;high
C) low;low
D) equal;equal
E) high;low

Question 73

The ileum is ____________,whereas the ilium is __________.

A) a muscle;a bone
B) a bone;a muscle
C) part of the hip bone;part of the small intestine
D) a bone in the wrist;a muscle of the back
E) part of the small intestine;part of the hip bone

Question 74

The study of normal body structures is called __________.

A) biology
B) pathology
C) anatomy
D) microscopy
E) physiology

Question 75

Hypercalcemia means _________.

A) elevated calcium levels in blood
B) lowered calcium levels in bone
C) elevated sodium levels in blood
D) elevated calcium levels in bone
E) lowered calcium levels in the blood

Question 76

Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient?

A) Electrical
B) Tissue
C) Pressure
D) Thermal
E) Concentration

Question 77

The study of mechanism of disease is called __________.

A) histology
B) neuroanatomy
C) pathophysiology
D) endocrinology
E) neurophysiology

Question 78

Precise spelling is important in anatomy because __________.

A) there are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures
B) it's easier to remember acronyms when spelled correctly
C) there are many different ways to spell certain terms
D) eponyms are difficult to memorize
E) it's important to practice language skills

Question 79

The plural of villus (hair)is ____________,whereas the plural of diagnosis is ____________.

A) villuses;diagnosises
B) villi;diagnoses
C) villus;diagnosis
D) villi;diagnosis
E) villuses;diagnosis

Question 80

A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration,electrical charge,physical pressure,temperature,or other variables between one point and another.

A) membrane
B) gradient
C) imbalance
D) feedback loop
E) barrier