Deck 11: Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing

Question 1

When 15,000 Canadians were asked whether they were trying to take on too many tasks at once,responses indicated highest stress levels among:

A) children.
B) young adults.
C) middle-aged adults.
D) retired senior citizens.

Answer 1

young adults.

Question 2

Walter Cannon perceived the stress response to be highly adaptive because it prepared the organism for:

A) acculturative stress.
B) the production of lymphocytes.
C) tend and befriend.
D) fight or flight.

Answer 2

fight or flight.

Question 3

The fight-or-flight response is to ________ as the general adaptation syndrome is to ________.

A) Cannon;Friedman
B) Friedman;Selye
C) Selye;Cannon
D) Cannon;Selye

Answer 3

Cannon;Selye

Question 4

When she missed her morning bus to work,Shelly's blood pressure rose and she experienced a throbbing headache.Her physical responses to missing the bus were:

A) stressors.
B) stress appraisals.
C) stress reactions.
D) fight-or-flight responses.

Question 5

Those who are recently divorced have been found to:

A) experience increased levels of B lymphocytes.
B) become less likely to use sleeping pill prescriptions.
C) experience lower-than-average blood pressure levels.
D) become more vulnerable to disease.

Question 6

A significant life change such as losing a job is best described as a:

A) stressor.
B) carcinogen.
C) macrophage.
D) lymphocyte.

Question 7

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is:

A) stress appraisal.
B) resistance.
C) alarm.
D) adjustment.

Question 8

After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen,Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses.At this point,Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A) resistance
B) exhaustion
C) adjustment
D) stress appraisal

Question 9

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome are organisms best able to physically cope with stress?

A) resistance
B) appraisal
C) adjustment
D) resolution

Question 10

Estée's legs are paralyzed,but she is able to minimize the stress that the inability to walk might have caused by viewing this handicap as a challenge rather than a threat.This illustrates the importance of

A) the immune system.
B) stress appraisal.
C) the general adaptation syndrome.
D) the type A personality.

Question 11

Those who are forced by war and food shortages to relocate to a foreign country are most likely to experience:

A) catharsis.
B) elevated oxytocin levels.
C) acculturative stress.
D) increased lymphocyte production.

Question 12

A stressor is a(n):

A) lower back muscle that frequently produces a feeling of physical tension.
B) environmental event that threatens or challenges us.
C) exercise program that increases one's ability to handle normal stress.
D) hormone released by the adrenal glands during periods of stress.

Question 13

Hans Selye referred to the body's response to prolonged stress as:

A) the fight-or-flight response.
B) the general adaptation syndrome.
C) the tend-and-befriend response.
D) acculturative stress.

Question 14

After being told that his parents have just been involved in a serious automobile accident,Bill is likely to experience an outpouring of:

A) serotonin.
B) dopamine.
C) epinephrine.
D) lymphocytes.

Question 15

The process by which we perceive and respond to events that threaten or challenge us is called

A) stress.
B) psychoneuroimmunology.
C) catharsis.
D) the immune reaction.

Question 16

In response to various stressors,________ increases your heart rate and respiration.

A) oxytocin
B) the immune system
C) a type B personality profile
D) the sympathetic nervous system

Question 17

In response to a stressful work deadline,Jonas' heart rate increased and blood was diverted from his digestive organs to his skeletal muscles.These physical reactions best characterize the ________ phase of the ________.

A) first;tend-and-befriend response
B) first;general adaptation syndrome
C) third;tend-and-befriend response
D) third;general adaptation syndrome

Question 18

In the four months after Hurricane Katrina,New Orleans' rate of ________ reportedly tripled.

A) suicides
B) breast cancer
C) multiple sclerosis
D) upper respiratory infections

Question 19

Physical and emotional responses to threatening and challenging events are referred to as:

A) immune responses.
B) stress reactions.
C) carcinogens.
D) stressors.

Question 20

A sporting event that participants perceive as highly challenging or threatening is best described as a(n):

A) fight-or-flight situation.
B) macrophage.
C) type A situation.
D) stressor.

Question 21

The white blood cells that fight bacterial infections and attack cancer cells and viruses are called:

A) lymphocytes.
B) macrophages.
C) carcinogens.
D) NK cells.

Question 22

By triggering ________,stress can reduce the effectiveness of flu vaccinations.

A) increased oxytocin levels
B) an increase in NK cells
C) reduced lymphocyte levels
D) reduced norepinephrine levels

Question 23

T lymphocytes attack

A) natural killer cells.
B) bacterial infections.
C) stress hormones.
D) cancer cells.

Question 24

By attacking the body's own tissues,an overly reactive immune system is most likely to cause:

A) allergic reactions.
B) colon cancer.
C) pneumonia.
D) hypertension.

Question 25

The study of how psychological,neural,and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called:

A) evolutionary psychology.
B) health psychology.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) psychoneuroimmunology.

Question 26

Viral infections are to ________ as bacterial infections are to ________.

A) B lymphocytes;T lymphocytes
B) type B personalities;type A personalities
C) T lymphocytes;B lymphocytes
D) type A personalities;type B personalities

Question 27

An aroused fight-or-flight reaction:

A) decreases high blood pressure.
B) diverts blood flow from muscle tissue to the body's internal organs.
C) prevents arteries from clogging.
D) draws energy away from immune activity.

Question 28

As a psychologist employed by a medical school,Dr.McNerney specializes in research on the causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress.Dr.McNerney is most likely a(n)________ psychologist.

A) educational
B) behavioral
C) forensic
D) health

Question 29

Breast feeding is associated with the release of:

A) endorphins.
B) lymphocytes.
C) oxytocin.
D) NK cells.

Question 30

Worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria are ingested by an immune system agent known as the:

A) B lymphocyte.
B) macrophage.
C) oxytocin.
D) carcinogen.

Question 31

Eileen notices that her herpes infection is especially likely to flare up during the stressful occasions when she needs to work overtime hours in order to meet pressing deadlines.This is most likely to be caused by her body's

A) reduced levels of serotonin.
B) increased levels of NK cells.
C) reduced levels of lymphocytes.
D) increased levels of oxytocin.

Question 32

One option for dealing with stress,which is more common among women than men,is:

A) withdrawal.
B) the fight-or-flight reaction.
C) the tend-and-befriend response.
D) the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 33

In a healthy,functioning immune system,________ search out and destroy cancer cells.

A) carcinogens
B) B lymphocytes
C) endorphins
D) NK cells

Question 34

After the stress of breaking up with his girlfriend,Eric came down with a severe respiratory infection.His infection may have spread very rapidly due to a(n)________ in his body's production of ________.

A) decrease;norepinephrine
B) increase;NK cells
C) decrease;lymphocytes
D) increase;oxytocin

Question 35

A successful stress-reduction program is most likely to quicken June's recovery from viral pneumonia by ________ her body's levels of ________.

A) decreasing;B lymphocytes
B) increasing;T lymphocytes
C) decreasing;T lymphocytes
D) increasing;B lymphocytes

Question 36

Jane coped with the stress of breast cancer by giving and receiving support from other women who were also struggling with this disease.Her reaction best illustrates:

A) acculturative stress.
B) the tend-and-befriend response.
C) catharsis.
D) a type A personality.

Question 37

Oxytocin is a stress-moderating hormone released by:

A) lymphocytes.
B) NK cells.
C) a fight-or-flight response.
D) cuddling or massage.

Question 38

To study how stress and healthy and unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness,psychologists and physicians created the interdisciplinary field of:

A) cognitive neuroscience.
B) behavioral medicine.
C) holistic medicine.
D) health psychology.

Question 39

Prolonged daily hassles such as unemployment and overcrowding are likely to promote:

A) reduced levels of cortisol.
B) increased levels of NK cells.
C) reduced levels of lymphocytes.
D) increased levels of oxytocin.

Question 40

T lymphocytes are formed in the:

A) bone marrow.
B) limbic system.
C) thymus.
D) liver.

Question 41

The risk of heart disease increases when the body responds to constant stress with:

A) elevated oxytocin levels.
B) extensive tissue inflammation.
C) an elevated NK cell count.
D) increased production of T lymphocytes.

Question 42

Type B personalities have a ________ risk of heart disease than type A personalities and a ________ risk of heart disease than type D personalities.

A) higher;lower
B) lower;higher
C) higher;higher
D) lower;lower

Question 43

A rapid progression from HIV infection to AIDS is ________ by stressful experiences and ________ by participation in bereavement support groups.

A) inhibited;inhibited
B) facilitated;facilitated
C) inhibited;facilitated
D) facilitated;inhibited

Question 44

AIDS is a disorder of the:

A) circulatory system.
B) immune system.
C) reproductive system.
D) endocrine system.

Question 45

Type A is to ________ as type B is to ________.

A) realistic;idealistic
B) introverted;extraverted
C) hard-driving;easygoing
D) optimistic;pessimistic

Question 46

Although stress does not create cancer cells,it may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of:

A) endorphins.
B) B lymphocytes.
C) the adrenal glands.
D) T lymphocytes.

Question 47

Friedman and Rosenman referred to relaxed and easygoing individuals as ________ personalities.

A) type A
B) type B
C) type C
D) type D

Question 48

When experimenters have implanted tumor cells into rodents,those exposed to ________ were more prone to cancer.

A) NK cells
B) T lymphocytes
C) inescapable shocks
D) macrophages

Question 49

As college students approach final exams they are especially likely to experience a rise in:

A) serotonin.
B) oxytocin.
C) lymphocytes.
D) blood pressure.

Question 50

The human immunodeficiency virus triggers:

A) rheumatoid arthritis.
B) multiple sclerosis.
C) malaria.
D) AIDS.

Question 51

Efforts to prevent HIV infections through programs that influence sexual norms and practices as well as through medical strategies that reduce HIV transmission are called:

A) general adaptation programs.
B) combination prevention programs.
C) tend-and-befriend programs.
D) stress resistance programs.

Question 52

Type D individuals face an elevated risk of heart attacks.They are best described as experiencing ________ during social interactions.

A) time consciousness
B) distress
C) apathy
D) unrealistic optimism

Question 53

The greatest number of deaths in the United States today results from:

A) AIDS.
B) strokes.
C) cancer.
D) heart disease.

Question 54

Who is the best example of a type B personality?

A) Tammy,an ambitious,self-confident waitress
B) Mauriucca,a relaxed,understanding social worker
C) Tena,a time-conscious,competitive lawyer
D) Juanita,an impatient,pessimistic librarian

Question 55

In their nine-year study,Friedman and Rosenman found that type A men are especially susceptible to:

A) stomach ulcers.
B) cancer.
C) heart attacks.
D) lupus.

Question 56

The closing of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle is known as:

A) the general adaptation syndrome.
B) coronary heart disease.
C) coronary aneurysm.
D) multiple sclerosis.

Question 57

The characteristic that most clearly contributes to the disease vulnerability of type A personality is their feelings of:

A) urgency.
B) competitiveness.
C) ambition.
D) anger.

Question 58

Andrew believes that the rapid spread of malignant tumors throughout his body resulted from the stress of losing his wife during the past year.It would also make most sense for Andrew to attribute the speedy progression of his cancer to his:

A) reduced cortisol levels.
B) elevated oxytocin levels.
C) reduced lymphocyte levels.
D) elevated NK cell count.

Question 59

Who would be MOST susceptible to heart disease?

A) Marvin,an impatient lawyer who often becomes irritated with family and friends over insignificant matters
B) Oswald,a purchasing agent who is very competitive and always wants to be a winner
C) Michael,a time-conscious banking executive who is always five minutes early for appointments because of his sense of urgency
D) Jozsef,a highly ambitious salesperson who is determined to become the manager of his company

Question 60

Who is the best example of a type A personality?

A) Mara,an irritable,impatient teacher
B) Rashida,a highly intelligent,introverted librarian
C) Wilma,a friendly,altruistic social worker
D) Charisse,a fun-loving,self-indulgent university student

Question 61

Verbal and nonverbal expressions of anger can:

A) calm emotions and reduce anger.
B) become habitual if they successfully reduce anger.
C) increase immediate feelings of anger.
D) do any of these things.

Question 62

To alleviate the stress of long work hours,Phara has arranged a more convenient work schedule with her employer.Phara's behavior best illustrates:

A) an external locus of control.
B) a type B personality.
C) problem-focused coping.
D) an internal locus of control.

Question 63

Hakim has terminal cancer.He reacts to the stress of his condition by feeling grateful for his life and accepting his oncoming death.His response best illustrates:

A) optimism.
B) emotion-focused coping.
C) a type A personality.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 64

Veena gets poor grades no matter how hard she studies,so she has simply given up studying.Veena's behavior most clearly reflects:

A) learned helplessness.
B) an internal locus of control.
C) a type A personality.
D) problem-focused coping.

Question 65

Research has indicated that rats become more vulnerable to ulcers when exposed to ________ shocks.

A) predictable
B) uncontrollable
C) low-intensity
D) repeated

Question 66

In one study,nearly 4000 English adults (ages 52 to 79)provided mood reports from a single day.Compared with those in a good mood,those in a blue mood were twice as likely to experience ________ within the next five years.

A) multiple sclerosis
B) lupus
C) elevated lymphocyte levels
D) death

Question 67

Milan is upset with his wife because she was over an hour late in picking him up at the airport.He is likely to deal most effectively with his feelings of irritation toward her by telling her:

A) "I'm really angry that I had to wait so long for you to get here."
B) "From now on,I'll ask someone at the office to pick me up."
C) "I'm dying of hunger! It's 7:45 and I haven't had dinner yet."
D) "I was starting to worry that you had a car accident on your way over here."

Question 68

Trying to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor is most characteristic of:

A) emotion-focused coping.
B) personal control.
C) problem-focused coping.
D) an internal locus of control.

Question 69

A television producer believes that violent TV programs provide viewers an opportunity to reduce their own anger through fantasy.The producer appears to accept the value of:

A) the type D personality.
B) acculturative stress.
C) the general adaptation syndrome.
D) catharsis.

Question 70

The production of proteins that contribute to tissue inflammation is enhanced by the release of:

A) oxytocin.
B) T lymphocytes.
C) natural killer cells.
D) stress hormones.

Question 71

Using emotional,behavioral,or cognitive methods to alleviate stress is known as:

A) biofeedback.
B) mindfulness meditation.
C) personal control.
D) coping.

Question 72

In which country would parents be LEAST likely to advocate catharsis as a way of helping their children reduce their anger?

A) the United States
B) Japan
C) Australia
D) France

Question 73

In one study,people who had been angered were asked to hit a punching bag while thinking about the person who had angered them.The results of this study most clearly highlighted the dangers of:

A) elevated lymphocyte production.
B) the general adaptation syndrome.
C) an emotional catharsis.
D) a type B personality.

Question 74

In a famous study,93 percent of nursing home patients became more alert,active,and happy when they were encouraged to increase their:

A) biofeedback training.
B) oxytocin levels.
C) personal control.
D) mindfulness meditation.

Question 75

The risk of death from cardiovascular disease is substantially increased among those with:

A) symptoms of depression.
B) type B personalities.
C) NK cells.
D) B lymphocytes.

Question 76

Experts suggest that an intensely angry person should:

A) avoid talking about their angry feelings.
B) release the anger through some aggressive action or fantasy.
C) take time to let the anger and emotional arousal subside.
D) mentally rehearse the exact reasons for the anger.

Question 77

Studying initially healthy men over a 10-year period,researchers found that pessimistic adult men were more than twice as likely as optimistic men to experience:

A) elevated lymphocyte levels.
B) coronary heart disease.
C) low blood sugar levels.
D) excessive weight loss.

Question 78

Although inflammation helps fight infections,persistent inflammation can lead to:

A) asthma.
B) clogged arteries.
C) worsening depression.
D) all of these problems.

Question 79

Learning to feel helpless minimizes:

A) coronary heart disease.
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) personal control.
D) stress reactions.

Question 80

Catharsis of anger refers to the idea that:

A) angry outbursts become habitual if they are reinforced.
B) ruminating about one's anger increases amygdala blood flow.
C) anger is reduced by aggressive action or fantasy.
D) anger raises one's oxytocin levels.