Deck 1: Multiple Choice

Question 1

Patterns in time can be made up of:

A) movements.
B) thinking.
C) both movements and thinking.
D) neither movements nor thinking.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All the nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord as well as all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord constitute the:

A) nervous system.
B) central nervous system.
C) peripheral nervous system.
D) external nervous system.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The difficulty in explaining how a nonmaterial mind can influence a material body is called:

A) the mind problem.
B) the mind-body problem.
C) the brain problem.
D) the psyche problem

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The notion that all behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain is commonly referred to as:

A) psychology.
B) experimentalism.
C) materialism.
D) dualism.

Question 5

Brain abnormalities can be related to:

A) 500 disorders.
B) 1000 disorders.
C) 1500 disorders.
D) more than 2,000 disorders.

Question 6

"Behavior consists of patterns in time" is a definition of behavior expounded by:

A) D.O.Hebb.
B) Edmond Jacobson.
C) Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
D) Fred Linge.

Question 7

Crossbill birds have a beak that is designed to eat pine cones.If we trim the beak,the behavior disappears.This example illustrates:

A) fixed behavior.
B) flexible behavior.
C) learned behavior.
D) adaptive behavior.

Question 8

Animals with smaller brains and simpler nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors,whereas animals with larger brains and more complex nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors.

A) learned;inherited
B) inherited;learned
C) innate;inherited
D) learned;innate

Question 9

The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine was expounded by:

A) D.O.Hebb.
B) Edmond Jacobson.
C) Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
D) Fred Linge.

Question 10

Which statement is the MOST accurate?

A) Nonhuman animals have mostly inherited behavior and are little influenced by learning.
B) Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning.
C) Unlike nonhuman animals,humans share very few inherited behaviors and are mostly influenced by learning.
D) Unlike nonhuman animals,humans' behavior is totally learned.

Question 11

The _____ is a nonmaterial entity that is responsible for intelligence,attention,awareness,and consciousness.

A) brain
B) heart
C) mind
D) conscience

Question 12

The sucking response observed in newborn human infants is an example of a(n):

A) learned response.
B) inherited response.
C) flexible response.
D) adaptive response

Question 13

The notion that the mind resides in the pineal body comes from:

A) Charles Darwin.
B) René Descartes.
C) Aristotle.
D) Socrates.

Question 14

Mentalism is:

A) the study of the mind.
B) mental imagery.
C) the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior.
D) another word for mindfulness.

Question 15

Subsequent research indicated that the pineal body was responsible for _____ rather than controlling human behavior.

A) vision
B) problem solving
C) movement
D) biological rhythms

Question 16

Which is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?

A) sensory receptors in the skin
B) connections to motor neurons
C) sensory and motor connections to internal organs (e.g. ,the stomach)
D) the spinal cord

Question 17

According to the philosophy of dualism:

A) the body influences the mind.
B) the pineal body is the mind.
C) the pineal body influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.
D) the pineal body is the mind and influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.

Question 18

Descartes's followers would argue that:

A) the mind and the body are separate at birth.
B) humans and very few other animals have minds.
C) young children do not have minds.
D) the mentally ill have minds.

Question 19

The hypothesis that the psyche is responsible for behavior was expounded by:

A) Charles Darwin.
B) René Descartes.
C) Aristotle.
D) Socrates.

Question 20

The set of brain structures responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors is called:

A) the cerebral hemisphere.
B) the brainstem.
C) the cerebrum.
D) the cerebellum.

Question 21

The correct order of organisms from the least complex to the most complex nervous system is:

A) flatworm,frog,squid,sea anemone.
B) sea anemone,frog,flatworm,squid.
C) sea anemone,flatworm,squid,frog.
D) frog,sea anemone,squid,flatworm.

Question 22

The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is known as:

A) genotyping.
B) phenotyping.
C) epigenetics.
D) environmental genetics.

Question 23

Inherited behavior:

A) is demonstrated only by animal instincts.
B) includes emotional expressions in humans.
C) cannot include emotional expressions in humans because the behavior is learned.
D) includes emotional expression in animals but not in humans.

Question 24

Insects have:

A) only nerve nets.
B) only a few ganglia.
C) enough ganglia to be called a brain.
D) the same brain organization as a chordate.

Question 25

Humans,tigers,dogs,and monkeys are all part of the same:

A) species.
B) class.
C) genus.
D) family.

Question 26

Humans,monkeys,Neanderthals,and chimpanzees-all belong to the same:

A) species.
B) genus.
C) family.
D) order.

Question 27

The notion that differential success in the reproduction of characteristics results from interactions between organisms and their environment is known as:

A) natural selection.
B) genetic theory.
C) biological theory.
D) innate behavior.

Question 28

Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs,snails,fruit flies,rats and monkeys because:

A) if all animals are related then all nervous systems are related and we can learn about the human brain by studying other animals.
B) all animals' nervous systems are different,which means that we need to study each animal separately in order to understand how their specific nervous system works.
C) the mind and the body are separate which means that we need to study a variety of different animals to see how their minds work.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 29

Images of blood flow in the brain in monkeys have demonstrated that:

A) humans and monkeys use different brain areas for language.
B) humans and monkeys use the same brain areas for language.
C) monkeys show no brain activation for language because they cannot understand language.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 30

In a study with a patient in a minimally conscious state,Schiff and colleagues found that _____ led to dramatic improvements in the patient's behavior.

A) deep brain stimulation
B) reading to the patient
C) music therapy
D) gene therapy

Question 31

Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by:

A) Charles Darwin.
B) Gregor Mendel .
C) neither Charles Darwin nor Gregor Mendel.
D) both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.

Question 32

The first humanlike brain evolved:

A) 700 million years ago.
B) 250 million years ago.
C) 6 million years ago.
D) 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.

Question 33

Which sequences is correct?

A) phylum,order,class,family,genus,species
B) phylum,class,order,family,genus,species
C) phylum,class,family,order,genus,species
D) phylum,family,class,order,genus,species

Question 34

The first brain evolved approximately:

A) 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
B) 3 million to 4 million years ago.
C) 250 million years ago.
D) 700 million years ago.

Question 35

The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying species is:

A) genetics.
B) embryology.
C) taxonomy.
D) evolutionary biology.

Question 36

Animals with both a brain and a spinal cord are called:

A) mammals.
B) eukaryotic.
C) primates.
D) chordates.

Question 37

A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or blinking but is otherwise not conscious is described as being:

A) in a coma.
B) in a persistent vegetative state.
C) in a minimally conscious state.
D) brain dead.

Question 38

Humans are of the order ____ and the family_____.

A) mammals;primates
B) primates;mammals
C) primates;great apes
D) great apes;primates

Question 39

The notion that all living things are related was put forward by:

A) Charles Darwin.
B) Alfred Russel Wallace.
C) neither Charles Darwin nor Alfred Russel Wallace.
D) both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Question 40

Of the 100,000 people in the United States who may become comatose in a given year,how many recover consciousness?

A) 5 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 41

The correct order of the evolution of nervous systems from simple to complex is:

A) nerve net,segmentation,ganglia,spinal cord,brain.
B) spinal cord,nerve net,brain,ganglia,segmentation.
C) brain,spinal cord,nerve net,segmentation,ganglia.
D) ganglia,nerve net,segmentation,brain,spinal cord.

Question 42

Other than humans,which chordate has the largest forebrain?

A) reptiles
B) amphibians
C) birds
D) bony fish

Question 43

Tools are associated with:

A) Homo habilis.
B) Homo erectus.
C) Homo sapiens.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 44

The oldest fossils that have been identified as human are approximately:

A) 5 million years old.
B) 200,000 years old.
C) 2 million years old.
D) 1 million years old.

Question 45

A notochord is a:

A) spinal cord and a brain.
B) longitudinal flexible rod in the back.
C) segmented spine.
D) segmented spine and spinal cord.

Question 46

Modern humans appeared approximately:

A) 50,000 years ago.
B) 200,000 years ago.
C) 100,000 years ago.
D) 1 million years ago.

Question 47

Modern Europeans may have acquired genes that helped them adapt to the cold and absorb more vitamin D through interbreeding with:

A) Homo habilis.
B) Homo erectus.
C) Neanderthals.
D) Australopithecus.

Question 48

The first primate to walk upright similar to humans was:

A) Homo erectus.
B) Homo habilis.
C) Neanderthals.
D) Australopithecus.

Question 49

Which sequences is correct?

A) Homo habilis,Homo erectus,Homo sapiens
B) Homo erectus,Homo habilis,Homo sapiens
C) Homo habilis,Homo sapiens,Homo erectus
D) Homo erectus,Homo sapiens,Homo habilis

Question 50

Which of our human ancestors had the largest brain size?

A) Australopithecus
B) Neanderthals
C) Homo habilis
D) Homo erectus

Question 51

Homo sapiens coexisted with:

A) Homo erectus.
B) Homo habilis.
C) Neanderthals.
D) Australopithecus.

Question 52

The correct order of these early hominids from smallest to largest brain size is:

A) Homo erectus,Homo habilis,Homo neanderthalensis.
B) Homo habilis,Homo erectus,Homo neanderthalensis.
C) Homo neanderthalensis,Homo habilis,Homo erectus.
D) Homo habilis,Homo neanderthalensis,Homo erectus.

Question 53

The primate order contains approximately:

A) 275 species.
B) 375 species.
C) 475 species.
D) 575 species.

Question 54

Chordates are any organisms that have:

A) a brain.
B) a spinal cord.
C) a peripheral nervous system.
D) a brain and a spinal cord.

Question 55

Humans are most closely related to:

A) gibbons.
B) orangutans.
C) chimpanzees.
D) gorillas.

Question 56

The idea that species exhibiting more complex behaviors will possess relatively larger brains is summed up by:

A) the principle of proper mass.
B) encephalization quotient.
C) the principle of mass action.
D) relativization.

Question 57

More advanced nervous systems often have similar structures on the left and right sides (e.g. ,the left and right hemispheres of the brain).This concept is known as:

A) mirroring.
B) bilateral symmetry.
C) bilateral structures.
D) mirror symmetry.

Question 58

Humans are unique in that they have the:

A) largest brain of any animal species.
B) most complex spinal cord of any animal species.
C) largest brain to body size ratio of any living animal.
D) most advanced nervous system of any living animal.

Question 59

Increased brain size and increased folding are most prominent in which chordate species?

A) dolphins
B) primates
C) neither primates nor dolphins
D) both primates and dolphins

Question 60

Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor approximately:

A) 2-4 million years ago.
B) 3-6 million years ago.
C) 5-10 million years ago.
D) 10-15 million years ago.

Question 61

Eating fruit favors a larger brain because it:

A) requires good sensory skills.
B) requires good motor skills.
C) requires good memory skills.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 62

The encephalization quotient is determined by:

A) measuring the size of an animal's brain.
B) measuring the weight of an animal's brain.
C) relating actual brain size to expected brain size.
D) comparing the brain size of different species with one another.

Question 63

Dunbar proposed that group sizes of _____ tend to be correlated with increased brain size in primates.

A) about 50
B) about 100
C) about 150
D) more than 200

Question 64

You have discovered a new breed of monkey in the jungles of South America.The diet of these monkeys appears to consist mainly of fruit.Based on what you know about evolution and other fruit-eating monkeys,which statement is likely to apply to this newly discovered breed of monkey?

A) They will have color vision.
B) They will have relatively larger brains (with respect to body size).
C) They will have larger social groups.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 65

The human cerebellum contains about ____ as many neurons as the cerebrum.

A) half
B) one third
C) four times
D) twice

Question 66

How much of the body's resources does the brain use?

A) 20 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 67

_____ allowed humans to maximize caloric gain and spend less time foraging.

A) Living in larger social groups
B) Cooking food
C) Eating vegetation
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 68

Fruit-eating primates:

A) have a smaller brain than vegetation eaters.
B) eat more glucose and thus have a larger brain than vegetation eaters.
C) forage more than vegetation eaters and thus have a larger brain.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 69

Howler monkeys have smaller brains than equally sized spider monkeys.This is thought to stem from the fact that:

A) howler monkeys eat more fruit than spider monkeys.
B) howler monkeys eat less fruit than spider monkeys.
C) howler monkeys eat less meat than spider monkeys.
D) howler monkeys live in larger social groups than spider monkeys.

Question 70

Compared with Australopithecus skulls,human skulls contain holes through which blood vessels could pass.This would have led to:

A) better brain cooling.
B) increased brain size.
C) changes in diet.
D) both better brain cooling and increased brain size.

Question 71

One of the benefits of neoteny is that it allows:

A) time for more brain cells to be produced.
B) greater genetic diversity.
C) greater variety in diet.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 72

Humans are classed as:

A) fruit eaters.
B) vegetation eaters.
C) both fruit and vegetation eaters.
D) a separate category from vegetation and fruit eaters.

Question 73

Vegetation eaters have:

A) larger brains than fruit eaters.
B) smaller brains than fruit eaters.
C) greater social skills than fruit eaters.
D) larger brains and greater social skills than fruit eaters.

Question 74

Stedman and colleagues argue that size reductions in facial muscles and facial bones in early hominids may have led to:

A) changes in diet.
B) changes in mating patterns.
C) changes in hunting strategies.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 75

Which living animal has an encephalization quotient that is closest to modern humans?

A) Chimpanzee
B) Elephant
C) Blue whale
D) Dolphin

Question 76

Climate change may have placed pressure on apes to adapt to their environment.Specifically,apes that lived in _____ climates may have begun to walk upright.

A) drier
B) wetter
C) colder
D) coastal

Question 77

Which has the largest encephalization quotient?

A) Monkey
B) Chimpanzee
C) Homo habilis
D) Dolphin

Question 78

Although the elephant brain contains many more neurons than the human brain,most of these additional neurons are located in the elephant's:

A) cerebellum.
B) cerebrum.
C) spinal cord.
D) brain stem.

Question 79

The radiator hypothesis is a theory relating to:

A) cooling of the brain by blood flow.
B) cooling of the brain by cerebral spinal fluid.
C) cooling of the brain by blood flow and cerebral spinal fluid.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 80

Our small face,vaulted cranium,upright mobility,and distribution of hair are features that link us with juvenile chimps.This illustrates:

A) natural selection.
B) neoteny.
C) selective dominant traits.
D) selective environmental influences.