Deck 5: Multiple Choice

Question 1

_____ is linked with shaking in the limbs,loss of balance,and general loss of muscular control.

A) Parkinson disease
B) Lou Gehrig disease
C) Huntington disease
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The notion that the nervous system communicates using chemical messages was first demonstrated by:

A) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
B) Camillo Golgi.
C) Otto Loewi.
D) Donald Hebb.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Electrical synapses:

A) do not exist in mammals.
B) are relatively rare in mammals.
C) are roughly 50 percent of all mammalian synapses.
D) are the prime mechanism of neurotransmission in mammals.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Acetylcholine helps _____ muscle contraction in the somatic nervous system (SNS),whereas it acts to _____ muscle contraction in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

A) excite;excite or inhibit
B) inhibit;slow down
C) excite;inhibit
D) inhibit;excite

Question 5

_____ acts to increase heart rate.

A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine

Question 6

_____ is a neurotransmitter that slows down heart rate,whereas _____ speeds it up.

A) Acetylcholine;norepinephrine
B) Epinephrine;norepinephrine
C) Norepinephrine;acetylcholine
D) Epinephrine;acetylcholine

Question 7

_____ store several vesicles containing neurotransmitters.

A) Storage granules
B) Synaptic vesicles
C) Transporter proteins
D) Golgi bodies

Question 8

The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n):

A) electron microscope.
B) light microscope.
C) confocal microscope.
D) Nissl-stained microscopic procedure.

Question 9

Axon terminals are found on the _____ whereas dendritic spines are found on the _____.

A) postsynaptic membrane;presynaptic membrane
B) soma;neuron
C) presynaptic membrane;postsynaptic membrane
D) neuron;synapse

Question 10

Which of the following would NOT be found at the axon terminal?

A) mitochondria
B) cell membrane
C) synaptic vesicles
D) axon hillock

Question 11

_____ contain the neurotransmitters.

A) Synaptic vesicles
B) Ribosomes
C) Axons
D) Dendrites

Question 12

The contents of a synaptic vesicle include:

A) neurotransmitters.
B) structural proteins.
C) DNA.
D) neurotransmitters,structural proteins,and DNA.

Question 13

Parkinson disease is linked with the loss of _____ neurons in the midbrain.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) serotonin

Question 14

A synaptic cleft is the space between:

A) a synaptic vesicle and an axon terminal.
B) a dendrite and an ion channel.
C) an ion channel and an axon terminal.
D) an axon terminal and a dendrite.

Question 15

_____ can also act as neurotransmitters.

A) Synapses
B) Mitochondria
C) Hormones
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 16

Chemicals released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect are called:

A) messengers.
B) action potentials.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) second messengers.

Question 17

Compared with chemical synapses,electrical synapses:

A) transmit messages faster.
B) transmit messages more slowly.
C) require more metabolic energy.
D) do not require presynaptic activation.

Question 18

Neurons in which the ion channels from one cell connect directly with ion channels on another cell are called:

A) gap junctions.
B) electrical synapses.
C) chemical synapses.
D) Both gap junctions and electrical synapses are correct.

Question 19

_____ contribute to chemical neurotransmission by supplying the building blocks for neurotransmitters or by cleaning up excess neurotransmitters.

A) Glial cells
B) Dendrites
C) Receptors
D) Neurons

Question 20

Electron microscopy is a useful tool in the study of synaptic morphology.The resolution of an electron microscope is much greater than that of a light microscope because:

A) smaller electron waves scatter less than light waves.
B) light waves scatter less than electron waves.
C) larger electron waves scatter more than light waves.
D) larger light waves scatter in patterns similar to those of electron waves.

Question 21

_____ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter by transporter proteins that bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic side for reuse.

A) Diffusion
B) Enzymatic degradation
C) Reuptake
D) Neurochemical recycling

Question 22

Precursor chemicals that form the building blocks for neurotransmitters are absorbed from the:

A) mitochondria.
B) blood supply.
C) cell nucleus.
D) Golgi apparatus.

Question 23

Neurotransmitters are produced in the:

A) cell body.
B) presynaptic terminals.
C) Golgi body.
D) cell body and presynaptic terminals.

Question 24

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters via:

A) endocytosis.
B) pinocytosis.
C) exocytosis.
D) phagocytosis.

Question 25

_____ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by enzymes.

A) Reuptake
B) Degradation
C) Breakdown
D) Decay

Question 26

_____ synapses are terminals that have no specific target.

A) Axoextracellular
B) Axosomatic
C) Axodendritic
D) Axosynaptic

Question 27

How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?

A) diffusion
B) enzymatic degradation
C) uptake by surrounding glial cells
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 28

When a neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to a transmitter-activated receptor,which of the following may occur in the postsynaptic cell?

A) membrane depolarization
B) membrane hyperpolarization
C) initiation of chemical reactions
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 29

In order for neurotransmitters to be released,_____ must enter the terminal button.

A) Na⁺
B) Ca²⁺
C) K⁺
D) Cl^-

Question 30

Transmitters are usually released in the blood via:

A) axodendritic synapses.
B) axosomatic synapses.
C) axosecretory synapses.
D) axoaxonic synapses.

Question 31

Which of the following presynaptic events are in correct chronological order?

A) calcium ion influx,action potential reaches axon terminal,vesicle fuses with membrane,diffusion of neurotransmitter
B) action potential reaches axon terminal,calcium ion channels open,exocytosis,diffusion of neurotransmitter
C) exocytosis,calcium ion influx,action potential reaches axon terminal,membrane depolarization
D) action potential reaches axon terminal,calcium ion channels open,neurotransmitter diffusion,exocytosis

Question 32

Receptors on the presynaptic side that may be influenced by neurotransmitters are called:

A) autoreceptors.
B) presynaptic receptors.
C) presynaptic terminals.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 33

_____ synapses send signals from one axon to another axon.

A) Axoaxonic
B) Axodendritic
C) Dendodendritic
D) Axosynaptic

Question 34

For an action potential to be elicited:

A) one quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell.
B) multiple quanta of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell.
C) calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell.
D) one quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell,and calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell.

Question 35

Voltage-gated calcium ion channels that function in neurotransmission are primarily found on the:

A) postsynaptic membrane.
B) presynaptic membrane.
C) synaptic vesicles.
D) dendrites.

Question 36

_____ is the process of neurotransmitter deactivation whereby the neurotransmitter simply leaves the synaptic cleft.

A) Diffusion
B) Enzymatic degradation
C) Reuptake
D) Glial uptake

Question 37

There are more chemical synapses than electrical synapses in the mammalian nervous system because chemical synapses:

A) transmit signals more quickly.
B) allow better control of messages passed between neurons.
C) send only excitatory signals.
D) cannot be modified by learning.

Question 38

Ultimately Ca²⁺ serves to aid neural transmission by:

A) causing an action potential.
B) helping to make neurotransmitters.
C) opening K⁺ channels on axon terminals.
D) causing the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Question 39

Reuptake is accomplished by:

A) transporter proteins.
B) glial cells.
C) enzymes.
D) calcium channels .

Question 40

Protein molecules that pump substances across a membrane are called:

A) microfilaments.
B) microtubules.
C) transporters.
D) microvehicles

Question 41

_____ is a neurotransmitter that is synthesized from tryptophan.

A) Dopamine
B) L-dopa
C) Glutamate
D) Serotonin

Question 42

A Renshaw loop consists of:

A) an interneuron that inhibits the activity of a motor neuron.
B) a sensory neuron that increases the activity of a motor neuron.
C) an interneuron that increases the activity of a motor neuron.
D) a sensory neuron that increases the activity of an interneuron.

Question 43

Gap junctions are:

A) axoaxonic synapses.
B) dendodendritic synapses.
C) somasomatic synapses.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 44

_____ was the first neurotransmitter discovered in the CNS.

A) Histamine
B) Serotonin
C) Dopamine
D) Acetylcholine

Question 45

When an axon terminal synapses on another axon terminal,it is called:

A) an axosomatic synapse.
B) an axoaxonic synapse.
C) an axosynaptic synapse.
D) an axodendritic synapse.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a classification type of neurotransmitter?

A) small molecule
B) nucleic acid
C) gaseous
D) peptide

Question 47

_____ are(is)assembled in the cell body and transported to the terminal buttons via microtubules.

A) Amines
B) Serotonin
C) Peptide transmitters
D) Amino acid transmitters

Question 48

Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetate and choline by:

A) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).
B) choline acetylbinderase (ChAB).
C) tyrosine hydroxylase.
D) histamine.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT part of the amine subtype of small-molecule neurotransmitters?

A) dopamine
B) glycine
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine

Question 50

The rate by which dopamine,epinephrine,and norepinephrine can be synthesized is controlled by a rate-limiting factor that is linked to the availability of:

A) tryptophan.
B) ChAT.
C) tyrosine hydroxylase.
D) histamine.

Question 51

Acetylcholine is deactivated through:

A) reuptake.
B) diffusion.
C) enzymatic degradation.
D) glial reuptake.

Question 52

What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

A) GABA
B) glutamate
C) glycine
D) histamine

Question 53

_____ is a neurotransmitter that helps control arousal,walking,and the contraction of smooth muscle.It also contributes to asthma,a constriction of the airways.

A) Acetylcholine
B) Histamine
C) Glycine
D) Dopamine

Question 54

_____ plays a role in regulating mood,appetite,aggression,and arousal.

A) Norepinephrine
B) Dopamine
C) Acetylcholine
D) Serotonin

Question 55

_____ is found in foods such as egg yolk,avocado,salmon,and olive oil.

A) Choline
B) Acetate
C) Tryptophan
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 56

The rate-limiting factor of dopamine synthesis can be bypassed through the oral administration of:

A) acetylcholine.
B) L-dopa.
C) tryptophan.
D) norepinephrine.

Question 57

_____ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain whereas _____ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

A) GABA;glutamate
B) Glycine;glutamate
C) Glutamate;GABA
D) Aspartate;glycine

Question 58

_____ is an amino acid that is important for the synthesis of _____.

A) Tyrosine hydroxylase;acetylcholine
B) Choline;dopamine
C) Tryptophan;L-dopa
D) Tyrosine hydroxylase;dopamine

Question 59

A chemical that has not yet met all the conditions that constitute a neurotransmitter is referred to as a(n):

A) chemical signaler.
B) secondary messenger.
C) putative neurotransmitter.
D) unclassified neurotransmitter.

Question 60

_____ synapses send signals from an axon to a cell body.

A) Axoextracellular
B) Axosomatic
C) Axodendritic
D) Axosynaptic

Question 61

Ionotropic receptors:

A) change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them.
B) have no openings for ion diffusion.
C) activate second messenger systems.
D) are more metabolically expensive than metabotropic receptors.

Question 62

Both THC and anandamide are examples of:

A) endocannabinoids.
B) recreational drugs.
C) excitatory neurotransmitters.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 63

Which of the following terms is NOT associated with metabotropic receptors?

A) second messengers
B) G proteins
C) alpha subunits
D) All of these terms are associated with metabotropic receptors.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT an amino acid neurotransmitter?

A) dopamine
B) glutamate
C) glycine
D) GABA

Question 65

In the popular movie Awakenings,_____ was used to treat patients with a rare movement disorder that followed a severe influenza outbreak in the 1920s.

A) acetylcholine
B) norepinehphrine
C) L-dopa
D) dopamine

Question 66

A second-messenger system can:

A) alter ion flow through the membrane channels.
B) cause a series of reactions that result in the formation of new membrane ion channels.
C) initiate or cease the production of specific proteins.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT one of the activating systems in the CNS?

A) glutamate
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 68

_____ is part of a class of lipid transmitters called endocannabinoids that can influence appetite,pain,sleep,mood,and stress.

A) CB₁
B) Anandamide
C) Glycine
D) Met-enkephalin

Question 69

Metabotropic receptors consist of:

A) complex units of membrane-spanning proteins.
B) a single membrane-spanning protein.
C) a single non-membrane-spanning protein.
D) complex units of non-membrane-spanning proteins.

Question 70

All neurons leaving the spinal cord have:

A) acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
B) dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
C) GABA as a neurotransmitter.
D) both dopamine and GABA as neurotransmitters.

Question 71

Dopamine binds to _____ receptors.

A) ionotropic
B) metabotropic
C) both ionotropic and metabotropic
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 72

What chemicals are the first messenger?

A) G proteins
B) alpha subunits
C) neurotransmitters
D) sodium ions

Question 73

Neurotransmitters are identified by which of the following criteria?

A) synthesis
B) release
C) receptor activation
D) synthesis,release,and receptor activation

Question 74

Which two neurotransmitters are synthesized from the same precursor molecule?

A) glycine and dopamine
B) glutamate and GABA
C) histamine and serotonin
D) acetylcholine and glycine

Question 75

Which is the correct sequence of amine neurotransmitters?

A) tyrosine,dopamine,L-dopa,epinephrine,norepinephrine
B) L-dopa,tyrosine,dopamine,norepinephrine,epinephrine
C) tyrosine,L-dopa,dopamine,epinephrine,norepinephrine
D) tyrosine,L-dopa,dopamine,norepinephrine,epinephrine

Question 76

_____ are a class of neurotransmitters that can act as hormones for fertility,childbirth,and lactation.

A) Peptides
B) Amines
C) Transmitter gases
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 77

Nitric oxide (NO)is a gas neurotransmitter that:

A) is stored in synaptic vesicles.
B) is synthesized in the soma.
C) dilates blood vessels in active brain areas.
D) is degraded by digestive enzymes.

Question 78

Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter for:

A) all skeletal motor synapses.
B) 95 percent of skeletal motor synapses.
C) half of skeletal motor synapses.
D) no skeletal motor synapses.

Question 79

_____ activates the sympathetic nervous system,whereas _____ activates the parasympathetic nervous system.

A) Norepinephrine;epinephrine
B) Norepinephrine;acetylcholine
C) Acetylcholine;norepinephrine
D) Epinephrine;norepinephrine

Question 80

The opening of an ionotropic receptor can directly influence the movement of _____ ions across the neuronal membrane.

A) Ca²⁺
B) Na⁺
C) K⁺
D) All of the answers are correct.