Deck 33: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Question 1

Feelings of hunger are ________ by high levels of PYY and ________ by high levels of leptin.

A) increased;decreased
B) decreased;increased
C) increased;increased
D) decreased;decreased

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Electrically stimulating an appetite-enhancing center within the hypothalamus of a well-fed animal is likely to

A) cause the animal to begin eating.
B) decrease the animal's basal metabolic rate.
C) prevent the conversion of the animal's blood glucose to fat.
D) permanently lower the animal's set point.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Andrea had surgery in which half her stomach was removed.Afterward,Andrea lost several pounds because the remaining stomach produced much less

A) PYY.
B) orexin.
C) ghrelin.
D) insulin.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Prisoners of war placed on a semistarvation diet in which their food intake is cut in half are likely to

A) lose half their original body weight.
B) show an increased interest in sex and politics.
C) spend a great deal of time daydreaming about food.
D) do all of these things.

Question 5

Mora has been trying to lose weight,so she skips breakfast.Around lunchtime she feels extremely hungry.One reason for her hunger is that her

A) blood glucose level has dropped.
B) blood glucose level has increased.
C) leptin levels are high.
D) ghrelin production is low.

Question 6

Which of the following appetite hormones is secreted by the hypothalamus?

A) PYY
B) orexin
C) leptin
D) ghrelin

Question 7

During his adult life,Jerry has held career positions that varied from being very sedentary to requiring high levels of physical activity.Over all those years,however,his body weight has remained close to 175 pounds.His stable body weight best illustrates

A) a hierarchy of needs.
B) a set point.
C) basal metabolic rate.
D) body mass index.

Question 8

As part of your biological psychology class,you conduct an experiment in which a rat's brain is continuously infused with a hormone called ghrelin.Based on the function of ghrelin,you can predict that the rat will

A) display negative energy balance and lose weight gradually.
B) develop a huge appetite and gain weight.
C) lose its appetite and stop eating altogether.
D) display a significant decrease in its body mass index (BMI).

Question 9

Jorge has been so busy at work that he has not had time to eat all day.The hormone secreted by his hypothalamus that will cause him to feel hungry is

A) PYY.
B) orexin.
C) leptin.
D) ghrelin.

Question 10

Blood glucose levels are regulated by secretions of ________ by the pancreas.

A) PYY
B) leptin
C) orexin
D) insulin

Question 11

In looking at the relationship between hunger and conditions of the stomach,researchers have discovered that

A) hunger cannot be experienced if one's stomach is full.
B) stomach contractions are necessary for experiencing hunger.
C) rats whose stomachs are removed continue to eat regularly.
D) humans and animals without stomachs lose the capacity to feel hungry.

Question 12

When people are hungry,they ________ easily recall such feelings in their own past and they are ________ likely to perceive hunger as a driving force in other people's behavior.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 13

The form of blood sugar that provides the major source of energy for body tissues is

A) ghrelin.
B) insulin.
C) glucose.
D) serotonin.

Question 14

The arcuate nucleus is located within the

A) pancreas.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobes.
D) body's fat cells.

Question 15

The hunger-dampening hormone secreted by fat cells is

A) orexin.
B) insulin.
C) leptin.
D) ghrelin.

Question 16

Tomas is very hungry after working out at the gym.His motivation to eat is being regulated by several areas of the

A) hypothalamus.
B) medulla.
C) amygdala.
D) hippocampus.

Question 17

Ghrelin is a ________ hormone secreted by the ________.

A) hunger-arousing;hypothalamus
B) hunger-suppressing;hypothalamus
C) hunger-arousing;stomach
D) hunger-suppressing;stomach

Question 18

Several neural areas within the ________ regulate the extent to which we are motivated to eat.

A) hypothalamus
B) medulla
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 19

The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time is known as the

A) set point.
B) body mass index.
C) ecology of eating.
D) basal metabolic rate.

Question 20

Working with Walter Cannon,A.L.Washburn used a(an)________ to show that feelings of hunger are accompanied by stomach contractions.

A) computer chip
B) balloon
C) electrode
D) sensor

Question 21

Situational influences on our food consumption have prompted psychologists to emphasize

A) social facilitation.
B) the set point.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) the importance of portion size.

Question 22

When an organism's weight falls below its set point,the organism is likely to experience a(n)________ in hunger and a(n)________ in its basal metabolic rate.

A) increase;increase
B) decrease;decrease
C) increase;decrease
D) decrease;increase

Question 23

Some researchers prefer the term settling point to set point because the typical body weight of an adult is influenced by

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) several appetite hormones.
C) the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) environmental and biological factors.

Question 24

The body's resting rate of energy output is known as its

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) set point.
C) ecology of eating.
D) settling point.

Question 25

Murial often tastes free samples of different foods while grocery shopping.She eats many more of these free samples when the grocery store is crowded with shoppers than when there are only a few other shoppers.This best illustrates the impact of

A) importance of portion size.
B) neophobia.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) social facilitation.

Question 26

French waistlines are smaller than American waistlines in part because the French offer foods in smaller portion sizes than do Americans.If so,this would best illustrate the importance of

A) social facilitation.
B) the ecology of eating.
C) the set point.
D) the body mass index.

Question 27

The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to

A) lower the body's set point.
B) decrease blood glucose levels.
C) reduce stress.
D) prevent homeostasis.

Question 28

A violent illness that follows our eating of a particular food is likely to influence our taste preferences.This illustrates that taste preferences are influenced by

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) learning experiences.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) the settling point.

Question 29

Although Jana's weight has been stable for 10 years,during the past month her weight has dropped more than 10 percent below her set point.It is likely that Jana is experiencing a(n)________ in hunger and a(n)________ in basal metabolic rate.

A) increase;increase
B) decrease;increase
C) increase;decrease
D) decrease;decrease

Question 30

Yu-Fin,who lives in China,typically eats fried caterpillars,scorpions,and grilled dog meat.It is very likely that Yu-Fin

A) is very poor and malnourished.
B) is influenced in his eating habits by social and cultural factors.
C) is mentally ill.
D) eats regularly at the college cafeteria.

Question 31

A dislike of the tastes of certain foods during pregnancy tends to peak when the developing embryo is most vulnerable to

A) the ecology of eating.
B) social facilitation.
C) obesity.
D) toxins.

Question 32

Carbohydrates such as pasta,chips,and sweets help boost levels of the neurotransmitter

A) orexin.
B) ghrelin.
C) serotonin.
D) PYY.

Question 33

Lorissa is a fussy eater who refuses to take even a small taste of foods she has not seen before.Her behavior best illustrates

A) set point.
B) importance of portion size.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) neophobia.

Question 34

Jama is stressed out over her argument with her mother.After the argument Jama craves ice cream and potato chips.Eating these high carbohydrate foods is likely to

A) lower Jama's set point.
B) decrease her blood glucose levels.
C) reduce stress in Jama.
D) prevent homeostasis.

Question 35

When encouraged to eat as much as they want,people tend to eat less if the foods are offered in smaller rather than larger portion sizes.This illustrates

A) importance of portion size.
B) social facilitation.
C) the body mass index.
D) set points.

Question 36

Stacey has just finished eating lunch with her friends.After leaving the restaurant she realizes that she has overeaten.Which of the following is a possible explanation for Stacey's overeating?

A) The presence of others amplifies our natural behavior tendencies.
B) Experiencing intense moods amplifies our natural behavior tendencies.
C) The presence of others reduces our natural behavior tendencies.
D) Experiencing intense moods reduces our natural behavior tendencies.

Question 37

A drop in basal metabolic rate is most likely to result from

A) body mass index.
B) a semistarvation diet.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) excess leptin.

Question 38

The concept of a set point best illustrates an explanation of motivation in terms of

A) a hierarchy of needs.
B) the ecology of eating.
C) homeostasis.
D) the body mass index.

Question 39

After eating a normal lunch,two patients readily consumed a second lunch 20 minutes later because they had

A) no memory of the previous meal.
B) excessively high blood glucose levels.
C) just received injections of PYY.
D) unusually low levels of ghrelin secretions.

Question 40

Donna has gained several pounds since she has been friends with Katie and Sasha,who are both obese.Donna finds that she now tends to eat more unhealthy foods,and much larger portions of them.Donna's change in diet and weight can be explained by

A) drive reduction.
B) narcissism.
C) ostracism.
D) social influence.

Question 41

Obesity increases the risk of

A) gallstones.
B) arthritis.
C) diabetes.
D) all of these conditions.

Question 42

Psychologists refer to the ecology of eating to highlight the impact of ________ on food consumption.

A) basal metabolic rate
B) set point
C) situational influences
D) PYY

Question 43

People eat ________ when given a large rather than a small serving of food.They eat ________ when given a large rather than a small bowl out of which to eat their food.

A) less;less
B) less;more
C) more;less
D) more;more

Question 44

Rudy has been on a strict diet of 1000 calories per day for the last six weeks.He lost considerably more weight in the first three weeks of his diet than in the last three because

A) his metabolic rate has decreased.
B) his set point has increased.
C) lean tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue.
D) his fat cells have begun to secrete elevated levels of leptin.

Question 45

Compared with past years,people worldwide are consuming ________ food and engaging in ________ physical activity.

A) less;more
B) more;less
C) less;less
D) more;more

Question 46

Which of the following people is LEAST likely to lose weight?

A) Joshua,who uses smaller plates and bowls for his meals
B) Danita,who only goes to the grocery store after eating a meal
C) Dion,who makes sure he gets 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night
D) Jason,who eats very little all day and then at dinner eats a very large meal

Question 47

Feelings of hunger accompany ________ levels of blood glucose and ________ levels of ghrelin.

A) low;low
B) high;high
C) low;high
D) high;low

Question 48

People consume more ice cream when given a big bowl rather than a small one.This best illustrates

A) base metabolic rate.
B) the importance of portion size.
C) social facilitation.
D) neophobia.

Question 49

________ is defined as a BMI of 30 or more.

A) Portion size
B) Neophobia
C) Obesity
D) Starvation

Question 50

Although Cara has been obese for as long as she can remember,she is determined to lose excess body weight with a low-calorie diet.Cara is most likely to have difficulty becoming and staying thin because

A) she may have a higher-than-average set point for body weight.
B) low-calorie diets trigger increased secretions of PYY.
C) lean tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue.
D) her resting metabolic rate will increase and prompt her to overeat.

Question 51

Worldwide over the past 40 years,the rate of obesity among adults has ________ and the rate of obesity among children and teens has ________.

A) increased;decreased
B) decreased;increased
C) increased;increased
D) decreased;decreased

Question 52

In impoverished places a heavier body is a sign of

A) low affluence and status.
B) high affluence and status.
C) neophobia.
D) importance of portion size.

Question 53

Jan and Paul are fraternal twins who are being raised together.Mark and Thomas are identical twins who are being raised in different families,but Mark is being raised with Jan and Paul.Which of the following is true in terms of their weights?

A) Jan and Paul are more likely to be similar than are Mark and Thomas.
B) Mark will be more similar to Jan and Paul than to Thomas.
C) Mark is more likely to be similar to Thomas,even though they are being raised apart.
D) Thomas will be more similar to his family than to Mark.

Question 54

________ is the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

A) Basal metabolic rate
B) Body mass index
C) Set point
D) Glucose

Question 55

People are more vulnerable to obesity if they experience

A) a lower-than-average settling point.
B) sleep deprivation.
C) reduced portion size.
D) neophobia.

Question 56

Because slow,sustained changes in body weight,as well as psychological factors,can alter our ________,some researchers have therefore adopted the term ________.

A) body mass index;basal metabolic rate
B) settling point;set point
C) basal metabolic rate;body mass index
D) set point;settling point

Question 57

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

A) one pound is always lost for every 3500-calorie reduction in diet.
B) children with obese parents are no more likely to be obese than children with normal-weight parents.
C) once we gain weight,we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it.
D) it is easier for people to lose weight on the second or third attempt at dieting than on the first try.

Question 58

Among dieters who consciously restrain their eating,the urge to eat is likely to be unleashed by

A) drinking alcohol.
B) eating early in the day.
C) brief periods of exercise.
D) focusing attention on what they are eating.

Question 59

Which of the following statements would be the BEST advice for people who plan to lose weight by going on a restricted diet?

A) "The second diet is always easier than the first."
B) "Use soft drinks to reduce your hunger between meal times."
C) "Avoid eating during the day so you can enjoy a big meal in the evening."
D) "Eat simple meals that include only a few different foods."

Question 60

Research on the genetic and environmental influences on body weight has revealed that

A) the weight of adopted people correlates with that of their biological parents,not with that of their adoptive parents.
B) the weight of fraternal twins reared together is more highly correlated than the weight of identical twins reared apart.
C) obesity is somewhat less common among Americans today than 50 years ago.
D) identical twin men are more similar in weight than identical twin women.

Question 61

Working with Walter Cannon,A.L.Washburn used a balloon to show that feelings of hunger are accompanied by

A) rising blood glucose levels.
B) reduced secretions of ghrelin.
C) a rising set point.
D) stomach contractions.

Question 62

Research on the physiological basis of hunger has indicated that

A) stomach contractions are unrelated to feelings of hunger.
B) hunger continues in humans whose cancerous stomachs have been removed.
C) rats whose stomachs have been removed must be force-fed to prevent starvation.
D) less ghrelin is secreted when the stomach is empty.

Question 63

Insulin,a hormone that influences appetite,is secreted by the

A) hypothalamus.
B) pancreas.
C) stomach.
D) liver.

Question 64

Increases in the hormone insulin lead to

A) increasing estrogen levels.
B) decreasing blood glucose levels.
C) increasing PYY levels.
D) decreasing orexin levels.

Question 65

The ________ is the point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set.When your body falls below this weight,increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight.

A) set point
B) basal metabolic rate
C) body mass index
D) obesity rate

Question 66

A starving rat will lose all interest in food if a specific neural center within the ________ is destroyed.

A) thalamus
B) adrenal gland
C) arcuate nucleus
D) pancreas

Question 67

Emma worked for five straight hours on her psychology paper and did not stop to eat.After finishing her paper she felt extremely hungry.One reason for her hunger is that her

A) leptin levels are high.
B) blood glucose level has increased.
C) blood glucose level has dropped.
D) ghrelin production is low.

Question 68

We experience hunger when the level of

A) ghrelin in our blood is low.
B) leptin in our blood is low.
C) glucose in our blood is low.
D) PYY in our blood is high.

Question 69

Ancel Keys and his research team observed that men on a semistarvation diet

A) became apathetic and lost interest in food.
B) remained interested in food but avoided talking or thinking about it.
C) lost interest in sex and social activities.
D) became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues.

Question 70

Which of the following examples does NOT demonstrate the influence of the ecology of eating on eating behaviors?

A) To reduce her food intake,Janice has purchased smaller plates and bowls.
B) Nathan refuses to eat whale blubber with his friend's family,who are Native Alaskans.
C) Lori avoids all restaurants that have a dessert buffet.
D) David avoids fast-food restaurants that have a supersized menu.

Question 71

Jason is on his school's wrestling team.He hasn't eaten since early this morning because he is trying to make weight.It is now time for dinner.His stomach is growling and he feels very hungry.One reason for his hunger is that his

A) blood glucose level has dropped.
B) blood glucose level has increased.
C) leptin levels are high.
D) ghrelin production is low.

Question 72

PYY is a hormone in the ________,which sends "I am hungry" signals to the brain.

A) pancreas
B) hypothalamus
C) stomach
D) digestive tract

Question 73

The ________ is a measure of how much energy we use to maintain basic body functions when our body is at rest.

A) body mass index
B) set point
C) basal metabolic rate
D) settling point

Question 74

Jose is trying to lose 100 pounds.He has greatly restricted his caloric intake but has lost only about 6 percent of his desired goal.Jose's limited weight loss is due,at least in part,to the fact that his dietary restriction led to a(n)

A) decrease in his secretion of ghrelin.
B) elevation of his set point.
C) decrease in his metabolic rate.
D) elevation of his blood glucose level.

Question 75

People become obsessed with water when thirsty and obsessed with food when hungry.This illustrates that activated motives

A) increase basal metabolic rate.
B) lower the settling point.
C) are not culturally influenced.
D) dominate consciousness.

Question 76

________ is the main source of energy in your body.

A) Glucose
B) Leptin
C) Insulin
D) Ghrelin

Question 77

An individual is considered obese if his or her body mass index (BMI)is

A) 20 and above.
B) 25 and above.
C) 30 and above.
D) higher than 50.

Question 78

According to researchers,which of the following would be the BEST advice to offer someone who wants to lose excess weight?

A) "Avoid complex carbohydrates like potatoes and pasta."
B) "Permanent weight loss requires a lifelong change in eating and exercise habits."
C) "Your self-esteem will increase dramatically if you can successfully lose weight."
D) "Once you lose your excess weight,you will experience a big reduction in your appetite for food."

Question 79

In an experiment by Ancel Keys,36 male volunteers cut their food intake in half for a period of 6 months.In response to this semistarvation,the volunteers

A) did not stabilize their weight even though they were taking in half their previous calories.
B) stabilized at 25 percent of their normal weight,while taking in half their previous calories.
C) reduced their energy expenditure,and their body weights stabilized at about 25 percent below their starting weights.
D) increased their energy expenditure and their basal metabolic rate.

Question 80

Which of the following people is most likely to eat the most?

A) Brad,who is eating lunch by himself.
B) Abagail,who is snacking on fruit.
C) Doug,who is eating with friends at an all you can eat buffet.
D) Robert,who is consciously watching his portion sizes.