Deck 9: Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

Alcohol,marijuana,cocaine,and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called

A) stimulants.
B) depressants.
C) psychoactive drugs.
D) hallucinogens.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The three main categories of psychoactive drugs are depressants,stimulants,and

A) amphetamines.
B) tranquilizers.
C) hallucinogens.
D) endorphins.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Drug tolerance refers to the

A) absence of pain or anxiety following the use of a drug.
B) loss of social inhibitions following drug use.
C) discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of a drug.
D) reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

As drug users experience neuroadaptation,they demonstrate signs of

A) dehydration.
B) a near-death experience.
C) tolerance.
D) hallucinations.

Question 5

Mark's compulsive use of cocaine continues even though he knows it has damaged his health and threatens his marriage,which he wants to preserve.Mark most clearly shows signs of

A) REM sleep deprivation.
B) increased self-awareness.
C) hallucinations.
D) addiction.

Question 6

Research on addictions indicates that

A) the majority of people who try cocaine do not become addicted.
B) behaviors such as gambling cannot become addictive.
C) only a small minority of America's ex-smokers kicked the habit on their own.
D) regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for LSD.

Question 7

People who use ________ are often able to discontinue their drug use without professional help.

A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) alcohol
D) any of these drugs

Question 8

Neuroadaptation refers to

A) the pain relief that occurs following the use of narcotic drugs.
B) continued drug craving and use despite its significant dangers.
C) the change in brain chemistry that offsets the effect of a psychoactive drug.
D) the increased sympathetic nervous system activity following the use of stimulant drugs.

Question 9

When heavy coffee drinkers skip their usual caffeine,they experience the effects of ________ when a headache strikes.

A) reuptake
B) withdrawal
C) disinhibition
D) the dopamine reward system

Question 10

One effect of frequent drug use is changes in brain circuits.This leads to

A) increased REM sleep.
B) decreased drug tolerance.
C) increased behavioral inhibitions.
D) strong cravings when situations trigger memories of drug use.

Question 11

A drug's overall effect depends on

A) its biological effects.
B) the user's expectations.
C) the user's culture.
D) all of these factors.

Question 12

Depressant drugs include alcohol,

A) marijuana,and LSD.
B) barbiturates,and opiates.
C) nicotine,and caffeine.
D) cocaine,and amphetamines.

Question 13

The American Psychiatric Association now categorizes the severity of substance use disorder according to

A) its effect on the person's social life but not on his or her physical health.
B) the form of the substance involved.
C) the number of disruptive symptoms involved.
D) whether the drug is legally available to an individual.

Question 14

Dawi uses cocaine regularly.He craves it often,spends a considerable amount of time obtaining and using the drug,and has continued to use cocaine despite social problems related to his drug use.Which of the following best describes the severity of his substance use disorder?

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) extreme

Question 15

Jana developed a habit of drinking several beers after work each day.Her diminishing feeling of intoxication from the drinks is indicative of

A) memory disruption.
B) tolerance.
C) withdrawal.
D) disinhibition.

Question 16

Which process most clearly underlies the development of drug tolerance?

A) disinhibition
B) REM sleep
C) neuroadaptation
D) sensory deprivation

Question 17

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called

A) hallucinogens.
B) depressants.
C) endorphins.
D) amphetamines.

Question 18

Sympathetic nervous system activity is reduced by

A) nicotine.
B) alcohol.
C) amphetamines.
D) cocaine.

Question 19

Repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems,which threaten his job.However,he continues to use the drugs.Aaron most clearly shows symptoms of

A) withdrawal.
B) substance use disorder.
C) sensory deprivation.
D) a near-death experience.

Question 20

A substance use disorder is best characterized by continued use of a substance

A) without realizing it may be addictive.
B) in order to lose weight or boost one's athletic performance.
C) without demonstrating any behavioral symptoms of being intoxicated.
D) despite significant life disruption and physical health risk.

Question 21

Nicotine consumption triggers an increase in

A) drowsiness.
B) appetite.
C) anxiety.
D) blood pressure.

Question 22

Who might be tempted to use amphetamines to help him achieve his personal goal?

A) Victor,who wants relief from depression
B) Karl,who wants to lose a lot of weight
C) Milan,who wants to win his boxing match
D) All of these people might be tempted to use amphetamines.

Question 23

Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a "truth serum" because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences.It is most likely that sodium pentothal is a(n)

A) barbiturate.
B) amphetamine.
C) hallucinogen.
D) form of cocaine.

Question 24

Alcohol consumption ________ self-control and ________ self-awareness.

A) decreases;decreases
B) increases;increases
C) decreases;increases
D) increases;decreases

Question 25

After drinking three cans of beer,Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children.Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has

A) destroyed some of his brain cells.
B) reduced his self‑awareness.
C) directed his attention to the future.
D) increased his level of sympathetic nervous system arousal.

Question 26

Low doses of alcohol enliven a drinker by acting as a(n)

A) stimulant.
B) hallucinogen.
C) disinhibitor.
D) amphetamine.

Question 27

Taking an overdose of ________ is likely to result in death.

A) barbiturates
B) morphine
C) heroin
D) any of these drugs

Question 28

Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?

A) marijuana
B) morphine
C) alcohol
D) nicotine

Question 29

When Vincente first tried to quit smoking,he experienced anxiety,irritability,and difficulty sleeping.Vincente was experiencing

A) withdrawal.
B) dehydration.
C) disinhibition.
D) hallucinations.

Question 30

Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more

A) fearful.
B) aggressive.
C) self-conscious.
D) sexually daring.

Question 31

Nembutal,Seconal,and Amytal,drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia,are

A) barbiturates.
B) amphetamines.
C) opiates.
D) mild hallucinogens.

Question 32

When moderately intoxicated by alcohol

A) an angry person tends to be more aggressive than usual.
B) a giving person tends to be more generous than usual.
C) a sexually aroused person tends to be more sexually active than usual.
D) all of these people tend to behave as stated.

Question 33

Drugs such as cocaine and caffeine that excite neural activity and speed up body functions are known as

A) stimulants.
B) depressants.
C) opiates.
D) hallucinogens.

Question 34

Alcohol consumption disrupts the formation of lasting memories by

A) suppressing REM sleep.
B) increasing anxiety.
C) decreasing dehydration.
D) increasing self-consciousness.

Question 35

Nicotine triggers a(n)________ in blood pressure and a(n)________ in pain sensitivity.

A) increase;decrease
B) increase;increase
C) decrease;decrease
D) decrease;increase

Question 36

Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free.This study best illustrated the impact of

A) drug tolerance.
B) drug addiction.
C) user expectations.
D) neuroadaptation.

Question 37

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug,Larisa's breathing slowed,her pupils constricted,and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure.Larisa most likely experienced the effects of

A) cocaine.
B) heroin.
C) LSD.
D) nicotine.

Question 38

Ryan's excessive beer consumption is marked by tolerance.Abruptly stopping his beer drinking results in symptoms of withdrawal and an overwhelming urge to drink again.Ryan most clearly suffers from

A) excessive self-awareness.
B) sensory deprivation.
C) alcohol use disorder.
D) excess dopamine.

Question 39

Stimulants are to caffeine as depressants are to

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) LSD.

Question 40

A decrease in the brain's production of endorphins has been associated with repeated use of

A) opiates.
B) depressants.
C) stimulants.
D) alcohol.

Question 41

Compared with ordinary cocaine,crack cocaine produces a ________ intense high followed by a ________ intense crash.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 42

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their body is most closely associated with the use of

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) LSD.

Question 43

The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to an LSD-induced hallucination is

A) REM sleep.
B) the near-death experience.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) heroin addiction.

Question 44

After ingesting a mild hallucinogen,Lonnie lost her awareness of the passage of time and experienced a highly increased sensitivity to both the odor of aromatic candles and the harmonious notes of musical recordings.Lonnie most likely experienced the effects of

A) a barbiturate.
B) methamphetamine.
C) morphine.
D) THC.

Question 45

The major effect of ________ is to release stored serotonin and block its reuptake.

A) alcohol
B) heroin
C) Ecstasy
D) Nembutal

Question 46

"K2," also known as Spice,mimics

A) MDMA.
B) LSD.
C) THC.
D) NPY.

Question 47

LSD is most likely to produce

A) dehydration.
B) hallucinations.
C) binge drinking.
D) painkilling neurotransmitters.

Question 48

Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users.

A) alcohol
B) morphine
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 49

Caged rats respond to foot shocks with unusually high levels of aggression after ingesting

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) barbiturates.

Question 50

Methamphetamine enhances energy and mood by triggering the release of the neurotransmitter

A) epinephrine.
B) dopamine.
C) NPY.
D) THC.

Question 51

Nicotine calms anxiety and diminishes sensitivity to pain by triggering the release of opioids and

A) epinephrine.
B) dopamine.
C) MDMA.
D) THC.

Question 52

Studies of marijuana's effects indicate that

A) regular users may achieve a high with smaller-than-usual amounts of the drug.
B) regular usage has no serious negative effects on physical health.
C) usage consistently reduces feelings of anxiety and depression.
D) marijuana is the most commonly used psychoactive drug in North America.

Question 53

In contrast to alcohol,marijuana

A) is rapidly eliminated from the body.
B) does not impair motor coordination.
C) amplifies sensitivity to sounds.
D) does not impair memory.

Question 54

Which of the following drugs is most likely to produce a euphoric high and feelings of social intimacy?

A) Seconal
B) opium
C) Ecstasy
D) marijuana

Question 55

The major active ingredient in marijuana is

A) THC.
B) MDMA.
C) LSD.
D) methadone.

Question 56

Loss of oxygen or extreme sensory deprivation produces perceptual distortions most similar to those produced by consuming

A) morphine.
B) LSD.
C) barbiturates.
D) methamphetamine.

Question 57

Compared with nonsmokers,smokers experience

A) lower rates of depression and higher rates of divorce.
B) higher rates of depression and lower rates of divorce.
C) lower rates of depression and lower rates of divorce.
D) higher rates of depression and higher rates of divorce.

Question 58

Epilepsy seizures may trigger sensations strikingly similar to

A) dehydration.
B) disinhibition.
C) the near-death experience.
D) heroin withdrawal.

Question 59

A brief rush of euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression is most closely associated with the use of

A) marijuana.
B) cocaine.
C) LSD.
D) barbiturates.

Question 60

Following use of a psychoactive drug,Jasmine quickly experienced a rush of euphoria followed within the same hour by a crash of agitated depression as the drug's effect wore off.Jasmine's reactions most clearly suggest that she was using

A) marijuana.
B) cocaine.
C) LSD.
D) barbiturates.

Question 61

Young adolescents are especially likely to begin smoking if they

A) have friends and relatives who smoke.
B) are slow to mature.
C) are optimistic about their future.
D) suffer high blood pressure.

Question 62

Dr.Brooks seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments,their limited sense of life purpose,and the altered functioning of their neurotransmitter systems.Dr.Brooks is most clearly using a ________ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

A) behavioral
B) biopsychosocial
C) psychoanalytic
D) neural activation

Question 63

Felix can't remember the conversation he had with his girlfriend yesterday when he was intoxicated with alcohol.His memory failure is most likely a result of the way alcohol

A) increases self-consciousness.
B) reduces sensitivity to pain.
C) suppresses REM sleep.
D) increases sympathetic nervous system activity.

Question 64

The discomfort and distress following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrate

A) disinhibition.
B) withdrawal.
C) dehydration.
D) a near-death experience.

Question 65

Nicotine triggers a(n)________ in anxiety and a(n)________ in mental alertness.

A) increase;decrease
B) increase;increase
C) decrease;decrease
D) decrease;increase

Question 66

Research suggests that an important factor contributing to problematic drug use among teens is

A) having an adoptive parent who uses drugs.
B) feeling that one's life is meaningless.
C) having an overly strict parent.
D) high dopamine levels in the brain.

Question 67

The best predictor of an adolescent's pattern of drug usage is whether the adolescent

A) has close friends who use drugs.
B) grows up in an intact two-parent family.
C) has religious beliefs.
D) owns his or her own car.

Question 68

As drug users experience neuroadaptation,they demonstrate signs of

A) REM sleep.
B) a near-death experience.
C) tolerance.
D) hallucinations.

Question 69

The percentage of U.S.high school seniors who said there is "great risk" in regular marijuana usage ________ between 1978 and 1991,and it _________ between 1991 and 2015.

A) increased;remained unchanged
B) remained unchanged;increased
C) increased;decreased
D) decreased;increased

Question 70

Having an identical rather than fraternal twin with alcohol use disorder puts one at an increased risk for alcohol problems.This indicates that alcohol use disorder

A) has a psychedelic effect.
B) is socially influenced.
C) is genetically influenced.
D) is synaptically transmitted.

Question 71

Brandon smokes cigarettes despite the risks associated with use.Which of the following is NOT an effect that smoking has on his body?

A) increased alertness
B) reduced circulation to extremities
C) increased heart rate
D) increased appetite

Question 72

Actively religious people are less likely to use drugs.This trend has been found in all of the following religious people EXCEPT

A) Orthodox Jews.
B) Mormons.
C) Amish.
D) Baptists.

Question 73

Brad's misuse of alcohol and other addictive drugs is influenced by genetic factors,by the ready availability of drugs in Brad's neighborhood,and by Brad's failure to accurately assess the risks associated with drug usage.An understanding of Brad's difficulties within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by

A) psychoanalysis.
B) an evolutionary perspective.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) the neuroadaptation model.

Question 74

Young women can become addicted to alcohol ________ quickly than young men because they have ________ of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol.

A) more;more
B) less;less
C) more;less
D) less;more

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT true of higher education?

A) College and university students are more likely to use tobacco than nonstudents.
B) College and university students drink more alcohol than their nonstudent peers.
C) College and university students exhibit 2.5 times the general population's rate of substance use.
D) Fraternity and sorority members report about twice the binge-drinking rate of nonmembers.

Question 76

Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces the quickest and most powerful rush of euphoria?

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) cocaine
D) barbiturates

Question 77

Americans' marijuana use has almost doubled since 2013.This may be related to the

A) medicinal benefits of marijuana use.
B) marketing of e-cigarettes.
C) legal acceptance of marijuana.
D) reduction in nicotine use.

Question 78

African-American teens have ________ rates of smoking and ________ rates of cocaine use than other U.S.teens.

A) lower;higher
B) higher;lower
C) higher;higher
D) lower;lower

Question 79

Hallucinations similar to those that accompany the near-death experience can be produced by

A) oxygen deprivation.
B) disinhibition.
C) endorphins.
D) the dopamine reward system.

Question 80

Which of the following drugs is most likely to interfere with immediate recall of information learned only a few minutes before?

A) nicotine
B) methadone
C) marijuana
D) cocaine