Deck 8: Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Question 1

Compared with alpha and beta waves,delta waves are

A) slower and smaller.
B) faster and larger.
C) slower and larger.
D) faster and smaller.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

A) the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons.
B) fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.
C) the different study habits of men and women.
D) the different personalities of people born during different months of the year.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Research on sleep and dreaming fails to confirm that

A) the use of sleeping pills reduces REM sleep.
B) increased genital arousal accompanies dreaming regardless of whether the dream's content is sexual.
C) when dreaming of performing an activity,our limbs move in concert with the dream.
D) NREM-3 sleep periods become shorter as we progress through a full night of sleep.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Human body temperatures typically

A) rise with the approach of morning and fall with the approach of night.
B) rise with the approach of night and fall with the approach of morning.
C) rise with the approach of NREM-1 sleep and fall with the approach of REM sleep.
D) rise with the approach of REM sleep and fall with the approach of NREM-1 sleep.

Question 5

At the very onset of sleep,Melanie experienced pressure on her body followed by a feeling that she was falling.Her experience best illustrates

A) narcolepsy.
B) REM rebound.
C) night terrors.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 6

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning,because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time.Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

A) REM rebound.
B) menstrual cycle.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) hypnagogic state.

Question 7

NREM-2 sleep is to ________ as NREM-3 sleep is to ________.

A) alpha waves;sleep spindles
B) sleep spindles;delta waves
C) delta waves;alpha waves
D) alpha waves;rapid eye movements

Question 8

The large,slow brain waves associated with NREM-3 sleep are called

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) sleep spindles.
D) delta waves.

Question 9

The pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle is called the

A) REM rebound.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) alpha wave pattern.
D) hypnagogic sensation.

Question 10

Women become increasingly morning-oriented "larks" as they have children and also as they transition to menopause.This best illustrates that age and experience can alter our

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) NREM-2 sleep.
D) REM rebound.

Question 11

Who discovered that we cycle through distinct sleep stages about every 90 minutes?

A) William Dement
B) August Kekulé
C) Eugene Aserinsky
D) James Maas

Question 12

During NREM-1 sleep,people may experience fantastic images that resemble

A) delta waves.
B) hallucinations.
C) latent content.
D) sleep spindles.

Question 13

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half,his heart began to beat faster,his breathing became fast and irregular,and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth.Carlos was most likely experiencing

A) NREM-3 sleep.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM sleep.

Question 14

Sleep is best defined as

A) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
B) a periodic natural loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages.
C) a state of hibernation or general anesthesia.
D) episodes of fast and jerky eye movements accompanied by frequent muscle spasms.

Question 15

When people are experiencing vivid dreams

A) their body often moves in accordance with what they dream.
B) their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids.
C) they are more likely to emit sleep spindles than during any other stage of sleep.
D) their slow brain‑wave patterns indicate that they are deeply asleep.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Samantha often sleepwalks.She is acting out her dreams.
B) Juan suffers from insomnia.A sleep expert has recommended that he take the occasional sleeping pill to get rest.
C) Betsy dreamed of playing soccer and kicked her husband all night in her sleep.
D) Margaret is 80 years old and sleeps about five hours more each night than her granddaughter who is 15 years old.

Question 17

Sleep spindles are characteristic of ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-2
C) NREM-3
D) REM

Question 18

Thinking is sharpest and memory is most accurate when people are at their daily peak in

A) melatonin secretion.
B) circadian arousal.
C) REM rebound.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 19

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with slow-wave sleep?

A) bed-wetting
B) sleep spindles
C) hallucinations
D) genital arousal

Question 20

NREM-1 sleep is likely to be associated with

A) genital arousal.
B) delta waves.
C) night terrors.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 21

Which of the following sleeps the most in a 24-hour period?

A) giraffe
B) cow
C) dolphin
D) bat

Question 22

Fatigue,stomach problems,heart disease,and,among women,breast cancer have been associated with a condition called

A) sleep paralysis.
B) paradoxical sleep.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) desynchronization.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

A) Heart and breathing rates increase.
B) The eyes move rapidly under closed lids.
C) Brain waves become more rapid.
D) Voluntary muscles tense and become more active.

Question 24

Of the following people,who requires the most amount of sleep each day?

A) Eugene,an 80-year-old man
B) Brenda,a 50-year-old woman
C) Marco,a 10-year-old boy
D) Suan,a newborn infant boy

Question 25

Among older adults,more frequently disrupted sleep also disrupts

A) memory consolidation.
B) REM rebound.
C) the production of free radicals.
D) night terrors.

Question 26

Thanks to modern lighting and social media diversions,many adults who would have gone to bed at 9:00 P.M.a century ago are now up until 11:00 P.M.or later.This best illustrates the impact of ________ on sleep patterns.

A) cognitive development
B) culture
C) high waking metabolism
D) latent content

Question 27

Humans continuously exposed to bright light are most likely to experience a disruption of their

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) alpha waves.
D) circadian rhythm.

Question 28

Animals with the ________ need to graze and the ________ ability to hide from danger tend to sleep less.

A) most;most
B) least;least
C) most;least
D) least;most

Question 29

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1;REM
B) REM;NREM-2
C) NREM-2;REM
D) REM;NREM-3

Question 30

Which of the following is a sleep-inducing hormone?

A) epinephrine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) melatonin

Question 31

Which of the following typically occur(s)during REM sleep?

A) night terrors
B) genital arousal
C) bed-wetting
D) muscular tension

Question 32

Research indicates that sleep aids in the removal of ________ from brain tissues.

A) leptin
B) serotonin
C) melatonin
D) metabolic waste products

Question 33

Margie insists that she never dreams,but her roommate feels she can prove otherwise.To prove that Margie does dream,the roommate should

A) feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime.
B) make an all‑night audio recording of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping.
C) wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming.
D) wake Margie after five minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

Question 34

After four years of working nights,Raymond now works days.His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal

A) circadian rhythm.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) alpha wave pattern.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 35

Felix is a young adult who has been asleep for three hours.As he continues to sleep,we can expect that

A) NREM-2 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration.
B) NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration.
C) NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that REM sleep will increase in duration.
D) REM sleep will diminish and that NREM-3 sleep will increase in duration.

Question 36

In a typical full night of sleep,young adults spend the greatest amount of time (about 50 percent)in

A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) NREM-3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 37

Research on sleep patterns indicates that

A) older adults and newborns have very similar sleep patterns.
B) different sleep patterns reflect differences in latent dream content.
C) everyone needs a minimum of eight hours of sleep per night to function well.
D) sleep patterns are genetically influenced.

Question 38

When light strikes the retina,it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to suppress the production of ________by the pineal gland.

A) melatonin
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine

Question 39

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a pair of cell clusters in the ________ that controls circadian rhythm.

A) pineal gland
B) brainstem
C) motor cortex
D) hypothalamus

Question 40

Lee has been asleep for several hours and now is somewhat awake.He is somewhat conscious but is unable to move.He is experiencing

A) paradoxical sleep.
B) sleep paralysis.
C) delta waves.
D) hallucinations.

Question 41

Insomnia is a disorder involving

A) the excessive use of sleeping pills or other drugs that induce sleep.
B) recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep.
C) the cessation of breathing during sleep.
D) uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.

Question 42

Sleep deprivation ________ levels of the hormone ghrelin and _______ levels of the hormone leptin.

A) increases;increases
B) decreases;decreases
C) increases;decreases
D) decreases;increases

Question 43

After completing a full night of sleep,people are most likely to

A) experience REM rebound.
B) think more creatively.
C) show signs of sleep apnea.
D) demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Question 44

Pushing back school start times has been found to ________ adolescent mood states and ________ adolescent alertness.

A) impair;improve
B) improve;impair
C) impair;impair
D) improve;improve

Question 45

Kevin needs to remember what he learned in today's classes.His memory of the material is most likely to be facilitated by

A) a good night's sleep.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) EEG recordings.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 46

Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is ________ by slow-wave sleep,which occurs mostly in the ________ half of a long night's sleep.

A) inhibited;first
B) facilitated;first
C) inhibited;second
D) facilitated;second

Question 47

The disorder involving uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness is known as

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep apnea.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Question 48

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the stress hormone

A) cortisol.
B) melatonin.
C) leptin.
D) serotonin.

Question 49

Eighty-year-old Mrs.West feels she has trouble falling asleep at night.She typically gets about 6 or 7 hours of sleep every 24 hours.What should she do about this?

A) take a sleeping pill every night
B) sleep with the bedroom lights on
C) drink an alcoholic beverage before bedtime
D) relax and remind herself that her sleep patterns are normal

Question 50

Terry has not had a decent night's sleep in over a week.If this sleep deprivation continues,he will become increasingly susceptible to

A) viral infections.
B) sleep apnea.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a natural sleep aid?

A) Do not drink caffeine after the early afternoon.
B) Exercise in the late afternoon.
C) Avoid long naps.
D) Eat before going to bed.

Question 52

To cure his insomnia,Mr.Ming takes a sleeping pill just before bedtime.Research suggests that this practice

A) may actually aggravate Mr.Ming's sleeping difficulties.
B) may help Mr.Ming permanently overcome his insomnia.
C) has probably increased Mr.Ming's REM sleep.
D) may make Mr.Ming more vulnerable to sleep apnea.

Question 53

An increase in accident rates following the change to daylight savings time best illustrates the dangers of

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep deprivation.

Question 54

One study found that driving accident rates were higher among Virginia 16- to 18-year-olds whose

A) metabolic rates were higher than average.
B) father or mother suffered from sleep apnea.
C) cortisol levels were lower than average.
D) high school classes started early in the day.

Question 55

Neural connections supporting "muscle memories" learned while practicing tennis are strengthened by

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) NREM-3 sleep.
C) consolidation.
D) REM sleep.

Question 56

When allowed to sleep 9 hours a night on a regular basis,college students are most likely to

A) experience REM rebound.
B) study more effectively.
C) show signs of sleep apnea.
D) demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Question 57

Deep sleep is associated with the release of _________ that is (are)necessary for muscle development.

A) free radicals
B) leptin
C) retinal proteins
D) a human growth hormone

Question 58

Steven has been sleep deprived for most of his adult life.Which of the following effects is he NOT likely to experience?

A) decreased ability to focus attention
B) increased risk of depression
C) decreased cortisol
D) decreased metabolic rate

Question 59

One study found that teens who slept 5 or fewer hours a night experienced a higher risk of ________ than those who slept 8 hours or more a night.

A) sleep apnea
B) depression
C) weight loss
D) all of these things

Question 60

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

A) sleep apnea.
B) weight gain.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 61

For both men and women,the ________ of dreams include an unpleasant event or emotion and the ________ of dreams involve sexual imagery.

A) minority;minority
B) majority;majority
C) minority;majority
D) majority;minority

Question 62

According to Freud,the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its

A) manifest content.
B) paradoxical content.
C) latent content.
D) hallucinatory content.

Question 63

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving

A) temporary cessations of breathing during sleep.
B) periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.
C) hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly.
D) the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs.

Question 64

According to Freud,the manifest content of a dream refers to the

A) hypnagogic sensations preceding a dream.
B) rapid eye movements during a dream.
C) remembered story line of a dream.
D) underlying meaning of a dream.

Question 65

Our capacity to monitor external stimuli well enough to stroll around our house while sleeping,best illustrates that we function with a

A) circadian rhythm.
B) two-track mind.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep debt

Question 66

When dreamers' faces were lightly sprayed with cold water,they were more likely than other dreamers to experience

A) sleep apnea.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) dreams about water.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Question 67

Preserving and expanding the brain's neural pathways has been suggested as an important function of

A) free radicals.
B) EEG recordings.
C) sleep spindles.
D) dreaming.

Question 68

According to Freud,people dream in order to

A) give expression to personally threatening drives and wishes.
B) prepare themselves for the challenges of the following day.
C) strengthen their memories of the preceding day's events.
D) accomplish all of these goals.

Question 69

The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep.

A) somatosensory cortex
B) limbic system
C) frontal lobes
D) pineal gland

Question 70

Which sleep disorder is more likely to be experienced by children than by adults?

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) night terrors
D) insomnia

Question 71

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

A) night terrors
B) insomnia
C) sleepwalking
D) narcolepsy

Question 72

About three hours after he falls asleep,Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently.His mother tries to awaken him,but with no success.The next morning,he remembers nothing.It appears that Bobby suffers from

A) night terrors.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep spindles.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 73

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

A) REM sleep.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) slow-wave sleep.
D) sleep spindles.

Question 74

Mr.Dayton often stops breathing while sleeping.He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep.Mrs.Dayton complains that her husband snores.Clearly,Mr.Dayton suffers from

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 75

Shane,a straight-A student,remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test.According to Freud,Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

A) paradoxical
B) latent
C) hypnagogic
D) manifest

Question 76

A sequence of vivid,emotional,and often bizarre images that pass through a sleeping person's mind describes

A) a daydream.
B) night terrors.
C) a dream.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 77

Sleeptalking may occur during

A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) any stage of sleep.

Question 78

The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why

A) most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life events.
B) people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.
C) dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form.
D) individuals with sleep apnea are unable to recall any of their dreams.

Question 79

Josef,a high school student,tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger.The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father.According to Freud,the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream.

A) manifest
B) latent
C) circadian
D) hypnagogic

Question 80

Sleepwalking and sleeptalking are most likely to be experienced during

A) childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) young adulthood.
D) old age.