Deck 54: The Biomedical Therapies

Question 1

Dr.Zander applies psychological techniques to treat various psychological disorders.Dr.Zander is using

A) psychoanalysis.
B) insight therapy.
C) psychotherapy.
D) psychodynamic therapy.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Stacey experiences both anxiety and depression.This is called

A) illusory correlation.
B) confirmation bias.
C) comorbidity.
D) effort justification.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Because she mistakenly thought that completing a diagnostic test was a therapeutic treatment for her anxiety disorder,Mrs.Shyam felt considerable relief for several weeks following the test.Mrs.Shyam's reaction best illustrates

A) meta-analysis.
B) animal magnetism.
C) the placebo effect.
D) a randomized clinical trial.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The best psychotherapy outcome studies are randomized clinical trials comparing treatment groups with ________ groups.

A) eclectic
B) token economy
C) control
D) virtual reality

Question 5

Klaus is a psychology graduate student who wants to determine whether psychodynamic therapy is an effective treatment for depression.To combine the results of numerous published studies on this issue,Klaus should use a technique called

A) the placebo effect.
B) comorbidity assessment.
C) evidence-based practice.
D) meta-analysis.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychotherapy is true?

A) Most people with psychological symptoms seek help from a mental health professional.
B) Research has consistently shown that most people must be in psychotherapy for a year or longer before any significant improvements occur.
C) The gains that people make as a result of psychotherapy,including brief forms of psychotherapy,tend to be long-lasting with less chance of relapse.
D) As a general rule,the benefits of psychotherapy are minimal when compared with the almost identical improvement rates of untreated people with psychological problems.

Question 7

Because he repeatedly skipped school and committed status offenses,Joseph was forced to participate in a court-ordered intervention program when he was a juvenile.As an adult,Joseph says that if he had not received the intervention,he probably would be in prison by now.Interestingly,some of Joseph's friends,who also behaved badly but did not participate in the intervention program,did not end up in prison.Psychologists call this

A) effort justification.
B) confirmation bias.
C) illusory correlation.
D) comorbidity.

Question 8

When a client ends therapy with Dr.Sachsen,he assumes it is because their problems have been resolved.Making the association between the ending of therapy and problem resolution,Dr.Sachsen may be

A) assuming a confirmation bias.
B) making an illusory correlation.
C) establishing resilience.
D) creating transference.

Question 9

Cognitive therapies have achieved especially favorable results in the treatment of

A) phobias.
B) depression.
C) compulsions.
D) bed-wetting.

Question 10

Treatment involving psychological techniques designed to assist someone to overcome a psychological disorder such as a phobia would generally be best described as

A) psychoanalysis.
B) psychotherapy.
C) insight therapy.
D) psychodynamic therapy.

Question 11

The healing power resulting from a client's expectation that a psychotherapeutic treatment will be effective best illustrates

A) the therapeutic alliance.
B) the comorbidity of disorders.
C) meta-analysis.
D) the placebo effect.

Question 12

Hans Eysenck's summary of 24 early psychotherapy outcome studies was disturbing because it suggested that patient improvement was not necessarily the result of

A) animal magnetism.
B) the placebo effect.
C) psychotherapy.
D) comorbidity.

Question 13

A Consumer Reports survey found that the level of satisfaction with psychotherapy among clients

A) was strongly linked to whether their therapists had extensive training and experience.
B) was unrelated to whether they were seen by therapists in a group or in an individual context.
C) depended on whether they had been treated by a psychiatrist or psychologist,rather than by a social worker.
D) was greatest among those who had also received drug therapy.

Question 14

Therapists are vulnerable to experiencing the cognitive error(s)of

A) confirmation bias.
B) illusory correlation.
C) both confirmation bias and illusory correlation.
D) neither confirmation bias nor illusory correlation.

Question 15

Which of the following is a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies?

A) therapeutic alliance
B) randomized clinical trials
C) meta-analysis
D) evidence-based practice

Question 16

Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because

A) therapists typically minimize the seriousness of their clients' symptoms when therapy begins.
B) clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy.
C) clients tend to focus on their observable behavioral problems rather than on their mental and emotional abilities.
D) therapists typically overestimate their clients' potential levels of adjustment.

Question 17

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy indicates that

A) clients are generally satisfied with the effectiveness of therapy.
B) clients' perceptions are the best evidence available for the effectiveness of therapy.
C) clients tend to underestimate how much they have improved as a result of therapy.
D) therapy is no more effective than having a friend to talk to.

Question 18

Believing in their own professional competence,psychotherapists are often more likely to notice and remember their treatment successes than their failures.This best illustrates a vulnerability to

A) meta-analysis.
B) confirmation bias.
C) collectivism.
D) the placebo effect.

Question 19

Clients' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are often misleading because clients

A) typically underestimate how much they have improved as a result of therapy.
B) tend to focus on their behavioral changes rather than on changes in their attitudes and emotions.
C) often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste their money on therapy.
D) are often angry about the time-consuming nature of therapy.

Question 20

Statistical summaries of psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that

A) psychotherapy is no more effective than talking to a friend.
B) no single form of therapy proves consistently superior to the others.
C) psychotherapy actually harms just as many people as it helps.
D) it is impossible to measure the effectiveness of psychotherapy.

Question 21

The psychotherapeutic value of hope is best illustrated by

A) meta-analysis.
B) the placebo effect.
C) desensitization.
D) animal magnetism.

Question 22

Which of the following has been demonstrated to provide relief for those with a seasonal pattern in their depression symptoms?

A) behavioral conditioning therapies
B) EMDR
C) psychoanalysis
D) light exposure therapy

Question 23

Psychotherapy is MOST likely to be effective in freeing

A) Sharon from the feeling that her life is meaningless and worthless.
B) Portia from her delusions of persecution and auditory hallucinations.
C) Jim from an excessive fear of giving speeches in public.
D) Luther from his antisocial personality disorder.

Question 24

Which of the following best explains why conversion therapy does not work?

A) Conversion therapy has clients reenact trauma of being born.
B) Conversion therapy manipulates client's invisible energy fields.
C) Conversion therapy is used to "repair" something that is not a mental illness.
D) Conversion does work.

Question 25

After several sessions,Jake and his psychotherapist have developed a sense of trust in each another and agree about their respective roles and the treatment outcomes they are working to achieve.Jake and his therapist have most clearly developed a(n)

A) evidence-based practice.
B) randomized clinical trial.
C) therapeutic alliance.
D) meta-analysis.

Question 26

Many suspect that EMDR may be therapeutic because of its similarity to

A) psychoanalysis.
B) aversive conditioning.
C) exposure therapy.
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 27

Ideal clinical decision making is a three-legged stool upheld by clinical expertise,knowledge of the patient,and

A) transference.
B) a token economy.
C) research evidence.
D) the self-justification motive.

Question 28

Because Gretchen is afraid of contracting infectious diseases,she compulsively avoids shaking people's hands or touching doorknobs.Research suggests that an especially effective treatment for her difficulty would involve

A) client-centered therapy.
B) psychodynamic therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) behavioral conditioning therapy.

Question 29

Which of the following have been found to be not only ineffective but also harmful to clients?

A) Scared Straight
B) Conversion therapy
C) both Scared Straight and conversion therapy
D) neither Scared Straight nor conversion therapy

Question 30

At a local community meeting with friends,Jim heard dozens of personal testimonials regarding the amazing relief from depression produced by an over-the-counter herbal supplement.Before committing to purchase this herbal remedy,Jim should first determine whether studies of the effectiveness of this remedy had properly controlled for

A) meta-analysis.
B) exposure therapy.
C) the placebo effect.
D) a token economy.

Question 31

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to inflated estimates of the value of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?

A) meta-analysis
B) comorbidity assessment
C) randomized clinical trials
D) the placebo effect

Question 32

Jessica's son is 6 years old and wets the bed at night.Which therapy would be best to treat his problem?

A) cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies
B) behavioral conditioning therapies
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) client-centered therapy

Question 33

Increasingly,insurer and government support for mental health services requires

A) client-centered therapy.
B) light exposure therapy.
C) evidence-based practice.
D) a token economy.

Question 34

Which of the following treatment approaches has received little or no scientific support?

A) psychodynamic therapy
B) exposure therapies
C) energy therapies
D) aversive conditioning

Question 35

Lee has always experienced sleep difficulties and insomnia.Which therapy might help him?

A) cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies
B) behavioral conditioning therapies
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) client-centered therapy

Question 36

The value of light exposure therapy appears to result in part from its influence on people's

A) hormone levels.
B) therapeutic alliance.
C) sense of body balance.
D) visual acuity.

Question 37

Jayson,who is a war veteran,was released from the military with the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder.Jayson is likely to find the most success with ________ therapy.

A) person-centered
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) behavioral conditioning

Question 38

Lisa has an extreme phobia of spiders.Which therapy would likely help her?

A) cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies
B) behavioral conditioning therapies
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) client-centered therapy

Question 39

Three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies are

A) evidence-based practice,nondirective treatment,and meta-analysis.
B) hope,a new perspective,and a caring relationship.
C) exposure,desensitization,and relaxation.
D) insight,comorbidity,and a placebo effect.

Question 40

EMDR was originally developed for the treatment of

A) alcohol use disorder.
B) bulimia.
C) depression.
D) anxiety.

Question 41

Which of the following factors is NOT a therapeutically effective component of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?

A) reliving traumatic memories
B) rapidly moving one's eyes
C) a relaxing therapeutic environment
D) patients' anticipation that the treatment will work

Question 42

Which of the following is likely to lead to inflated client perceptions of the effectiveness of their psychotherapy?

A) randomized clinical trials
B) the placebo effect
C) evidence-based practice
D) meta-analysis

Question 43

Which form of psychotherapy has had especially good results in treating phobias and compulsions?

A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) client-centered therapy
D) behavioral conditioning therapies

Question 44

Which of the following is most clearly a key contributor to the formation of the therapeutic alliance?

A) meta-analysis
B) the self-justification motive
C) randomization
D) an empathic therapist

Question 45

The most convincing evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from

A) studies of client satisfaction with the treatment received.
B) reports from therapists concerning their perceptions of client improvement.
C) meta-analyses of psychotherapeutic outcome studies.
D) the reactions of family and friends to those who have recently undergone psychotherapeutic treatment.

Question 46

Although Dr.Anderson uses systematic desensitization for the treatment of phobias,he prescribes antianxiety drugs as well.It is most likely that Dr.Anderson is a

A) psychoanalyst.
B) client-centered therapist.
C) cognitive therapist.
D) psychiatrist.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT one of the American Psychological Association's common trouble signs that suggest a person should seek mental health professional help?

A) feelings of hopelessness
B) deep and lasting depression
C) thoughts of suicide
D) feelings of self-worth

Question 48

Dr.Mendez uses antidepressants and ECT to treat clients diagnosed with severe depression.Dr.Mendez is a

A) psychiatrist.
B) clinical psychologist.
C) psychiatric social worker.
D) counselor.

Question 49

Dr.Wasserman has high hopes for the new antidepressant he is using with his clients.When they come for an appointment,he asks questions and looks for behaviors that support his hopes for this drug.Dr.Wasserman is unaware of these tendencies.Dr.Wasserman is demonstrating

A) confirmation bias.
B) illusory correlation.
C) transference.
D) resistance.

Question 50

The most effective psychotherapists are those who

A) employ personality tests to accurately diagnose their clients' difficulties.
B) have had many years of experience practicing psychotherapy.
C) establish an empathic,caring relationship with their clients.
D) discourage clients from using antianxiety or antidepressant drugs.

Question 51

Many clinical psychologists have a Ph.D.degree,which indicates that they

A) have a medical license.
B) underwent research training.
C) majored in psychoanalysis.
D) had to undergo EMDR.

Question 52

In North America,Europe,and Australia,for example,many psychotherapists reflect the majority culture's ________,which often gives priority to personal desires and identity.

A) transference.
B) individualism.
C) free association.
D) collectivist perspective.

Question 53

Researchers have found that matching Asian-American clients with counselors who share their cultural values facilitates

A) the therapeutic alliance.
B) comorbidity.
C) evidence-based practice.
D) meta-analysis.

Question 54

Caroline has been seeing her therapist for several months.Although her symptoms have improved only slightly,she believes that the therapy is worth the cost and effort.Caroline's beliefs is likely due to

A) a confirmation bias.
B) effort justification.
C) transference.
D) posttraumatic growth.

Question 55

Many physicians did not realize that bleeding was an ineffective treatment for typhoid fever until researchers made effective use of

A) systematic desensitization.
B) randomized clinical trials.
C) a control group.
D) exposure therapies.

Question 56

Immigrants from Asia would most likely experience difficulty as clients of American psychotherapists who emphasize the value of

A) marital fidelity.
B) individualism.
C) forgiveness.
D) humility.

Question 57

A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a

A) clinical psychologist.
B) behavioral neuroscientist.
C) cognitive therapist.
D) psychiatrist.

Question 58

Therapists who encourage clients to think only of their own psychological well-being are especially likely to experience difficulty developing a strong therapeutic alliance with clients who value

A) progressive relaxation.
B) an eclectic approach.
C) free association.
D) a collectivist perspective.

Question 59

Psychotherapy is likely to be most effective when a client's difficulty involves

A) a clear-cut and specific problem.
B) unconscious conflicts.
C) a response to a stressful life situation.
D) self-inflicted suffering.

Question 60

Briefly trained caregivers,who may be recovered former clients,may be able to assist troubled people effectively due to the common elements in the therapeutic alliance.These people are called

A) paraprofessionals.
B) psychiatrists.
C) counselors.
D) therapists.

Question 61

Therapists who encourage clients to think primarily about others' expectations are especially likely to experience difficulty developing a strong therapeutic alliance with clients who value

A) evidence-based practice.
B) light exposure therapy.
C) meta-analysis.
D) individualism.

Question 62

In one massive experiment,potentially delinquent boys were assigned to a 5-year treatment program that included professional counseling and family assistance.Many years later,Joan McCord's investigation of this program's effectiveness revealed that

A) clients who received the special treatment subsequently had fewer incidents of juvenile delinquency.
B) clients typically underestimated the truly positive effects of this program on their own lives.
C) only the therapists who were involved in the program could accurately gauge its effectiveness.
D) clients' accounts of the program's effectiveness were often misleading and overly positive.

Question 63

Evidence-based practice involves making therapeutic care decisions based on integrating the best available research with clinical expertise and

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) cost management requirements.
C) a 12-step program.
D) patient preferences and characteristics.

Question 64

Clients often stay in touch with their psychotherapists only if satisfied with the treatment they received.This helps us understand why therapists

A) avoid developing a therapeutic alliance.
B) prefer client-centered therapy over other forms of treatment.
C) avoid diagnosing clients' disorders during the course of therapy.
D) often overestimate the effectiveness of psychotherapy.

Question 65

After performing a meta-analysis of some 475 psychotherapy outcome studies,researchers reported that

A) evidence supports the efficacy of psychotherapy.
B) psychotherapy is no more effective than talking to a friend.
C) psychotherapy harms just as many people as it helps.
D) it is impossible to measure the effectiveness of psychotherapy.

Question 66

Psychotherapy is defined as

A) therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences.
B) an approach that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
C) therapy that aims to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
D) treatment involving psychological techniques that consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to achieve personal growth.

Question 67

The best outcome studies for evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy typically use

A) virtual reality.
B) token economies.
C) randomized clinical trials.
D) EMDR.

Question 68

Glenda put a lot of time and work into trying to achieve positive cognitive and behavioral changes through psychotherapy.Which of the following factors is most likely to lead her to exaggerate the effectiveness of her psychotherapy?

A) the comorbidity of disorders
B) meta-analysis
C) randomized clinical trials
D) effort justification

Question 69

Dr.Zander applies psychological techniques involving interactions between himself and his client,who seeks to overcome psychological difficulties.Dr.Zander is using

A) family therapy.
B) deep-brain stimulation.
C) psychotherapy.
D) biomedical therapy.

Question 70

The placebo effect refers to

A) relief from symptoms without psychotherapy.
B) the alleviation of depression and anxiety by means of aerobic exercise.
C) the use of drugs in the treatment of psychological disorders.
D) the beneficial consequences of merely expecting that a treatment will be effective.

Question 71

Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are more likely to be overly positive because clients justify

A) entering therapy by emphasizing their financial well-being.
B) leaving therapy by emphasizing their psychological well-being.
C) entering therapy by emphasizing their psychological well-being.
D) leaving therapy by emphasizing their financial well-being.

Question 72

Dr.Jasper has a Ph.D.and specializes in the treatment of various disorders using cognitive-behavioral therapy.Dr.Jasper is likely a

A) psychiatrist.
B) clinical psychologist.
C) psychiatric social worker.
D) counselor.

Question 73

Which of the following is most clearly a key element shared by all effective psychotherapies?

A) desensitization
B) a need for self-justification
C) meta-analysis
D) a new perspective on life

Question 74

Psychological disorders that can be overcome with techniques such as counterconditioning are most likely to be treated with

A) free association.
B) psychotherapy.
C) client-centered therapy.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 75

Hans Eysenck launched a spirited debate regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy because he found that it appeared to be

A) too expensive and time-consuming.
B) less beneficial than drug therapy.
C) helpful only for those with relatively mild disorders.
D) no more beneficial than no treatment at all.

Question 76

People often enter psychotherapy during a period of crisis in their lives.This helps us understand why they

A) prefer behavior therapies over other forms of treatment.
B) seldom block anxiety-laden thoughts from consciousness.
C) tend to overestimate the effectiveness of their psychotherapy.
D) claim to receive the most effective treatment from highly experienced clinicians.

Question 77

When his clients indicated that they no longer needed to see him,Dr.Williams assumed that their problems had been resolved.Dr.Williams is ________ between their leaving therapy and their mental health.

A) assuming a confirmation bias
B) making an illusory correlation
C) establishing resilience
D) making a transference

Question 78

Meta-analysis refers to

A) a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies.
B) the use of a variety of therapeutic techniques in the treatment of a single client.
C) counseling and treatment of troubled individuals by friends,family,and other nonprofessionals.
D) clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical experience and patient characteristics.

Question 79

In reading a survey measuring his clients' satisfaction with his services,Dr.Jamison accepted many of their positive comments but bypassed most of the negative comments and assumed these negative comments were due to client issues.Dr.Jamison concluded that he is a very effective therapist.Dr.Jamison may be influenced by

A) the therapeutic alliance.
B) the confirmation bias.
C) resilience.
D) transference.

Question 80

Mr.Gotanda mistakenly believed that a single intake interview in which he simply described his numerous symptoms to a therapist was a treatment for his distress.His immediate relief from many of his symptoms following this session best illustrates

A) a randomized clinical trial.
B) evidence-based practice.
C) meta-analysis.
D) the placebo effect.