Deck 47: Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Question 1

When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time,he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious.His reaction best illustrates

A) self-serving bias.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) narcissism.
D) reciprocal determinism.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In one experiment,participants put on a Barry Manilow T-shirt before entering a room with other students.Their tendency to overestimate the extent to which the other students would notice their unusual T-shirt best illustrated

A) narcissism.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) the spotlight effect.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Theresa is thinking about what she would like to do with her life.She would like to be financially stable,successful at her career,and in a happy,satisfying relationship.She would like to make sure that she does not have extremely limited income,experience divorce,or be in a job that she does not like.Theresa is pondering

A) her possible selves.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) her self-efficacy.
D) a self-serving bias.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Because she is often rejected by her parents,Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility,which leads to their rejection of her.This cycle of rejection,mistrust,hostility,and further rejection illustrates what is meant by

A) self-efficacy.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) free association.
D) reciprocal determinism.

Question 5

Analena's refusal to purchase fattening snacks at the grocery store is both a cause and a consequence of her superior dietary self-control.This best illustrates the importance of

A) the spotlight effect.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) defensive self-esteem.

Question 6

AT&T has assessed prospective managers by observing them doing simulated managerial work.This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theorists.

A) trait
B) psychodynamic
C) social-cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 7

Your score on an extraversion test does not neatly predict how sociable you will be on any given occasion.This observation is most clearly highlighted by ________ theories.

A) psychoanalytic
B) social-cognitive
C) trait
D) humanistic

Question 8

Which of the following is said to function as an organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and behaviors?

A) the self
B) self-efficacy
C) the Big Five
D) defense mechanisms

Question 9

Our personalities influence the extent to which we expose ourselves to specific environmental influences.This best illustrates

A) the spotlight effect.
B) narcissism.
C) self-serving bias.
D) reciprocal determinism.

Question 10

Middle school students whose families struggle financially are more likely to earn high grades if they have a clear vision of themselves succeeding in school.This best illustrates the motivational significance of

A) possible selves.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) the psychodynamic perspective.

Question 11

According to social-cognitive psychologists,one of the best ways to predict a person's future behavior is to

A) identify that person's most central traits by having him or her take a personality inventory.
B) observe that person's behavior in various relevant situations.
C) assess that person's general level of self-esteem.
D) uncover that person's hidden motives,as revealed by projective tests.

Question 12

A criticism of social-cognitive theories has been that they

A) overestimate the importance of unconscious factors in personality.
B) fail to acknowledge the pervasive nature of self-serving bias.
C) underestimate the importance of enduring personality traits.
D) overlook the results of contemporary research on learning processes.

Question 13

According to Albert Bandura,the interacting influences of behavior,internal personal factors,and environment illustrate

A) self-actualization.
B) free association.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 14

According to social-cognitive theories,the best predictor of students' academic success in college would be their

A) college entrance test scores.
B) high school grade-point average.
C) levels of self-esteem.
D) relative standing on the Big Five.

Question 15

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the interactive influences of traits and situations on human behavior?

A) trait perspective
B) psychoanalytic perspective
C) social-cognitive perspective
D) humanistic perspective

Question 16

Because people are biopsychosocial organisms,the study of personality most clearly benefits from the use of

A) free association.
B) projective tests.
C) multiple levels of analysis.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 17

Self-esteem refers to

A) the sum total of all our thoughts about ourselves.
B) our concept of what we would like to be.
C) our feelings of high or low self-worth.
D) all of these characteristics.

Question 18

Professor Halasa perceives shy,inhibited styles of behavior to be the interactive outcome of cultural expectations,autonomic nervous system reactivity,and unconscious thought processes.The professor's views best illustrate a(n)________ approach.

A) trait
B) evolutionary
C) biopsychosocial
D) humanistic

Question 19

Our motivation to achieve success and avoid failure is most directly influenced by our

A) fixations.
B) possible selves.
C) defense mechanisms.
D) free association.

Question 20

________ emphasized the interaction among behavior,internal personal factors,and environmental influences in his ________ perspective on personality.

A) Albert Bandura;social-cognitive
B) Carl Rogers;humanistic
C) Sigmund Freud;psychoanalytic
D) Raymond Cattell;five-factor

Question 21

If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments,parents would be best advised to enable their children to

A) develop defensive self-esteem.
B) recognize that positive self-esteem inhibits self-serving bias.
C) effectively deal with challenges and achieve success.
D) experience positive self-esteem regardless of how well or how poorly they perform.

Question 22

Jeff's work colleague,Harold,just received a bonus for excellent performance of his job.Jeff believes that he also performed well and so attributes the bonus to the fact that their boss likes Harold better than him.This demonstrates

A) a self-serving bias.
B) a possible self-evaluation.
C) excessive optimism.
D) low self-esteem.

Question 23

Fifty-six percent of high school seniors believed that they would earn a graduate degree,although only 9 percent actually did so.These students were demonstrating

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) unrealistic optimism.
C) narcissism.
D) reciprocal determinism.

Question 24

The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one's successes than for one's failures best illustrates

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) self-serving bias.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 25

A sense of one's ability to competently perform a task is called

A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-monitoring.
D) self-disclosure.

Question 26

Excessive self-confidence is especially likely to be facilitated by the difficulty in recognizing

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) free association.
C) one's own incompetence.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 27

Research participants were most likely to react aggressively to criticism of their written essays if they experienced ________ self-esteem.

A) unrealistically low
B) moderately low
C) moderately high
D) unrealistically high

Question 28

Melinda always signed up for the most difficult biology courses during her college years.She has a great deal of confidence in her ability to meet the challenges of these courses.Melinda is demonstrating

A) self-efficacy.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) self-esteem.

Question 29

In national surveys,most business executives say they are more ethical than their average counterpart.This best illustrates

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) self-serving bias.
D) reciprocal determinism.

Question 30

Mr.Carlson is a politician who credits his past election victories to his own effective communication and hard work;he attributes his past election losses to factors beyond his control.His assessments best illustrate

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) free association.
C) self-serving bias.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 31

When people compare their personal qualities with those of the average person,they are most likely to experience

A) free association.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) high self-esteem.

Question 32

Athletes often privately attribute their losses to bad officiating.This best illustrates

A) secure self-esteem.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) self-serving bias.
D) free association.

Question 33

Jeremy consistently attributes his poor work performance to his own incompetence.This most clearly indicates that he experiences a low level of

A) self-awareness.
B) fixation.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 34

When people accept more responsibility for good deeds that for bad ones,they are engaging in

A) self-serving bias.
B) possible self-evaluation.
C) excessive optimism.
D) low self-esteem.

Question 35

Using his model of reciprocal determinism,Albert Bandura would consider self-efficacy to be a(n)

A) fixation.
B) defense mechanism.
C) internal personal factor.
D) genetic predisposition.

Question 36

Adam was involved in a "fender bender" because he failed to stop at stop sign.Afterward,he thought to himself."Why didn't the other driver look to see that I was crossing the intersection?" Adam's thinking best illustrated the dangers of

A) low self-efficacy.
B) defensive self-esteem.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 37

Compared with those having high self-esteem,individuals with low self-esteem are likely to

A) try harder to repair their bad moods.
B) show off in order to get attention.
C) feel anxious and lonely.
D) express unconditional positive regard.

Question 38

Kyle was so overly confident about his mathematical skills that he failed to study thoroughly enough for his final math test to get a passing course grade.Kyle's experience best illustrates the dangers of

A) low self-efficacy.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) unrealistic optimism.

Question 39

If you're a junior doctor and want to predict how well you will do on a surgical skills exam,you would be best advised to

A) ask your professional peers for their candid predictions of your exam performance.
B) complete a projective test that will predict your exam performance.
C) simply make your own personal prediction of your exam performance.
D) complete a personality inventory which assesses your standing on the Big Five traits.

Question 40

In one analysis of 71 studies,most people shifted their performance expectations ________ shortly ________ receiving feedback on their actual performance.

A) upward;before
B) downward;before
C) upward;after
D) downward;after

Question 41

Our feelings of high or low self-worth are referred to as our

A) narcissism
B) self-esteem.
C) optimism.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 42

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments.This best illustrates

A) self-serving bias.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 43

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) self-serving bias.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of narcissistic people?

A) modesty
B) being less forgiving
C) engaging in sexually forceful behavior
D) having inflated self-esteem

Question 45

Jackson can see himself becoming just like his father - overweight,unhealthy,and depressed.To prevent that from happening,Jackson carefully monitors his food intake and engages in a regular program of exercise with a group of supportive friends.Jackson's healthy lifestyle best illustrates the motivational impact of

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) possible selves.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 46

People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to

A) be persistent at difficult tasks.
B) overestimate the accuracy of their beliefs.
C) manifest self-serving bias.
D) give in to conformity pressures.

Question 47

As the organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and actions,the self is considered to be

A) the center of personality.
B) a result of environmental influences.
C) a product of gene-environment interaction.
D) a narcissistic trait.

Question 48

Narcissistic people have been observed to take a(n)________ approach to their romantic relationships.

A) empathic
B) introverted
C) game-playing
D) self-sacrificing

Question 49

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks,she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice.Her reaction best illustrates

A) the spotlight effect.
B) defensive self-esteem.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 50

Taylor,the coach of a university's women's soccer team,convincingly extols the superior strength of upcoming opponents,which makes her team's victories appear ________ praiseworthy and her team's losses appear ________ understandable.

A) less;less
B) more;more
C) less;more
D) more;less

Question 51

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the interaction of personal traits with our environment,a process that Albert Bandura called

A) free association.
B) self-actualization.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 52

The social-cognitive perspective most clearly emphasizes that the development of personality is partially learned through ________ and imitating the behavior of others.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) heredity
C) our self-concept
D) conditioning

Question 53

Jeremiah accepts himself as he is without being strongly affected by how others evaluate him.Jeremiah most clearly demonstrates

A) narcissism.
B) secure self-esteem.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) reciprocal determinism.

Question 54

A major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective is that it

A) focuses too much on situational influences.
B) fails to consider situational influences.
C) focuses too much on the person's inner traits.
D) fails to consider the person's inner traits.

Question 55

The ________ on personality focuses on the many ways our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another.

A) psychoanalytic perspective
B) trait perspective
C) humanistic perspective
D) social-cognitive perspective

Question 56

Self-confidence that is easily punctured by criticism is most indicative of

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) defensive self-esteem.
D) free association.

Question 57

Exaggerated feelings of self-importance are most closely linked with

A) narcissism.
B) extraversion.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) free association.

Question 58

Bethany has a strong sense of competence and effectiveness in her profession.She does not back down from any professional challenge because she believes she can meet any challenge.According to the social-cognitive perspective,Bethany's belief in herself illustrates

A) self-efficacy.
B) defensive self-esteem.
C) self-serving bias.
D) collectivism.

Question 59

Efforts to boost someone's self-esteem with random expressions of praise in the absence of good performance is most likely to promote

A) the spotlight effect.
B) free association.
C) self-efficacy.
D) helplessness.

Question 60

Narcissism refers to excessive

A) self-criticism.
B) self-control.
C) self-love.
D) self-pity.

Question 61

Which perspective emphasized that we learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing and imitating others?

A) social-cognitive perspective
B) humanistic perspective
C) psychoanalytic perspective
D) psychodynamic perspective

Question 62

In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II,U.S.Army psychologists subjected them to simulated undercover conditions.This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories.

A) trait
B) psychoanalytic
C) social-cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 63

Maddie is a personality theorist who believes that our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another.Maddie is most likely to agree with which of the following perspectives on personality?

A) social-cognitive perspective
B) behavioral genetic perspective
C) psychodynamic perspective
D) psychoanalytic perspective

Question 64

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react?

A) the psychoanalytic perspective
B) the social-cognitive perspective
C) the humanistic perspective
D) the trait perspective

Question 65

Personality is fruitfully studied at multiple levels of analysis because people are best understood as

A) unconscious information processors.
B) biopsychosocial organisms.
C) demonstrating self-serving bias.
D) possible selves.

Question 66

Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority.This best illustrates the importance of

A) self-serving bias.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) free association.

Question 67

Many colleges assess potential faculty members' teaching abilities by observing them teach.This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theorists.

A) social-cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) trait

Question 68

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our

A) temperaments.
B) situations.
C) fixations.
D) self-concepts.

Question 69

Professor Sanders explains to his class that our personality and behavior are influenced by our biology,our social and cultural experiences,and our cognition and dispositions.Professor Sanders' views coincide with

A) humanistic psychology.
B) the psychodynamic perspective.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 70

Who proposed the social-cognitive perspective?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Justin Kruger
C) David Dunning
D) Thomas Gilovich

Question 71

Because Mr.Maloney trusts his employees,he treats them kindly.His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf,which in turn increases his trust in them.This pattern of trust,kindness,diligence,and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by

A) a fixation.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) free association.
D) reciprocal determinism.

Question 72

Which personality theories emphasize reciprocal determinism?

A) psychodynamic
B) social-cognitive
C) trait
D) humanistic

Question 73

Joshua has a predisposition for aggressive behavior.As a child,he was physically abused and lived in a neighborhood in which a lot of violent gangs roamed the streets.By the time Joshua was 18 he had been arrested multiple times for aggressive actions against other teens.Joshua's aggressive behavior is a result of

A) group identification.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) reduced self-worth.
D) gene-environment interactions.

Question 74

People are likely to be less forgiving of others' misdeeds if they

A) have a sense of self-efficacy.
B) are narcissistic.
C) engage in free association.
D) experience the spotlight effect.

Question 75

An integrated understanding of Tara's consistent cheerfulness in terms of her supportive peer relationships,her calm temperament,and her optimistic expectations best illustrates

A) the spotlight effect.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) a humanistic perspective.

Question 76

According to Bandura,reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among

A) thoughts,emotions,and actions.
B) behaviors,internal personal factors,and environmental events.
C) id,ego,and superego.
D) self-concept,self-actualization,and self-transcendence.

Question 77

Most college students perceive themselves as less likely than their average classmate to have a heart attack by age 40.This best illustrates

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) unrealistic optimism.
D) narcissism.

Question 78

Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses in others,which lead us to develop specific social-interaction skills.This best illustrates the impact of

A) free association.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) gene-environment interactions.

Question 79

Because Greta is an extravert,she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends.Because Jim is an introvert,he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study.Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by

A) free association.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) the self-serving bias.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 80

People who are more likely to avoid romantic commitments

A) have a sense of self-efficacy.
B) are narcissistic.
C) are empathic.
D) experience the spotlight effect.