Deck 45: Humanistic Perspective

Question 1

Which of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attempt to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patients' symptoms?

A) questionnaires
B) free association
C) projective testing
D) fixation

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Free association is a method designed to

A) reduce anxiety.
B) explore the unconscious.
C) give priority to group goals.
D) show total acceptance of another person.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Freud emphasized that effective treatment of psychological disorders involves the

A) fixation of repressed sexual desires.
B) projection of repressed fears.
C) exploration of repressed memories.
D) displacement of repressed hostilities.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In suggesting that the mind is mostly hidden,Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of

A) the inferiority complex.
B) erogenous zones.
C) the unconscious.
D) psychosexual stages.

Question 5

Personality is best defined as an individual's

A) characteristic pattern of thinking,feeling,and acting.
B) most noticeable characteristics.
C) biologically inherited temperament.
D) hidden thoughts and emotions.

Question 6

Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the ________ principle.

A) pleasure
B) self-actualization
C) reality
D) self-transcendence

Question 7

According to Freud,thoughts that are too unsettling for people to acknowledge are

A) manifest contents.
B) stored in the collective unconscious.
C) repressed.
D) inferiority complexes.

Question 8

Prior to his use of free association,Freud unsuccessfully tried to make use of

A) hypnosis.
B) projective tests.
C) psychoactive drugs.
D) fixation.

Question 9

Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques

A) psychodynamic theory.
B) terror-management theory.
C) epigenetics.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 10

The image of an iceberg is frequently used to illustrate ________ idea of the mind's structure.

A) Adler's
B) Freud's
C) Jung's
D) Murray's

Question 11

After recalling an embarrassing childhood experience,Angie is instructed by her therapist to close her eyes and report any other images,words,or thoughts that come to mind at that moment.The therapist is using a procedure called

A) reaction formation.
B) free association.
C) projection.
D) identification.

Question 12

Katrinka habitually makes nasty,hostile comments about her teachers.Freud would have suggested that her behavior illustrates the powerful influence of the

A) self-concept.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) id.

Question 13

Psychodynamic theorists emphasize the importance of

A) conscious motives.
B) the Oedipus complex.
C) unconscious mental processes.
D) displacement.

Question 14

Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner.Chandler usually becomes agitated.The reactions of Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distinctive

A) reaction formation.
B) collective unconscious.
C) Oedipus complex.
D) personality.

Question 15

Janis has no memory of being in a serious auto accident when she was 10 years old.Freud would suggest that this memory has been repressed into the

A) collective unconscious.
B) unconscious.
C) preconscious mind.
D) ego.

Question 16

The belief that some distressing physical symptoms made no neurological sense contributed most directly to

A) Adler's interest in the inferiority complex.
B) Freud's interest in unconscious conflicts.
C) Horney's interest in women's views.
D) Jung's interest in the collective unconscious.

Question 17

Ariel loves her husband but unconsciously resents his successful career.Her therapist suggests that their marriage would improve if she recognized the conflict between these two feelings.The therapist's belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

A) trait
B) humanistic
C) social-cognitive
D) psychodynamic

Question 18

According to Freud,understanding how the id,ego,and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of

A) the collective unconscious.
B) free association.
C) the conflict between impulse and restraint.
D) an inferiority complex.

Question 19

According to Freud,we store thoughts temporarily in a(n)________ area before they are brought into ________ awareness.

A) preconscious;conscious
B) conscious;unconscious
C) unconscious;preconscious
D) conscious;preconscious

Question 20

According to Freud's theory,the behavior of a newborn is controlled by

A) the reality principle.
B) the ego.
C) the superego.
D) the id.

Question 21

Twelve-year-old Jack wants to buy a new video game,but he is $5 short.He considers sneaking the money from his older brother's room but instead asks his father if he could cut the grass as a way of earning the money.According to Freud,asking to earn the money comes from the ________,which provides a compromise solution that reflects the ________ principle.

A) id;pleasure
B) ego;pleasure
C) id;reality
D) ego;reality

Question 22

George often acts on impulse,without taking time to consider the consequences.A psychoanalyst would suggest that George shows signs of a

A) strong ego.
B) strong superego.
C) weak id.
D) weak ego.

Question 23

Jordan feels guilty for hurting his younger brother.Freud would have attributed these feelings to Jordan's

A) id.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) collective unconscious.

Question 24

According to Freud,boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother during the ________ stage.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) anal
D) latency

Question 25

According to Freud,the psychosexual stage in which the child's unconscious sexual feelings for the opposite parent are dormant is called the ________ stage.

A) anal
B) oral
C) latency
D) phallic

Question 26

While attending college,Saeb impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on "wine,women,and song." Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n)

A) strong ego.
B) weak id.
C) Electra complex.
D) weak superego.

Question 27

According to Freud,the most important erogenous zone during earliest infancy consists of the

A) eyes.
B) mouth.
C) bowels.
D) breasts.

Question 28

The superego is the part of personality that

A) mediates between the demands of biology and the external world.
B) operates on the reality principle.
C) generates feelings of guilt.
D) performs all of these functions.

Question 29

In Freud's theory,erogenous zones are areas of the body where the

A) ego focuses its pleasure-seeking energies.
B) superego focuses its pleasure-seeking energies.
C) id focuses its pleasure-seeking energies.
D) personality focuses its pleasure-seeking energies.

Question 30

The ________ stage of development involves coping with incestuous sexual feelings.

A) phallic
B) anal
C) oral
D) latency

Question 31

Which psychosexual stage of development focuses on coping with incestuous sexual feelings?

A) oral
B) anal
C) genital
D) phallic

Question 32

Which psychosexual stage of development focuses on maturation of sexual interests?

A) oral
B) anal
C) genital
D) phallic

Question 33

Although Garth wants to have sex with his girlfriend,he also wants to avoid premarital sex.Freud would have suggested that both desires might be partially satisfied by Garth's

A) ego.
B) id.
C) superego.
D) Oedipus complex.

Question 34

Eight-year-old Jack plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school.Jack's behavior suggests that he is in the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

A) phallic
B) genital
C) latency
D) oral

Question 35

The ________ contains our partly conscious perceptions,thoughts,judgments,and memories.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) personality

Question 36

Freud suggested that in the process of development,people pass through

A) a genital stage before they enter a latency stage.
B) a latency stage before they enter a phallic stage.
C) a genital stage before they enter a phallic stage.
D) a latency stage before they enter a genital stage.

Question 37

The pleasure principle is to the ________ as the reality principle is to the ________.

A) id;superego
B) id;ego
C) Oedipus complex;Electra complex
D) conscious;unconscious

Question 38

Freud suggested that pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various

A) defense mechanisms.
B) psychosexual stages.
C) free associations.
D) identifications.

Question 39

According to Freud's theory,the ego

A) is the executive part of personality.
B) operates on the pleasure principle.
C) is the major source of guilt feelings.
D) operates only on a conscious level.

Question 40

In the ________ stage of development,pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination and coping with the demands of toilet training.

A) phallic
B) anal
C) genital
D) latency

Question 41

According to Freud,what psychologists now call our gender identity develops most rapidly during the ________ stage.

A) anal
B) phallic
C) genital
D) oral

Question 42

Although Camile has detailed memories of her early school years,she remembers very little about the boyfriend who abruptly broke off their marriage engagement.According to psychoanalytic theory,it appears that Camile is using the defense mechanism of

A) regression.
B) repression.
C) displacement.
D) projection.

Question 43

In Freud's view,conflicts unresolved during earlier psychosexual stages could surface as maladaptive behavior in the adult years.When this occurs,according to Freud,they are ________ at a psychosexual stage.

A) projecting
B) identifying
C) fixated
D) free associating

Question 44

Ingrid is a married woman who pursues sexual gratification by means of kissing rather than through sexual intercourse.According to Freud,this illustrates a(n)

A) Oedipus complex.
B) pleasure principle.
C) fixation.
D) projection.

Question 45

Boris does not like chemistry,but he has chosen it as his college major simply to prove that he is just as smart as his father,who is an outstanding chemist.A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Boris suffers from an unresolved

A) oral fixation.
B) free association.
C) Oedipus complex.
D) projection.

Question 46

Who emphasized that slips of the tongue often reveal the personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders?

A) Adler
B) Freud
C) Jung
D) Horney

Question 47

Some psychoanalysts of Freud's era claimed that girls experienced an Electra complex involving an unconscious

A) denial of their femininity.
B) hostility toward their father.
C) sexual desire for their father.
D) identification with their father.

Question 48

Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to

A) identification.
B) an Oedipus complex.
C) free association.
D) fixation.

Question 49

According to Freud,a fixation involves the focus of one's energies on

A) repression.
B) free association.
C) false memories.
D) an earlier psychosexual stage.

Question 50

Freud suggested that the superego strengthens through the process of

A) fixation.
B) free association.
C) repression.
D) identification.

Question 51

Tarik chain smokes and goes through periods of binge eating and drinking.According to Freud,he is fixated at the ________ stage.

A) phallic
B) latency
C) anal
D) oral

Question 52

Coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development is called

A) projection.
B) reaction formation.
C) regression.
D) displacement.

Question 53

According to Freud,the defense mechanism that underlies all others is

A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) displacement.
D) repression.

Question 54

Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the ego disguises threatening impulses and reduces anxiety by means of

A) free association.
B) self-understanding.
C) defense mechanisms.
D) erogenous zones.

Question 55

Four-year-old John is very competitive with his father in trying to gain more attention from his mother.Freud would have suggested that John is going through the ________ stage of development.

A) phallic
B) latency
C) anal
D) oral

Question 56

Byron is always looking to others for advice,approval,and affection.According to the psychoanalytic perspective,Byron is most likely fixated at the ________ stage.

A) phallic
B) anal
C) latency
D) oral

Question 57

For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years,Mr.Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells.His behavior is most clearly an example of

A) an Oedipus complex.
B) denial.
C) regression.
D) projection.

Question 58

A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called

A) reaction formation.
B) the Oedipus complex.
C) regression.
D) an oral fixation.

Question 59

Tina smokes excessively.Freud might say that she is ________ in the oral stage of development.

A) fixated
B) repressed
C) primed
D) projected

Question 60

Freud would have suggested that a man's inability to remember his childhood Oedipus complex illustrates

A) rationalization.
B) repression.
C) displacement.
D) projection.

Question 61

Neo-Freudians placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development.

A) defense mechanisms
B) the Oedipus complex
C) the conscious mind
D) genetic predispositions

Question 62

Frank refuses to believe that he is addicted to drugs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary.He is most clearly demonstrating the defense mechanism of

A) displacement.
B) regression.
C) projection.
D) denial.

Question 63

Which neo-Freudian introduced the concept of an inferiority complex?

A) Carl Jung
B) Hermann Rorschach
C) Karen Horney
D) Alfred Adler

Question 64

Using the defense mechanism of projection,a person experiences an internal

A) threat as if it were an external virtue.
B) virtue as if it were an external threat.
C) threat as if it were an external threat.
D) virtue as if it were an external virtue.

Question 65

Projection refers to the process by which people

A) consciously express feelings that are the opposite of underlying unconscious impulses.
B) disguise unacceptable,unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.
C) retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development.
D) offer self-justifying explanations in place of real,but unacceptable,unconscious reasons for action.

Question 66

Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development.

A) defense mechanisms
B) social interactions
C) the collective unconscious
D) genetic predispositions

Question 67

Shortly after receiving a traffic ticket for speeding,Fred made numerous hostile comments to his wife about the incompetence of women drivers.Fred's comments illustrate most clearly the defense mechanism of

A) reaction formation.
B) rationalization.
C) identification.
D) displacement.

Question 68

Who agreed with Freud that childhood is important but added that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security?

A) Karen Horney
B) Carl Jung
C) Drew Westen
D) Henry Murray

Question 69

Freud believed that our repressed impulses express themselves in

A) dreams.
B) slips of the tongue.
C) jokes.
D) all of these forms.

Question 70

Denial is a defense mechanism that involves

A) attributing one's own threatening impulses to others.
B) refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.
C) shifting aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets.
D) retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development.

Question 71

As her parents became increasingly more abusive toward her,Amity began,with apparent sincerity,to emphatically express her great admiration for her parents.Amity's behavior illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of

A) projection.
B) displacement.
C) rationalization.
D) reaction formation.

Question 72

Unconsciously motivated by miserliness,Mr.Rioja refused his son's request for money to buy the books he needs for school.In defending his actions,Mr.Rioja explained that "parental financial aid prevents teenagers from developing into mature,independent adults." Mr.Rioja's explanation is an example of

A) rationalization.
B) projection.
C) displacement.
D) reaction formation.

Question 73

A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of

A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) regression.
D) displacement.

Question 74

Although Eduardo has repressed his own homosexual desires,he is distressed by a false suspicion that many men frequently stare lustfully at his body.According to psychoanalytic theory,Eduardo's thinking best illustrates

A) displacement.
B) projection.
C) denial.
D) rationalization.

Question 75

Julie reported that she had a dream in which she was chased by a large dog.According to Freud,Julie's account represents the ________ content of her dream.

A) latent
B) repressed
C) manifest
D) psychosexual

Question 76

Displacement refers to the process by which people

A) consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable,unconscious impulses.
B) disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
C) retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development.
D) redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets.

Question 77

A habitual drinker who says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable" best illustrates

A) displacement.
B) rationalization.
C) reaction formation.
D) free association.

Question 78

Freud believed that the latent content of dreams was

A) fixated.
B) a free association.
C) repressed.
D) a false memory.

Question 79

Which defense mechanism involves expressing feelings that are the exact opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings?

A) regression
B) denial
C) reaction formation
D) displacement

Question 80

Freud referred to the remembered story line of a dream as its

A) archetype.
B) erogenous zone.
C) manifest content.
D) psychosexual stage.