Deck 16: Perceptual Organization

Question 1

Which of the following is true of physical development in adult life?

A) The outward signs of advancing years are psychologically stressful for adults in every culture.
B) Sensory ability and reaction time reach their peak by the mid-twenties.
C) Most adults are keenly aware of the first signs of physical decline.
D) None of these statements is true.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Longer telomeres are found in

A) emerging adults.
B) people who are obese.
C) younger males.
D) breast-fed babies.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The increase in death rates among older people after they reach a life milestone such as a birthday provides evidence of

A) the accumulation of antibodies.
B) a death-deferral phenomenon.
C) shortened telomeres.
D) terminal decline.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Today,________ people worldwide are age 60 or older.

A) 1 in 10
B) 3 in 10
C) 4 in 10
D) 6 in 10

Question 5

Physical exercise helps maintain the ________ protecting the ends of chromosomes.

A) telomeres
B) myelin
C) teratogens
D) schemas

Question 6

As people progress through late adulthood,they typically experience a slight

A) decrease in brain weight.
B) increase in colds and flu.
C) increase in life satisfaction.
D) increase in the perception of high-pitched sounds.

Question 7

A telomere is a region at the end of a(n)

A) neuron.
B) antibody.
C) teratogen.
D) chromosome.

Question 8

Women worldwide outlive men by almost

A) 2 years.
B) 3 years.
C) 5 years.
D) 7 years.

Question 9

In late adulthood,the light-sensitive inner portion of the eye receives less light because the eye's _________ shrinks and its ________ grows cloudy.

A) lens;pupil
B) retina;lens
C) pupil;lens
D) retina;pupil

Question 10

Judy has recently had periods of mild physical discomfort,and her doctor notes that she is no longer able to become pregnant.It is most likely that Judy is experiencing

A) immune weakness.
B) slowing of neural processing.
C) menopause.
D) a net loss of brain cells.

Question 11

Which of the following describes gender differences in life expectancy?

A) The number of newborn females is equal to the number of males,and females have a longer life expectancy than do males.
B) The number of newborn females is larger than the number of males,and females have a shorter life expectancy than do males.
C) The number of newborn females is equal to the number of males,and females have a shorter life expectancy than do males.
D) The number of newborn females is smaller than the number of males,and females have a longer life expectancy than do males.

Question 12

As people progress into old age,their disease-fighting immune systems become

A) more effective in resisting most life-threatening ailments.
B) less effective in resisting common cold viruses than in resisting cancer.
C) more effective in resisting upper respiratory flu than in resisting pneumonia.
D) completely ineffective in resisting any diseases without specific medication.

Question 13

Research on people aged 65 and older has shown that

A) most older people become increasingly fearful of death as they age.
B) most older people experience loss of visual sharpness.
C) most victims of Alzheimer's disease can reverse the disorder by becoming physically active.
D) most of those older than 65 reside in health care institutions such as nursing homes.

Question 14

Children subjected to frequent abuse or bullying are most likely to exhibit

A) a death-deferral phenomenon.
B) shortened telomeres.
C) terminal decline.
D) neurogenesis.

Question 15

Physical exercise programs during late adulthood are most likely to

A) reduce brain shrinkage.
B) shorten telomeres.
C) prevent menopause.
D) inhibit the death-deferral phenomenon.

Question 16

Compared with younger adults,older adults take ________ time to solve perceptual puzzles and ________ time to remember names.

A) more;more
B) less;less
C) more;less
D) less;more

Question 17

During memory tasks,the left frontal lobes are especially active in young adult brains,while older adult brains use both left and right frontal lobes.This age-related change in brain functioning best illustrates

A) terminal decline.
B) neurogenesis.
C) a death-deferral phenomenon.
D) plasticity.

Question 18

As men progress through middle adulthood,they experience a ________ in sperm count and a ________ in testosterone level.

A) rise;decline
B) decline;rise
C) rise;rise
D) decline;decline

Question 19

It is expected that ________ people worldwide will be age 60 or older by 2100.

A) 1 in 10
B) 3 in 10
C) 4 in 10
D) 6 in 10

Question 20

Sixty-five-year-olds should drive cars with ________ windshields because with age the eye's lens becomes ________ transparent.

A) tinted;more
B) tinted;less
C) untinted;more
D) untinted;less

Question 21

A longitudinal study is research that

A) compares individuals of different ages at the same point in time.
B) involves different researchers assessing the behavior of a large group.
C) studies development during a critical period.
D) follows and retests the same people over time.

Question 22

To compare moral reasoning skills of younger and older children,Professor Hauten tested and retested a group of children from the time they were 4 until they reached the age of 12.The professor conducted a ________ study.

A) longitudinal
B) concrete operational
C) preconventional
D) cross-sectional

Question 23

Research suggests that the best way to enhance memory and reduce the risk of significant cognitive decline in late adulthood is to engage in daily

A) problem-solving exercise.
B) visual-tracking exercise.
C) memory-retrieval exercise.
D) physical exercise.

Question 24

The differences among adults' abilities to learn and remember are greatest among those in their

A) forties.
B) fifties.
C) sixties.
D) seventies.

Question 25

The accelerated loss of cognitive abilities in the last years of life is called

A) neurogenesis.
B) terminal decline.
C) brain plasticity.
D) a death-deferral phenomenon.

Question 26

Remembering to do something at a particular time or in particular circumstances is called

A) terminal decline.
B) prospective memory.
C) the social clock.
D) working memory.

Question 27

Emotional instability has been found to be

A) highest among 30-year-olds.
B) highest among 40-year-olds.
C) highest among 50-year-olds.
D) similar among adults at all of these ages.

Question 28

Tonya asks people of different ages to complete a measure of life satisfaction.She then looks for life satisfaction differences across different age levels.Tonya is conducting a ________ study.

A) longitudinal
B) preoperational
C) cross-sectional
D) concrete operational

Question 29

Shriveled protein filaments in the cell bodies of acetylcholine-producing neurons is a telltale abnormality associated with

A) menopause.
B) Alzheimer's disease.
C) brain plasticity.
D) pneumonia.

Question 30

Twenty-year-olds would most likely outperform 60-year-olds on an art history exam in which they were asked to

A) list as many famous artists as possible.
B) match paintings with famous painters.
C) pick an artist's country of birth from a list of four possibilities.
D) respond to true-false statements regarding important events in artists' lives.

Question 31

An early sign of Alzheimer's disease would most likely be

A) an inability to recognize oneself in a mirror.
B) the use of profane and abusive language.
C) upper respiratory flu.
D) difficulty in naming familiar objects or people.

Question 32

A ________ study compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

A) formal operational
B) cross-sectional
C) preconventional
D) longitudinal

Question 33

A progressive erosion of mental functioning that was formerly known as dementia is now called

A) brain plasticity.
B) menopause.
C) neurocognitive disorder.
D) a death-deferral phenomenon.

Question 34

In recall and recognition tests of memory for recently learned material,older adults are more likely than young adults to have difficulty

A) recalling meaningful material.
B) recognizing meaningful material.
C) recalling meaningless material.
D) recognizing meaningless material.

Question 35

The deterioration of memory and thinking caused by ailments such as alcohol use disorder or a series of small strokes is called

A) terminal decline.
B) a neurocognitive disorder.
C) menopause.
D) Alzheimer's disease.

Question 36

There is some hope that daily memory,problem-solving,and cognitive training exercises can sustain mental abilities in late adulthood.This hope is based in part on the aging brain's

A) social clock.
B) shortened telomeres.
C) plasticity.
D) terminal decline.

Question 37

Adults are ________ likely to divorce in their early forties than in their early twenties.They are ________ likely to commit suicide in their early forties than in their early seventies.

A) less;less
B) more;more
C) less;more
D) more;less

Question 38

Alzheimer's disease can best be described as one form of

A) neurocognitive disorder.
B) brain plasticity.
C) neurogenesis.
D) menopause.

Question 39

For those who report experiencing a life crisis,the trigger is usually

A) age.
B) entering middle adulthood.
C) mental decline.
D) a major event.

Question 40

Judith is taking care of her aging parents but also provides support for her adult children.Judith can be described as

A) a victim of the social clock.
B) entering late adulthood.
C) a member of the sandwich generation.
D) a young adult.

Question 41

Marriage bonds are especially likely to endure when a couple

A) lives together for a time before they become engaged and marry.
B) focuses their time and energy on their growing children's needs.
C) engages in less frequent sexual interactions.
D) engages in more positive than negative interactions with each other.

Question 42

As adults advance in age,their positive and negative moods become

A) less extreme and more enduring.
B) more extreme and less enduring.
C) less extreme and less enduring.
D) more extreme and more enduring.

Question 43

Erik Erikson maintained that the two basic aspects of life that dominate adulthood are

A) identity and independence.
B) intimacy and identity.
C) intimacy and generativity.
D) independence and generativity.

Question 44

Compared with the amygdala in younger adults,the amygdala in older adults shows

A) diminishing activity in response to positive events.
B) enhanced activity in response to negative events.
C) diminishing activity in response to negative events.
D) enhanced activity in response to positive events.

Question 45

Dr.Anders is a 416-year-old physician who experiences a sense of personal fulfillment in contributing to the well-being of others through her medical practice.Erik Erikson would have suggested that Dr.Anders experiences

A) plasticity.
B) autonomy.
C) attachment.
D) generativity.

Question 46

In explaining pair-bonding among humans,it has been suggested that parents who cooperated to nurture their children to maturity were more likely to have their genes passed on to future generations.This best illustrates a(n)________ perspective.

A) intuitionist
B) cross-sectional
C) evolutionary
D) longitudinal

Question 47

The tips of chromosomes that wear down as we age are called

A) epigenetic marks.
B) antibodies.
C) genomes.
D) telomeres.

Question 48

The grief experienced over the death of a loved one is especially severe when death is experienced

A) as a time that requires sharing honest emotions with others.
B) after years of anticipating the death of one's loved one.
C) as a time for celebrating the life and memory of the deceased person.
D) as coming before its expected time on the social clock.

Question 49

In Erikson's theory,the sense of integrity achieved in late adulthood refers to the feeling that

A) one's life has been meaningful.
B) one is healthy and not dependent upon others.
C) one is acting ethically.
D) one's life is full of close friendships.

Question 50

Kathryn and Rafael's third and last child is leaving home for college next year.Their empty nest is likely to be a(n)________ place.

A) depressed
B) happy
C) anxious
D) boring

Question 51

Compared with their counterparts of 30 years ago,people in Western countries today are better educated and ________.These trends may help explain why the American divorce rate has ________ since 1980.

A) marrying later;leveled off
B) marrying earlier;increased
C) marrying later;increased
D) marrying earlier;leveled off

Question 52

Johnny is 67 years old and is recently retired.He has three grandchildren.He is in the ________ years.

A) emerging adulthood
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 53

Menopause involves a decline in

A) testosterone.
B) fertility.
C) maturation.
D) social identity.

Question 54

The term social clock refers to

A) the culturally preferred time to leave home,marry,have children,and retire.
B) an optimal time for developing social bonds between children and caregivers.
C) the average age of people in different social groups and organizations.
D) the different ways in which societies evaluate the physical and cognitive changes accompanying the aging process.

Question 55

Compared with younger adults,older adults experience ________ anger,and they are ________ to perceive negative images.

A) more;quicker
B) more;slower
C) less;quicker
D) less;slower

Question 56

Compared with their counterparts of 30 years ago,Americans are marrying at a(n)

A) older age and are experiencing more marital satisfaction.
B) younger age and are experiencing less marital satisfaction.
C) older age and have increased their standards for mate selection.
D) younger age and have decreased their standards for mate selection.

Question 57

Compared with younger adults,older adults are ________ attentive to positive news and they have ________ problems in their social relationships.

A) more;more
B) less;fewer
C) more;fewer
D) less;more

Question 58

Compared with non-cohabiting couples,which of the following is true of couples who live together before engagement and marriage?

A) They are initially more committed to the ideal of an enduring marriage,and they become increasingly more marriage-supportive while cohabiting.
B) They are initially less committed to the ideal of an enduring marriage,and they become increasingly more marriage-supportive while cohabiting.
C) They are initially more committed to the ideal of an enduring marriage,and they become increasingly less marriage-supportive while cohabiting.
D) They are initially less committed to the ideal of an enduring marriage,and they become increasingly less marriage-supportive while cohabiting.

Question 59

Professor Appledorn emphasizes that whether people flourish in late adulthood depends on a continuous interaction among their inborn temperaments,their personal relationships,and their mental expectations regarding the aging process.The professor's viewpoint best illustrates

A) longitudinal study.
B) a developmental stage theory.
C) an intuitionist perspective.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 60

Research on people's feelings of satisfaction with their lives indicates that

A) adolescents report being slightly happier than people over 65 years of age.
B) people over 65 years of age report being slightly happier than adolescents.
C) middle-aged adults report being slightly happier than both adolescents and people over 65 years of age.
D) compared with other phases of life,the over-65 years are not notably unhappy.

Question 61

Among older adults,hearing loss,and its associated social isolation,predicts the incidence of depression and

A) menopause.
B) brain plasticity.
C) neurocognitive disorder.
D) a death-deferral phenomenon.

Question 62

Menopause refers to

A) the cessation of menstruation.
B) the loss of male sexual potency.
C) irregular timing of menstrual periods.
D) the loss of sexual interest in late adulthood.

Question 63

Since the advent of the Internet,there has been a(n)________ in the percentage of American couples who report meeting online.The percentage meeting online is currently ________ among same-sex couples than among heterosexual couples.

A) increase;smaller
B) decrease;smaller
C) increase;larger
D) decrease;larger

Question 64

Brenda is 29 years old.She recently graduated from college and now has a full-time job and lives independently.She is in the ________ years.

A) emerging adulthood
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 65

In one 15-year period,more Americans died on the two days after Christmas than on the two days before Christmas.It has been suggested that this illustrates

A) a death-deferral phenomenon.
B) lack of generativity.
C) terminal decline.
D) shortened telomeres.

Question 66

Abner,a 70-year-old retired teacher,feels that his life has not been of any real value or significance.According to Erikson,Abner has failed to achieve a sense of

A) basic trust.
B) intimacy.
C) autonomy.
D) integrity.

Question 67

As adults grow older,they are most likely to show a decline in their ability to remember

A) nonsense syllables.
B) musical lyrics.
C) famous people.
D) practical skills.

Question 68

As men advance through middle adulthood,they experience a gradual decline in

A) testosterone level.
B) sperm count.
C) ejaculation speed.
D) all of these things.

Question 69

Between the middle of the last century and the early years of the current century

A) human birthrates have increased and life expectancy at birth has increased.
B) human birthrates have decreased and life expectancy at birth has decreased.
C) human birthrates have increased and life expectancy at birth has decreased.
D) human birthrates have decreased and life expectancy at birth has increased.

Question 70

Judson is a 70-year-old retired automobile mechanic.In contrast to when he was 20,he now probably

A) has a greater fear of death.
B) is less susceptible to catching colds.
C) experiences less life satisfaction.
D) would not do as well on a vocabulary test.

Question 71

Because of the shortening of ________,aging cells may die without being replaced.

A) immune system antibodies
B) menopause
C) distance perception
D) telomeres

Question 72

Physical exercise in late adulthood has been found to

A) enhance muscle strength.
B) help prevent heart disease.
C) stimulate brain cell development.
D) do all of these things.

Question 73

The ratio of males to females first begins declining during

A) prenatal development.
B) childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) adulthood.

Question 74

When asked what they would have done differently if they could relive their lives,people's most common answer was

A) had more children.
B) spent more time with my parents.
C) taken my education more seriously.
D) exercised more.

Question 75

Physical abilities such as muscular strength,reaction time,sensory keenness,and cardiac output reach their peak during

A) late childhood.
B) early adulthood.
C) puberty.
D) middle adulthood.

Question 76

Scott is 40-years-old and works as an advertising consultant.He is married with two children.He is in the ________ years.

A) emerging adulthood
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 77

The preferred age for retirement is quite different in Mexico than in Western Europe.This best illustrates that ________ differs from culture to culture.

A) the maturational cycle
B) an empty nest
C) terminal decline
D) the social clock

Question 78

According to Erikson,older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of

A) identity.
B) terminal decline.
C) competence.
D) integrity.

Question 79

A shortening of telomeres is accelerated by

A) aerobic exercise.
B) vaginal intercourse.
C) neurogenesis.
D) obesity.

Question 80

The observation that the death rate increases when people reach a milestone demonstrates the

A) fear of death.
B) ability to prevent death.
C) effect of telomeres.
D) death-deferral phenomenon.