Deck 44: Psychoanalytic Perspective

Question 1

People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more

A) reciprocal.
B) equitable.
C) intelligent.
D) sexually attractive.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to

A) express dissatisfaction with their own physical appearance.
B) deny that their liking for physically attractive dates is influenced by good looks.
C) judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.
D) marry someone who is less physically attractive than they themselves are.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Michelle and Janice are high school friends.Michelle helps Janice with her studies,and Janice,who is a popular cheerleader,brings Michelle with her to various social gatherings.This mutually beneficial relationship can best be explained by

A) social exchange theory.
B) equity theory.
C) reward theory.
D) similarity theory.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

We are likely to prefer as friends those who are similar to us in

A) attitudes.
B) intelligence.
C) age.
D) any of these areas.

Question 5

In the television program Seinfeld,George tried to make himself more attractive to a woman he just met by leaving his keys at her house,showing up at her place of work,and shopping at a store she frequented.He believed that his frequent appearances would cause her to like him.George is attempting to use

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) mirror-image perceptions.
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) self-disclosure.

Question 6

The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking.

A) similarity
B) physical arousal
C) self-disclosure
D) proximity

Question 7

Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to be selected by another for a future date at a speed-dating gathering?

A) Thomas,who has a fear of being rejected by the women he meets
B) Alicia,who is extremely attractive
C) Robert,who is very friendly and attractive
D) Sandy,who is a very confident and successful woman

Question 8

Most people who meet Omar consider him to be attractive.However,according to the research,his level of physical attractiveness is not related to his

A) self-esteem.
B) level of future income.
C) popularity.
D) frequency of dating.

Question 9

Compared with others,strikingly attractive people make a ________ favorable impression on potential employers,and they are ________ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere.

A) less;less
B) more;more
C) less;more
D) more;less

Question 10

Liking those who share and validate our attitudes is best explained in terms of

A) social exchange theory.
B) a reward theory.
C) equity.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 11

An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) companionate love.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 12

When Armen first heard the hit song "Lose Yourself," he wasn't at all sure he liked it.The more often he heard it played,however,the more he enjoyed it.Armen's reaction illustrates

A) the bystander effect.
B) the reciprocity norm.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 13

Andrea is a first-year college student living on the ninth floor of a residence hall.By the end of the year,she is MOST likely to be friends with

A) Natalie,a stunning-looking student who lives on the second floor.
B) Melissa,an outgoing,popular student who lives in the next building.
C) Jenny,the captain of the softball team,who lives in a residence hall for athletes.
D) Michelle,a fellow first-year student who shares Andrea's values and love of the violin.

Question 14

Men wish future contact with ________ of their speed dates than women do.If women at a speed-dating event stay seated while the men circulate,this difference ________.

A) more;disappears
B) less;remains
C) less;disappears
D) more;remains

Question 15

People tend to prefer a(n)________ image of themselves,while their friends prefer a ________ version of them.

A) mirror;actual
B) actual;mirror
C) actual;actual
D) mirror;mirror

Question 16

People tend to like the letters of their own name better than other letters.This is best explained in terms of

A) self-disclosure.
B) mirror-image perceptions.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) social exchange theory.

Question 17

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that

A) looks matter less for couples who were friends before lovers.
B) most children perceive themselves to be physically unattractive.
C) young adults' physical attractiveness fails to predict their frequency of dating.
D) adults' incomes are unrelated to whether they are plain looking or very attractive.

Question 18

Olivia,a 21-year-old university student,is quiet,relaxed,reflective,and politically liberal.Research suggests that she would most likely become a good friend of

A) Cody,who is relaxed and talkative.
B) Thor,who is politically liberal and assertive.
C) Philip,who is reflective and quiet.
D) Pancho,who is talkative and assertive.

Question 19

An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face.This best illustrates the impact of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) mirror-image perceptions.
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) self-disclosure.

Question 20

Our first impressions of those we meet are most likely to be determined by their

A) attitudes.
B) intelligence.
C) physical appearance.
D) superordinate goals.

Question 21

Orville thinks his girlfriend derives more benefits from their relationship than he does,even though he contributes more to the relationship.Orville most clearly believes that their relationship lacks

A) self-disclosure.
B) romantic love.
C) equity.
D) superordinate goals.

Question 22

A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of

A) altruism.
B) reciprocity norm.
C) equity.
D) self-disclosure.

Question 23

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will

A) notice the emergency.
B) report the emergency to the police.
C) fail to interpret the incident as an emergency.
D) assume responsibility for personally intervening in the emergency.

Question 24

Helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit is the definition of

A) social exchange theory.
B) passionate love.
C) companionate love.
D) altruism.

Question 25

As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love,the bonding of two partners is most likely to be facilitated by

A) adrenaline.
B) the bystander effect.
C) social exchange.
D) oxytocin.

Question 26

You are likely to work hardest to like the new neighbors who

A) moved in down the block from you.
B) moved into the most expensive house in your subdivision.
C) you discover also love to golf.
D) give a lot of parties.

Question 27

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychology research on

A) altruism.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) peacemaking.
D) the effects of self-disclosure.

Question 28

________ is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another,usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

A) Passionate love
B) Companionate love
C) Equity love
D) Altruism

Question 29

Tamika and Ramon have been happily married for 40 years.According to the text,which of the following factors is NOT a part of the companionate love they feel for each other?

A) equity
B) self-disclosure
C) positive support
D) the mere exposure effect

Question 30

While driving his girlfriend to work,Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle.Moments later,he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend.His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of

A) social exchange theory.
B) the two-factor theory of emotion.
C) equity theory.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 31

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of

A) altruism.
B) passionate love.
C) companionate love.
D) social exchange.

Question 32

Her neighbor could not afford to repair the roof on her house,so Tijuana secretly hired and paid for a contractor to repair the roof.The neighbor never knew who was responsible.Tijuana's actions are an example of

A) altruism.
B) social exchange.
C) equity.
D) the reciprocity norm.

Question 33

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers.This is known as

A) altruism.
B) social exchange theory.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 34

While ________ is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another,which occurs early in a relationship,________ is a deep feeling of attachment between those who have shared,intertwined lives.

A) altruism;passionate love
B) passionate love;self-disclosure
C) companionate love;passionate love
D) passionate love;companionate love

Question 35

Which statement about companionate love is true?

A) Companionate love has a rapid onset.
B) Companionate love reaches its peak about a decade into a relationship.
C) Companionate love grows slowly throughout a relationship.
D) Companionate love begins to decrease when passionate love disappears.

Question 36

In investigating the impact of physical arousal on passionate love,researchers arranged for an attractive woman to briefly interact with men who had recently

A) consumed an alcoholic beverage.
B) crossed a swaying footbridge.
C) listened to romantic music.
D) intervened in an emergency.

Question 37

Altruism is best described as

A) an effort to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
B) experiencing an increasing attraction to people as they become more familiar.
C) behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.
D) complying with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

Question 38

As Adrienne walks through a shopping mall,she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench,clutching her arm,and moaning in pain.The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Adrienne will

A) experience contempt for the older woman.
B) help the woman by calling an ambulance.
C) experience a sense of empathy for the older woman.
D) fail to notice the older woman's problem.

Question 39

The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) self-disclosure.
C) social responsibility.
D) physical arousal.

Question 40

Roland and Marcus have been best friends for years.According to the text,which of the following is the most significant factor in the durability of their friendship?

A) equity
B) proximity
C) similarity
D) physical attractiveness

Question 41

When a man fell onto New York subway tracks,Wesley Autrey risked his own life to save the man.His action best illustrates

A) the scapegoat theory.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the reciprocity norm.
D) the social-responsibility norm.

Question 42

A failure to assume personal responsibility for helping in an emergency situation often plays an important role in the

A) mere exposure effect.
B) reciprocity norm.
C) bystander effect.
D) social exchange theory.

Question 43

After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner,Mrs.Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner.Mrs.Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from

A) the ingroup bias.
B) the reciprocity norm.
C) superordinate goals.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 44

The reciprocity norm refers to the expectation that people should

A) help those who need help.
B) help those who ask for help.
C) help those who help themselves.
D) help those who have helped them.

Question 45

A failure to aid a stranger who needs help in an emergency situation is especially likely when people

A) are feeling guilty.
B) are in a hurry.
C) are in a small town.
D) have just observed someone else being helpful.

Question 46

The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors.Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank,if asked?

A) Ardyce,who has just fallen head-over-heels in love
B) Grigory,who is busy studying for a history midterm
C) Sigrid,who unexpectedly lost her part-time job and has time on her hands
D) Fred,who is depressed because he just learned he got a D on a chemistry exam

Question 47

________ refers to the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.

A) The reciprocity norm
B) Equity
C) The social-responsibility norm
D) Diffusion of responsibility

Question 48

Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are

A) reciprocity and social-responsibility.
B) social-responsibility and social exchange.
C) reciprocity and equity.
D) social traps and social exchange.

Question 49

Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem.Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money.Differences in their behavior are best explained in terms of

A) the reciprocity norm.
B) social exchange theory.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) the social-responsibility norm.

Question 50

If two countries are rivals for exclusive control of the same area of land,their predicament best illustrates

A) the two-factor theory.
B) superordinate goals.
C) the reciprocity norm.
D) a conflict.

Question 51

While studying in the crowded library,Arlene hears a crashing noise and then someone moaning.The commotion appears to have come from behind closed doors marked "Staff Only." Nobody near Arlene seems concerned,so Arlene goes back to her studying.This example best illustrates

A) the bystander effect.
B) social exchange theory.
C) altruism.
D) the reciprocity norm.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that increases the likelihood of bystanders helping?

A) feeling good,successful,happy,or fortunate
B) the presence of other bystanders in the situation
C) knowing what to do or how to help in the situation
D) perceiving the other person as deserving of help

Question 53

A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as

A) a social trap.
B) the social responsibility norm.
C) the reciprocity norm.
D) superordinate goals.

Question 54

Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?

A) the reciprocity norm
B) social exchange theory
C) the self-fulfilling prophecy
D) the two-factor theory of emotion

Question 55

Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion.Melissa's altruism best illustrates the impact of the

A) reciprocity norm.
B) bystander effect.
C) social-responsibility norm.
D) mere exposure effect.

Question 56

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the

A) mere exposure effect.
B) social exchange theory.
C) bystander effect.
D) reciprocity norm.

Question 57

Mrs.Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg.Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground,most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance.Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) the reciprocity norm.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 58

________ refers to the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.

A) Diffusion of responsibility
B) The reciprocity norm
C) Social exchange theory
D) Altruism

Question 59

A perceived incompatibility of your class learning goals and the goals of your class instructor best illustrates

A) conflict.
B) reciprocity norm.
C) social responsibility.
D) equity.

Question 60

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

A) ingroup bias.
B) reciprocity norm.
C) superordinate goal.
D) social-responsibility norm.

Question 61

Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels,most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves.This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of

A) the bystander effect.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) a social exchange.
D) a social trap.

Question 62

The distorted perceptions that enemies often have of each other are called mirror-image perceptions because they are

A) shallow.
B) self-centered.
C) similar.
D) self-defeating.

Question 63

Mrs.Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention,but he thinks she yells because she's angry.Mr.Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself,but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile.This couple's experience best illustrates

A) a social trap.
B) the social-responsibility norm.
C) superordinate goals.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 64

The success of interracial cooperative learning in classroom settings best illustrates the value of ________ for reducing racial conflict.

A) equity
B) social responsibility
C) superordinate goals
D) a social trap

Question 65

In 1963,President John F.Kennedy announced to the then‒Soviet Union that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests.The Soviet's positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of

A) mirror-image perceptions.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) GRIT.
D) equity.

Question 66

A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties.This best illustrates the value of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) altruism.
C) the bystander effect.
D) conciliation.

Question 67

The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival,the country of Piropia,would do the same.The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own.The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of

A) social responsibility.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) self-fulfilling prophecies.
D) the social-responsibility norm.

Question 68

A win-win orientation is one that seeks ________ conflict.

A) mutually beneficial resolutions of a
B) mirror-image perceptions of
C) altruistic resolutions of a
D) superordinate goals to overcome a

Question 69

Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of

A) the social-responsibility norm.
B) mirror-image perceptions.
C) face-to-face contact.
D) social responsibility.

Question 70

In a science fiction story about hostile aliens invading Earth,the major conflicting political powers join together to combat the extraterrestrial threat.Generalizing from Muzafer Sherif's research,it would be safe to conclude that this act of cooperative behavior would lead to

A) altruism on a national level rather than on a social group level.
B) alienation,antagonism,and increased levels of conflict once the threat is over.
C) increased conflict over which group should get the most credit for defeating the aliens.
D) reduced conflict and increased harmony between the major powers.

Question 71

People's physical attractiveness is a good predictor of their

A) happiness.
B) academic competence.
C) frequency of dating.
D) altruism.

Question 72

Muzafer Sherif's work with 11-year-old boys at a summer camp demonstrated that

A) it was very difficult to establish ingroup/outgroup conflict because there were no intrinsic differences between the Rattlers and the Eagles.
B) situations that required cooperation and the joint efforts of both groups reduced the conflict and hostility between them.
C) simple social contact between the two groups greatly reduced conflict and hostility.
D) contrary to expectations,competition between the two groups actually increased harmony between them.

Question 73

The most powerful predictor of whether friendship begins is

A) attitude.
B) proximity.
C) self-disclosure.
D) altruism.

Question 74

Adherence to the reciprocity norm is most relevant to the utility of

A) social facilitation.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) GRIT.

Question 75

Superordinate goals refer to

A) prevailing inclinations that have been enforced through discussion within a group.
B) mutual diabolical images that enemies have of each other.
C) social expectations that people will help those who depend on them.
D) shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Question 76

After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes,two bitterly antagonistic political groups set aside their differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief.This cooperation best illustrates the importance of

A) mirror-image perceptions.
B) equity.
C) superordinate goals.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 77

The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by

A) the plan of a university freshman to enter medical school and eventually become a physician.
B) the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.
C) the desire of a social worker to do volunteer work in the inner city in order to improve race relations.
D) a university president's plan to give students two extra days of spring vacation.

Question 78

In most desegregated schools,ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms.People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group,but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish.This pattern of thinking best illustrates

A) mirror-image perceptions.
B) altruism.
C) a social trap.
D) superordinate goals.

Question 79

Marcus continues to water his lawn during a serious draught.He figures that watering his little lawn will make no difference.By pursuing his own self-interest Marcus' behavior illustrates

A) a social trap.
B) bystander intervention.
C) GRIT.
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 80

Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake.This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) win-win solutions.
C) self-disclosure.
D) equity.