Deck 43: Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Question 1

Mrs.Sanders is a second-grade teacher.She believes in equality for all of her students,but she disciplines her White students less harshly than she does her Black students.Mrs.Sanders illustrates

A) implicit prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) normative social influence.
D) explicit prejudice.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations.This best illustrates the subtle nature of

A) explicit prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) social scripts.
D) implicit prejudice.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The election of President Barack Obama was found to

A) increase implicit prejudice.
B) reduce implicit prejudice.
C) increase explicit prejudice.
D) reduce explicit prejudice.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of

A) conflicts,hindsight bias,and social scripts.
B) inequality,frustration,and aggression.
C) beliefs,emotions,and predispositions to action.
D) ingroup bias,outgroup homogeneity,and hindsight bias.

Question 5

In the 2008 election,people who demonstrated ________ were less likely to vote for candidate Barack Obama.

A) implicit prejudice
B) explicit prejudice
C) both implicit and explicit prejudice
D) neither implicit nor explicit prejudice

Question 6

Mr.Franks,who owns a convenience store,believes he harbors no prejudice against other ethnic groups.However,when given the choice to help a White or a Latino customer,he will always help the White customer first and ignore his Latino customers.Mr.Franks is demonstrating

A) ingroup bias.
B) microaggressions.
C) stereotyping.
D) scapegoating.

Question 7

Explicit associations are typically ________,whereas implicit associations are often ________.

A) persistent;temporary
B) negative;positive
C) conscious;unconscious
D) objective;subjective

Question 8

A stereotype is best described as a

A) hostile feeling that triggers discrimination.
B) perceived incompatibility of goals or actions.
C) belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.
D) generalized belief about a group of people.

Question 9

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical.His beliefs are examples of

A) stereotypes.
B) social scripts.
C) sexual discrimination.
D) blaming the victim.

Question 10

When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student,they demonstrated

A) ingroup bias.
B) unconscious patronization.
C) stereotyping.
D) the other-race effect.

Question 11

When people look at images of Black and White faces,the different responses in viewers' facial muscles indicate

A) the other-race effect.
B) ingroup bias.
C) implicit prejudice.
D) outgroup homogeneity.

Question 12

Sonya strongly believes that all fast-food restaurants serve unhealthy food at a cheap price,which contributes to the rise in obesity.Even the sight of the food disgusts her,and she refuses to purchase any of it.Sonya's attitude toward fast-food restaurants illustrates

A) prejudice.
B) social scripts.
C) stereotyping.
D) blaming the victim.

Question 13

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in

A) stereotyping.
B) blaming the victim.
C) discrimination.
D) social scripts.

Question 14

Although Americans' approval of interracial marriage has soared over the past half-century,many still admit that they would feel uncomfortable with someone of another race in socially intimate settings.This admission best illustrates

A) the other-race effect.
B) implicit racial prejudice.
C) ingroup bias.
D) stereotyping.

Question 15

Jessica and John tell their 8-year-old daughter not to play with any of the Garcia children because they are not "real" Americans.They also tell her that the Garcias are probably drug dealers and so she should not sit next to their children on the bus or in school.Jessica and John's behavior illustrates

A) implicit prejudice.
B) blaming the victim.
C) discrimination.
D) social scripts.

Question 16

The difference between prejudice and discrimination is most similar to the difference between

A) ingroup bias and the just-world phenomenon.
B) outgroup homogeneity and ingroup bias.
C) blaming the victim and hindsight bias.
D) attitude and behavior.

Question 17

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called

A) social scripts.
B) ingroup bias.
C) discrimination.
D) prejudice.

Question 18

Discrimination is best described as

A) an overgeneralized belief about a group of people.
B) an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people and its members.
C) a feeling of hostility toward a group and its members.
D) generalized beliefs about a group of people.

Question 19

In one analysis of 59 unarmed suspect shootings in Philadelphia over a seven-year period,49 involved

A) the misidentification of an object.
B) the misidentification of a movement.
C) the misidentification of an object or a movement.
D) neither the misidentification of an object nor a movement.

Question 20

In an Implicit Association Test,________ White respondents took longer to identify pleasant words when presented with Black-sounding names rather than with White-sounding names.

A) none of the
B) some of the
C) many of the
D) almost all

Question 21

During a Girl Scout picnic,Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team.Before the game started,Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one.The girls' beliefs best illustrate

A) outgroup homogeneity.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) scapegoating.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 22

The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common

A) outgroup homogeneity.
B) hindsight bias.
C) social identity.
D) unconscious patronization.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is FALSE about worldwide anti-gay attitudes?

A) Men are more likely to have an anti-gay attitude.
B) Less-educated people are more likely to have an anti-gay attitude.
C) Older adults are more likely to have an anti-gay attitude.
D) Younger women are more likely to have an anti-gay attitude.

Question 24

Research has shown that ________ are more than twice as likely to be misperceived as threatening by police officers,even ________.

A) Black suspects;White officers
B) Black suspects;Black officers
C) White suspects;White officers
D) White suspects;Black officers

Question 25

A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve the cruel treatment they receive best illustrates

A) ingroup bias.
B) outgroup homogeneity.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.

Question 26

A sense of social identity is most likely to promote

A) scapegoating.
B) ingroup bias.
C) hindsight.
D) aggression.

Question 27

Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks,________ Americans acknowledge some feelings of prejudice against Muslims.

A) 1 in 10
B) 2 in 10
C) 3 in 10
D) 4 in 10

Question 28

About half of non-Muslims in Western Europe and the United States perceive Muslims as

A) violent.
B) peaceful.
C) inert.
D) passive.

Question 29

A shortage of women in China has contributed to all of the following except

A) increased crime.
B) increased marriage rates.
C) increased prostitution.
D) increased trafficking of women.

Question 30

Research on gender prejudice and discrimination indicates that

A) the majority of the world's children without basic schooling are boys.
B) in most countries men and women share equally in the duties of child raising.
C) people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers despite gender equality in intelligence scores.
D) there is little evidence that females are more likely to be aborted than males.

Question 31

A news commentator says,"The doctor deserved to become infected with the Ebola virus because he chose to help those infected people in Africa." This attitude illustrates

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) social scripts.
C) scapegoat theory.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.

Question 32

Over the last half-century,Americans have expressed

A) decreasing readiness to support laws guaranteeing a pregnant woman's right to a leave of absence from the workplace.
B) increasing approval of women marrying at earlier ages.
C) increasing readiness to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate.
D) decreasing support for a woman's right to abortion.

Question 33

John believes that African-American males commit more violent crime.In his view,this justifies the police shooting of unarmed African-American men.This is an example of

A) the blame-the-victim dynamic.
B) discrimination.
C) a stereotype.
D) implicit prejudice.

Question 34

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces,this finding would illustrate

A) explicit prejudice.
B) implicit prejudice.
C) social scripts.
D) the other-race effect.

Question 35

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called

A) the other-race effect.
B) the scapegoat theory.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.

Question 36

The tendency to favor "us" rather than "them" is called

A) unconscious patronization.
B) the other-race effect.
C) an implicit association.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 37

Mr.Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune.His belief is best explained in terms of

A) the other-race effect.
B) ingroup bias.
C) outgroup homogeneity.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 38

In communities where anti-gay prejudice is high,the LGBTQ rates of ________ and cardiovascular deaths are also higher than average.

A) suicide
B) cancer
C) genetic disorders
D) aggressive behavior

Question 39

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls,while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys.Their beliefs most clearly illustrate

A) outgroup homogeneity.
B) the other-race effect.
C) ingroup bias.
D) scapegoat theory.

Question 40

Samantha is from Texas,is Catholic,is married with two children,and is a university professor.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of one of her ingroups?

A) Texan
B) Catholicism
C) Wife
D) Attorney

Question 41

We are most likely to ________ the diversity among members of an ________.

A) overestimate;outgroup
B) underestimate;outgroup
C) correctly estimate;outgroup
D) underestimate;ingroup

Question 42

In some countries,women who have been raped have sometimes been sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery.This best illustrates

A) scapegoating.
B) the other-race effect.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) the blame-the-victim phenomenon.

Question 43

A 16-year-old boy shoots a neighbor for no apparent reason.This vivid example strongly influences people's judgments of all teen boys because people

A) overestimate the impact of social influence on others' behavior.
B) typically categorize other individuals on the basis of barely noticeable characteristics.
C) estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of how memorable those characteristics are.
D) strongly resent those who draw a lot of attention to themselves.

Question 44

Facing the threat of death at the hands of terrorists is likely to heighten

A) social scripts.
B) social identities.
C) patriotism.
D) equity.

Question 45

Harry is dreadfully afraid of flying and fears that the plane could crash.His fear of flying may be related to

A) explicit bias.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 46

The other-race effect refers to a bias with respect to the recognition of other people's

A) names.
B) faces.
C) voices.
D) personality traits.

Question 47

Outgroup homogeneity is defined as

A) the tendency to perceive the members of an outgroup as similar to each other.
B) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
C) the tendency to favor our own group.
D) a type of prejudice that offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Question 48

Ty Ling was worried that something bad would happen to her daughter if she went away to college.When her daughter called and told her that her computer had been stolen,Ty Ling said,"I knew something bad would happen if you left home for college." Ty Ling's comments illustrate

A) scapegoating.
B) the other-race effect.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) hindsight bias.

Question 49

Jonathan is from Georgia,is Christian,is married with two children,and is a construction worker.Which of the following is his outgroup?

A) Georgia Peach
B) Christian
C) Husband
D) Dentist

Question 50

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to

A) dislike and distrust those who are wealthy.
B) believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.
C) express higher levels of prejudice after suffering frustration.
D) respond with kindness to those who mistreat them.

Question 51

We have a tendency to overestimate the similarities among people we have sorted into a single category.This best illustrates the ________ roots of prejudice.

A) social
B) emotional
C) biological
D) cognitive

Question 52

Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work,Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) the other-race effect.
C) the frustration-aggression principle.
D) scapegoat theory.

Question 53

To help us understand the world we

A) form categories.
B) develop prejudice.
C) generalize from stereotypes.
D) create bias.

Question 54

It is often difficult to legislate major social changes such as health care reform.But once such policies are in place,they tend to be cherished and preserved.This best illustrates the impact of

A) social scripts.
B) system justification.
C) hindsight bias.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 55

Following the 9/11 attacks,some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans.This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of

A) the other-race effect.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the frustration-aggression principle.
D) scapegoat theory.

Question 56

Jerry is in his mid-twenties and is best able to recognize the faces of people he has met that are in his age group in comparison to those who are in late adulthood.This illustrates

A) the other-race effect.
B) own-age bias.
C) own-race bias.
D) the cross-race effect.

Question 57

Joie,age 19,is a Black female university sophomore.Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most

A) Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike.
B) Black people tend to dress pretty much alike.
C) young adults tend to prefer the same kinds of music.
D) women tend to share similar attitudes about sex.

Question 58

New Zealanders of Chinese descent and European descent were asked to quickly classify faces with blended Chinese and Caucasian physical features.Compared with observers of Chinese descent,observers of European descent more readily classified ambiguous faces as

A) Caucasian.
B) Chinese.
C) Australian.
D) American.

Question 59

Evidence for the scapegoat theory of prejudice comes in two forms: ________ frustration and temporary frustration when a goal is thwarted,for example.

A) ingroup
B) general
C) national
D) economic

Question 60

Morris,who is White,was a witness to a crime committed by one White and one Black suspect.When asked by the police to pick them out of a lineup,Morris was unable to pick out the Black suspect.This illustrates

A) ingroup bias.
B) scapegoat theory.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) the other-race effect.

Question 61

An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for

A) unexpected and unprovoked outbursts of aggression.
B) wide cultural variations in aggressiveness.
C) aggression that is accompanied by anger and hostility.
D) the use of nuclear weapons to kill millions of unseen victims.

Question 62

A testosterone-linked trait that is also a predictor of men's aggressiveness is the ________ of their face.

A) symmetry
B) length
C) width-to-height ratio
D) roundness

Question 63

The attacker who mugs you for your money most clearly illustrates

A) discrimination.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) scapegoating.
D) aggression.

Question 64

Malik was hit in the leg by a badly hit golf ball.He is MOST likely to respond aggressively to the person who hit the golf ball if he had a higher-than-average level of

A) testosterone and was drinking alcohol.
B) serotonin and was drinking alcohol.
C) oxytocin.
D) testosterone.

Question 65

Jason has a history of violence.Which area of his brain do researchers believe may be partially responsible for his behavior because they are damaged,immature,or disconnected?

A) temporal lobes
B) hippocampus
C) frontal lobes
D) hypothalamus

Question 66

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that

A) human aggression is an unlearned instinct.
B) there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans.
C) animals can be bred for aggressiveness.
D) neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior by men but not by women.

Question 67

The frustration-aggression principle most clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of

A) discrimination.
B) stereotyping.
C) blood alcohol.
D) frontal lobe activity.

Question 68

A soldier who intentionally kills a dangerous enemy combatant most clearly illustrates

A) hindsight bias.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) scapegoating.
D) aggression.

Question 69

Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)is sometimes called the ________ gene.

A) warrior
B) stereotyping
C) frustration
D) racist

Question 70

Among adult men,hard drug use and impulsiveness are positively correlated with levels of

A) implicit prejudice.
B) serotonin.
C) social scripts.
D) testosterone.

Question 71

What most well-known genetic marker identifies those who are most likely to behave aggressively?

A) X chromosome
B) Y chromosome
C) XY chromosomes
D) XX chromosomes

Question 72

One analysis revealed that pitchers were more likely to hit batters when the previous batter had hit a home run.This best illustrates

A) ingroup bias.
B) the frustration-aggression principle.
C) outgroup homogeneity.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 73

Studies of identical and fraternal twins indicating that violent behavior is more likely to be shared by identical twins demonstrates the impact of

A) the environment.
B) culture.
C) genes.
D) social scripts.

Question 74

High testosterone levels in humans are associated with ________ levels of irritability and with ________ tolerance for frustration.

A) low;low
B) low;high
C) high;high
D) high;low

Question 75

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class,he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation.Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of

A) the hindsight bias.
B) outgroup homogeneity.
C) the frustration-aggression principle.
D) implicit associations.

Question 76

Whenever she has to spend an hour in heavy traffic on the way to work,Sonya tends to speak rudely to her secretary,slam doors,and yell at clients.Sonya behavior can best be explained by

A) the hindsight bias.
B) outgroup homogeneity.
C) the frustration-aggression principle.
D) implicit associations.

Question 77

Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of

A) scapegoating.
B) prejudice.
C) social scripts.
D) aggression.

Question 78

Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to respond with violence?

A) Tyree,who has a much higher-than-average level of testosterone.
B) Juan,who has been drinking,is stuck in a subway train that has a very foul odor.
C) Irene,who is sitting on her screen porch doing a very difficult crossword puzzle.
D) Thomas,who has a history of violent behavior and feels he has been insulted by his employer.

Question 79

When neurosurgeons activated an implanted electrode in the ________ of a mild-mannered woman,she began to strike the doctor.

A) hypothalamus
B) frontal lobe
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 80

Which of the following combinations is most likely to increase violent behavior?

A) low testosterone and drinking some alcohol
B) high testosterone and drinking some alcohol
C) high testosterone and diminished activity in the frontal lobe
D) normal testosterone and an immature frontal lobe