Deck 12: Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Question 1

By inventing the custom of using leaves to clean their bodies and passing it on to their peers and offspring,chimpanzees have exhibited a rudiment of

A) androgyny.
B) collectivism.
C) gender schemas.
D) culture.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Teens often choose as friends those who share their sports interests or music preferences.This best illustrates

A) stranger anxiety.
B) a pruning process.
C) basic trust.
D) a selection effect.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The preservation of innovation illustrates

A) the transmission of culture from one generation to the next.
B) accumulated knowledge of a culture.
C) a cultures division of labor.
D) advances in technology.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

As the leader of a research team,Dr.Schmidt delegates responsibilities to each individual assistant.As a result,his lab is very productive in terms of research and publications.This best illustrates

A) division of labor.
B) preservation of innovation.
C) values and traditions.
D) accumulated knowledge.

Question 5

We develop new neural pathways in response to new experiences thanks to the brain's

A) schemas.
B) androgyny.
C) plasticity.
D) selection effects.

Question 6

Unlike our ancestors of centuries past,humans today rely heavily on personal computers and electronic communications.This best illustrates the impact of

A) androgyny.
B) natural selection.
C) collectivism.
D) culture.

Question 7

Because Marla is the first girl in her fourth-grade class to sexually mature,she is sometimes teased and rejected by her classmates.Marla's sense of social isolation and embarrassment results from the interaction of

A) X and Y chromosomes.
B) nature and nurture.
C) gender schemas and gender identity.
D) individualism and collectivism.

Question 8

Parents should not take too much blame for the failures and shortcomings of their children because

A) their parenting mistakes simply reflect that they were not properly raised by their own parents.
B) children typically fail on purpose in order to establish a healthy independence from parents.
C) parenting practices have little effect on children's beliefs and values.
D) parental behavior is only one of many factors that influence children's behavior.

Question 9

Parents can most effectively increase their influence on their children by

A) encouraging their children to achieve athletic success.
B) selecting their children's neighborhood and schools.
C) spacing the birth of their children over a large number of years.
D) encouraging them to value individualism.

Question 10

Rosenzweig and Krech observed that rats in an enriched environment developed more ________ than did rats in an impoverished environment.

A) secondary sex characteristics
B) cerebral cortex
C) Y chromosomes
D) gender schemas

Question 11

Teens who start smoking are typically those whose friends smoke.Part of this peer similarity can be attributed to

A) androgyny.
B) a pruning process.
C) secondary sex characteristics.
D) a selection effect.

Question 12

Culture aids all of the following EXCEPT

A) division of labor.
B) preservation of innovation.
C) values and traditions.
D) genetics.

Question 13

The behaviors,ideas,attitudes,values,and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is called

A) a gender schema.
B) collectivism.
C) gender typing.
D) culture.

Question 14

The remarkable academic and vocational successes of the children of people who fled from Vietnam and Cambodia best illustrate the importance of

A) individualism.
B) androgyny.
C) family environment.
D) culture shock.

Question 15

Research on brain development suggests that repeated learning experiences seem to

A) strengthen neural connections at the location that processes the experiences.
B) reduce the number of brain cells needed to effectively process information.
C) promote the formation of the brainstem but have no effect on the formation of the cortex.
D) have no effect on the structure of neural tissue.

Question 16

A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's

A) individualism.
B) sex chromosomes.
C) collectivism.
D) neural connections.

Question 17

Which of the following does NOT demonstrate the preservation of innovation?

A) the Internet
B) smart phones
C) GPS devices
D) party lines

Question 18

Children's English accents are more likely to be influenced by their

A) peers than by their parents.
B) sex than by their gender identity.
C) X chromosome than by their Y chromosome.
D) biological race than by their social environment.

Question 19

Carlos was born with cataracts in both eyes,which were removed when he was 5.However,because Carlos lacked visual experiences during early childhood,he most likely

A) lost neural connections in the areas of the brain assigned to vision.
B) was unable to develop normal emotional reactions to sad or depressing situations.
C) could not form schemas to help him make sense of his experiences.
D) showed signs of androgyny.

Question 20

Unused neural connections in the brain are reduced through a process of

A) spermarche.
B) gender typing.
C) collectivism.
D) pruning.

Question 21

The belief that others' behaviors are responses to social norms rather than reflections of personality traits is most common in cultures that value

A) individualism.
B) androgyny.
C) extraversion.
D) collectivism.

Question 22

Compared with those living in individualist cultures,people in collectivist cultures are likely to experience

A) more privacy and less security.
B) less privacy and more security.
C) more privacy and more loneliness.
D) less privacy and more loneliness.

Question 23

The rules of a culture for accepted and expected behavior are

A) stereotypes.
B) norms.
C) gender schemas.
D) syndromes.

Question 24

Someone from the European community,which requires 20 paid vacation days each year,may experience ________ when working in the United States,which does not guarantee workers any paid vacation.

A) a pruning process
B) a selection effect
C) culture shock
D) androgyny

Question 25

The interdependent self is most closely associated with a culture that values

A) individualism.
B) androgyny.
C) collectivism.
D) extraversion.

Question 26

Compared with earlier times,North American parents today place

A) more emphasis on obedience and less emphasis on family loyalty.
B) less emphasis on obedience and more emphasis on family loyalty.
C) more emphasis on obedience and more emphasis on family loyalty.
D) less emphasis on obedience and less emphasis on family loyalty.

Question 27

One would not observe unusually high rates of divorce in cultures that promote

A) collectivism.
B) ethnic diversity.
C) personal privacy.
D) individual human rights.

Question 28

Many North American parents want to pick names for their children that sound unique or are spelled in an unusual way.This desire best illustrates one of the consequences of

A) gender typing.
B) extraversion.
C) androgyny.
D) individualism.

Question 29

The practice of covering your mouth when you cough best illustrates the impact of

A) genetic predispositions.
B) gender schemas.
C) culture shock.
D) norms.

Question 30

Competition between individuals is most likely to be celebrated in cultures that promote

A) collectivism.
B) gender typing.
C) individualism.
D) gender schemas.

Question 31

Social norms have been found to

A) facilitate smooth social interaction.
B) vary from one culture to another.
C) free people from uncertainty about how they ought to behave.
D) do all of these things.

Question 32

Social roles are especially likely to be central to people's self-identity in ________ cultures.

A) individualist
B) ethnically diverse
C) collectivist
D) democratic

Question 33

In comparison to 1960,American women today are more likely to marry for the sake of

A) economic advantage.
B) reproductive success.
C) gender identity.
D) love.

Question 34

Collectivism is most likely to be emphasized in

A) North America.
B) China.
C) Europe.
D) Australia.

Question 35

Interdependence is to ________ as independence is to ________.

A) gender schemas;gender typing
B) nurture;nature
C) gender identity;gender roles
D) collectivism;individualism

Question 36

Compared with those in cultures that value individualism,people in collectivist cultures are especially likely to value personal

A) humility.
B) privacy.
C) freedom.
D) achievements.

Question 37

Compared with children raised in Westernized cultures,children in many Asian cultures grow up with a strong sense of

A) androgyny.
B) gender identity.
C) self-esteem.
D) family self.

Question 38

In a collectivist culture,individuals are likely to avoid

A) displaying personal humility.
B) uncomfortable topics.
C) prolonging conversations.
D) all of these behaviors.

Question 39

The desire to differentiate yourself from others by emphasizing your unique values and traits is most common among those who value

A) gender typing.
B) collectivism.
C) respect for the elderly.
D) individualism.

Question 40

Parents in Westernized cultures are more likely than parents in Asian cultures to encourage children to value

A) nonconformity.
B) gender roles.
C) cultural traditions.
D) enduring friendships.

Question 41

When males and females work as employees in the same companies,leadership tends to go to ________.When males and females serve together as members of juries,leadership tends to go to ________.

A) males;females
B) females;males
C) males;males
D) females;females

Question 42

Female Internal Medicine residency program directors have typically received ________ salaries than their male counterparts.In academia,female research grant applicants have been ________ likely to be funded than have male applicants.

A) higher: more
B) higher;less
C) lower;more
D) lower;less

Question 43

In psychology,sex refers to the ________ by which people define male and female.

A) socially influenced personality traits
B) culturally approved mating rituals
C) biologically influenced physical attributes
D) levels of reproductive success

Question 44

Jim and Julie are teen cousins growing up in the same town.Research on gender differences would lead one to predict that Jim is ________ vulnerable to developing an eating disorder and ________ vulnerable to developing alcohol use disorder than his cousin Julie is.

A) more;more
B) less;less
C) more;less
D) less;more

Question 45

Compared with the average man,the average woman is

A) less likely to receive offers of help from others.
B) more likely to commit suicide.
C) less likely to express emotions freely.
D) more vulnerable to depression and anxiety.

Question 46

In social interactions,men tend to smile ________ than women,and they tend to apologize ________ than women.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 47

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that

A) differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial groups.
B) developmental processes are highly similar among individuals raised in different cultures.
C) differences among cultural groups are greater than person-to-person differences within cultural groups.
D) gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from differences in life experience.

Question 48

Women are slightly more likely than men to

A) interrupt other people who are speaking.
B) develop alcohol use disorder.
C) commit acts of relational aggression.
D) experience high levels of self-esteem.

Question 49

During a group conversation,men are more likely than women to

A) stare at other group members.
B) interrupt other speakers.
C) talk assertively.
D) behave in all of these ways.

Question 50

Jason and Karen are involved in a classroom discussion.Research on gender differences suggests that as the discussion proceeds,Jason is more likely than Karen to

A) offer his own opinions on issues.
B) welcome other classmates' input on issues.
C) express support for other classmates' comments.
D) avoid direct eye contact with other classmates.

Question 51

Gender refers to the ________ that define what it means to be a boy or a girl,a man or a woman.

A) primary sex characteristics
B) secondary sex characteristics
C) genetically determined traits
D) cultural expectations

Question 52

On visits to foreign countries,you would be most likely to observe

A) more men than women in political leadership positions.
B) women earning the same amount of money as men.
C) men and women equally involved in child care.
D) men and women equally involved in violent crime.

Question 53

Research on aggression indicates that

A) men less readily admit to engaging in physical violence than do women.
B) in experiments,men and women have been equally willing to blast people with what they believed was intense and prolonged noise.
C) throughout the world,men are more likely than women to support and engage in war.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 54

Relational aggression refers to an act of

A) physical aggression intended to enhance a person's social standing or relationship.
B) verbal aggression intended to enhance a person's social standing or relationship.
C) physical or verbal aggression intended to enhance a person's social standing or relationship.
D) physical or verbal aggression intended to harm a person's social standing or relationship.

Question 55

Gender bias in the workplace is most clearly influenced by gender differences in

A) leadership style.
B) creativity.
C) happiness.
D) intelligence.

Question 56

In a group discussion,women are ________ likely than men to express support for others' opinions.As group leaders,women are ________ likely than men to promote a democratic leadership style.

A) less;more
B) more;more
C) less;less
D) more;less

Question 57

During lunch in the company cafeteria,Arlo is ________ likely than Jeanne to interrupt others,and he is ________ likely than Jeanne to initiate touching others.

A) more;more
B) less;less
C) more;less
D) less;more

Question 58

The greater aggressiveness of men than of women would be LEAST likely to involve ________ another person.

A) spreading false rumors about
B) physically hitting
C) poisoning
D) shooting

Question 59

Compared with the average woman,the average man experiences a greater risk of

A) autism spectrum disorder.
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
C) antisocial personality disorder.
D) all of these disorders.

Question 60

Based on research on gender differences in aggression,one would be correct to predict that men are ________ likely than women to commit violent crimes and that they are ________ likely than women to actually end another person's life.

A) more;no more
B) less;no more
C) more;more
D) less;more

Question 61

When Miranda learned that she had breast cancer,she turned to her neighbors and church community to find comfort and support for herself and her family.Miranda's behavior best illustrates a predisposition to

A) culture shock.
B) androgyny.
C) plasticity.
D) tend and befriend.

Question 62

Brain scans suggest that a woman's brain,more often than a man's,is wired in a way that enables

A) creative problem solving.
B) happy moods.
C) social relationships.
D) quick reflexes.

Question 63

Which of the following explains physiological differences between males and females?

A) They have different sex chromosomes.
B) They have different concentrations of sex chromosomes.
C) They look different physically.
D) They have different levels of intelligence.

Question 64

The X chromosome is found ________.The Y chromosome is found ________.

A) only in males;only in females
B) only in females;only in males
C) in both males and females;only in females
D) in both males and females;only in males

Question 65

Compared with men,women are more likely to talk with others to

A) communicate solutions.
B) explore relationships.
C) demonstrate leadership skills.
D) express their unique opinions.

Question 66

A single gene on the Y chromosome throws a master switch at about the ________ after conception.This triggers the subsequent development of the testes and their production of testosterone.

A) first week
B) seventh week
C) third month
D) sixth month

Question 67

Which of the following explains genetic differences between males and females?

A) They have different sex chromosomes.
B) They have different concentrations of sex chromosomes.
C) They look different physically.
D) They have different sex characteristics.

Question 68

Male and female brains show different patterns of prenatal development due to the influence of

A) gender schemas.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) spermarche.
D) sex hormones.

Question 69

Gender differences in social connectedness are greatest during

A) early and middle childhood.
B) late childhood and adolescence.
C) late adolescence and early adulthood.
D) middle and late adulthood.

Question 70

Teen girls average ________ daily text messages than do teen boys.American college men are ________ likely than college women to declare an interest in computer science.

A) more;more
B) fewer;less
C) more;less
D) fewer;more

Question 71

Biology ________ gender.

A) causes
B) creates
C) dictates
D) influences

Question 72

The prenatal development of the external male sex organs is stimulated by

A) gender schemas.
B) the X chromosome.
C) testosterone.
D) gender typing.

Question 73

Karen and Max are opposite-sex fraternal twins.The primary sex characteristic that differentiates them first began to develop

A) at their conception.
B) about seven weeks after their conception.
C) about the fourth month after their conception.
D) about the sixth month after their conception.

Question 74

Cathy and her brother Keith are both adults who live in the same large metropolitan area.Research on gender similarities and differences suggests that Cathy is likely to report her friendships with women are ________ intimate and nurturing than her friendships with men.Keith is likely to report that his friendships with men are ________ intimate and nurturing than his friendships with women.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 75

Women report that their friendships with women are ________ enjoyable and intimate than their friendships with men.Men report that their friendships with women are ________ enjoyable and intimate than their friendships with men.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 76

A baby girl receives a(n)

A) Y chromosome from her father.
B) Y chromosome from her mother.
C) Y chromosome from her father and mother.
D) X chromosome from her father and mother.

Question 77

By their teen years,girls become progressively ________ flirtatious and boys appear ________ dominant.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 78

A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time than men do when talking to other men.

A) more;longer
B) fewer;shorter
C) more;shorter
D) fewer;longer

Question 79

As compared to women,men are typically

A) more socially independent and less interested in religion.
B) less socially independent and more interested in religion.
C) more socially independent and more interested in religion.
D) less socially independent and less interested in religion.

Question 80

Compared with men,women are more likely to show obvious signs of

A) gender typing.
B) individualism.
C) interdependence.
D) self-esteem.