Deck 3: Rocks

Question 1

Shale, siltstone, and sandstone belong to the category of __________ __________ rock.

Answer 1

clastic sedimentary

Question 2

Igneous rocks that solidify within the Earth's crust are __________.

Answer 2

plutonic or intrusive

Question 3

The __________ __________ of a rock is the intensity of metamorphism that formed the rock.

Answer 3

metamorphic grade

Question 4

Water and air attack rocks at Earth's surface in a process called __________.

Question 5

When a rock melts, the resulting magma __________ by about __________.

A) expands, 1 percent
B) expands, 10 percent
C) contracts, 1 percent
D) contracts, 10 percent

Question 6

The same mineral that solidifies slowly to form granite can also erupt to form __________.

A) rhyolite
B) andesite
C) basalt
D) gabbro

Question 7

As granitic magma rises through the Earth's crust, some of it may erupt from a volcano to form __________.

Question 8

As peat is buried and compacted by overlying sediment, it converts to __________.

Question 9

The process by which rocks and minerals change in response to changing temperature, pressure, and/or chemical composition within the crust is __________.

Question 10

Parallel growth of mica (and other minerals) during metamorphism and deformation of shales produces layering called __________.

Question 11

__________ __________ occurs where hot magma intrudes cooler rock of any type-sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous.

Question 12

__________ __________ is the older igneous and metamorphic rock underlying sedimentary rock.

Question 13

The weight of overlying sediment on sedimentary grains causes their __________.

Question 14

__________ defines the size, shape, and arrangement of igneous mineral grains in a rock.

Question 15

Granite is an example of a/an __________ rock.

A) extrusive
B) plutonic
C) volcanic
D) metamorphic

Question 16

The three categories used by geologists to describe how rocks form are __________, __________, and __________ rock.

Question 17

Most of the oceanic crust is made up of __________, whereas most of the continental crust is composed of __________.

Question 18

Hot water causes __________ metamorphism.

Question 19

Basalt consists of approximately equal amounts of __________ and __________.

A) plagioclase feldspar, peridotite
B) plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene
C) diorite, pyroxene
D) granite, rhyolite

Question 20

Weathering and erosion near the Earth's surface create the materials for __________ rocks.

A) magmatic
B) metamorphic
C) igneous
D) sedimentary

Question 21

The process of __________ compresses buried sediment and forces water out of pore spaces.

A) partial melting
B) compaction
C) lithification
D) metamorphism

Question 22

About 5 percent of the Earth's crust is made of:

A) igneous rock.
B) metamorphic rock.
C) sedimentary rock.
D) ultramafic rock.

Question 23

The most abundant igneous rock in continental crust is:

A) basalt.
B) granite.
C) rhyolite.
D) gabbro.

Question 24

Igneous rocks that have a composition between __________ and __________ are termed intermediate.

A) basalt, granite
B) granite, rhyolite
C) basalt, gabbro
D) basalt, peridotite

Question 25

Sandstone, siltstone, and shale are __________ rocks.

A) clastic sedimentary
B) organic sedimentary
C) chemical sedimentary
D) metamorphic

Question 26

Extrusive igneous rocks form when:

A) magma solidifies within the asthenosphere.
B) magma solidifies within the Earth.
C) sediment cements together.
D) magma erupts and solidifies on the Earth's surface.

Question 27

Lithified gravel is called __________.

A) conglomerate
B) granite
C) sandstone
D) shale

Question 28

Obsidian:

A) forms deep in the crust.
B) is a metamorphic rock.
C) forms from weathering of granite.
D) is volcanic glass.

Question 29

The rock cycle describes geologic processes in which:

A) all types of rocks change from one type to another over time.
B) sedimentary rocks form directly from molten magma.
C) rocks remain unchanged over time.
D) igneous and metamorphic rocks do not change over time, but sedimentary rocks do.

Question 30

The original rock before changes by weathering, metamorphism, or other geological processes is called:

A) basement rock.
B) bedrock.
C) parent rock.
D) country rock.

Question 31

A large river carrying massive amounts of sediment to the ocean every year and accumulates on the delta produces __________ metamorphism.

A) regional dynamothermal
B) hydrothermal
C) contact
D) burial

Question 32

__________ form in sediment by wind, water currents, or waves.

A) Mud cracks
B) Fossils
C) Ripple marks
D) Salt imprints

Question 33

Which of these pairs of igneous rocks is mismatched?

A) diorite-peridotite
B) granite-rhyolite
C) diorite-andesite
D) gabbro-basalt

Question 34

Sedimentary rocks cover about __________ percent of the Earth's continents.

A) 5
B) 25
C) 95
D) 75

Question 35

Igneous rocks form by:

A) lithification of sediment.
B) solidification of magma.
C) solid state textural or mineralogical alteration of existing rocks.
D) precipitation of seawater.

Question 36

Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma solidifies:

A) on the Earth's surface.
B) within the Earth.
C) on the sea floor.
D) on mountain tops.

Question 37

Most of the Earth's limestone is composed from __________.

A) clay
B) salt
C) precipitated quartz
D) carbon dioxide

Question 38

__________ is a parallel fracture pattern that cuts through original sedimentary bedding in metamorphic rocks.

A) Foliation
B) Slaty cleavage
C) Cross-bedding
D) Burial metamorphism
Multiple Choice

Question 39

An example of a metamorphic change in which the new rock has a new texture, but the same minerals, is the transformation of __________ to __________.

A) shale, gneiss
B) granite, gneiss
C) limestone, marble
D) all of the above

Question 40

Which of these igneous rocks is the most abundant rock type in oceanic crust?

A) peridotite
B) granite
C) rhyolite
D) basalt

Question 41

Lithified clay is called:

A) conglomerate.
B) granite.
C) sandstone.
D) shale.

Question 42

Metamorphic rock forms when:

A) seawater precipitates.
B) sediments are lithified.
C) magma cools and solidifies.
D) igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks change because of high temperature and/or pressure, or compositional changes, or are deformed during mountain building.

Question 43

Quartzite is metamorphosed quartz sandstone.

Question 44

The most common clastic sedimentary rocks are shale, siltstone, and sandstone.

Question 45

Major crustal movements build mountains and deform rocks in a process known as hydrothermal metamorphism.

Question 46

Bioclastic sediment consists of:

A) broken shell fragments and similar remains of living organisms.
B) dissolved ions.
C) precipitated minerals.
D) solidified magma.

Question 47

Rocks are permanent over geologic time.

Question 48

Basalt is mineralogically identical to gabbro.

Question 49

Contact metamorphism commonly causes deformation.

Question 50

The crust of present-day Earth is only about ten percent igneous or metamorphic igneous rock.

Question 51

The crystals in granite cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Question 52

Regional dynamothermal metamorphism refers to metamorphism:

A) where major crustal movements build mountains and deform rocks.
B) caused by intrusion of cold magma into hot rocks.
C) caused by intrusion of hot magma into cooler rocks.
D) that is not accompanied by deformation.
True/False

Question 53

The most common cements in sedimentary rocks are calcite, quartz, and iron oxides.

Question 54

Volcanic rock forms when magma solidifies within the Earth's crust.

Question 55

Hydrothermal solutions scavenge and concentrate metals from crustal rock.

Question 56

Burial metamorphism is occurring today deep within the Mississippi River delta.

Question 57

Plutonic rocks are usually medium- or coarse-grained, whereas volcanic rocks are fine-grained.

Question 58

Obsidian is volcanic glass where the atoms are arranged in a random chaotic pattern.

Question 59

The interaction between limestone and the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and that dissolved in the oceans are an important determinant to global climate.

Question 60

Sedimentary bedding forms as:

A) sediment metamorphoses.
B) sedimentary rocks are eroded.
C) sediment is deposited.
D) tectonic forces deform sedimentary rocks.