Deck 3: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Which form of treatment aims to gain insight into defenses and unconscious motivations and relies on the interpretation of defenses?

A)behavioral
B)humanistic
C)biological
D)psychodynamic

Answer 1

psychodynamic

Question 2

The discovery of both a specific biological cause and an effective cure for general paresis

A)has been followed by many more similar successes.
B)has not been followed by similar success stories.
C)was never achieved despite decades of scientific study.
D)was finally achieved just within the past few years.

Answer 2

has not been followed by similar success stories.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the evidence for how many people receive psychological help out of all those who need it?

A)Most people will receive help.
B)Only people with severe disturbances will receive help.
C)Most people will not receive help.
D)Only people with the most common disturbances will receive help.

Answer 3

Most people will not receive help.

Question 4

Trying to determine whether and to what extent psychotherapy is effective requires

A)psychotherapy process research.
B)psychotherapy outcome research.
C)eclectic psychotherapy research.
D)epidemiological research.

Question 5

At a retreat for therapists,the group leader decides to use a few warm-up exercises to help everyone get to know each other.She says,"I want all of the therapists who view their roles as active and directive in the back of the room." When she looks at the back of the room she finds that most of the people back there follow which treatment approaches?

A)cognitive-behavioral and humanistic
B)cognitive-behavioral and biological
C)psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral
D)psychodynamic and biological

Question 6

A straightforward example of an eclectic approach to the case Frances presented in your text would be to

A)combine psychotherapy with medication.
B)conduct outcome research.
C)conduct process research.
D)follow one specific paradigm of treatment.

Question 7

These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances,whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client assigned homework to monitor conflict with family and to try out new ways of relating to them." The orientation of this therapist is probably

A)humanistic.
B)cognitive-behavioral.
C)biological.
D)psychodynamic.

Question 8

A clinician who uses research to select the most effective form of treatment is practicing _________________ psychotherapy.

A)eclectic
B)outcome based
C)evidence-based
D)epidemiological

Question 9

During therapy to treat the depression experienced by Frances as described in your text,which type of therapist would be nondirective but would focus the sessions on emotional issues?

A)cognitive-behavioral
B)biological
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 10

When biological treatments are used for various mental disorders without knowing the specific cause of the problem,such treatments focus on

A)prevention.
B)discovering the cause.
C)establishing the correct diagnosis.
D)symptom alleviation.

Question 11

In viewing the case of Frances presented in your text,a biologically oriented therapist would view her interpersonal problems as

A)the cause of her depression.
B)the result of her depression.
C)irrelevant to her condition.
D)a separate problem requiring another diagnosis.

Question 12

What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy as presented in the case of Frances in the textbook?

A)gaining insight into unconscious motivations
B)encouraging acceptance of individual responsibility
C)changing psychological experience with the use of medication
D)applying psychological research to foster learning of new behaviors

Question 13

Mental health professionals who strive to meet the mental health needs of members of various ethnic minority groups need to be sensitive to the challenge of acculturation,which refers to

A)the preservation of each group's unique customs and values.
B)how members of each group understand themselves in terms of their own culture.
C)the process of learning and adopting the cultural patterns of the majority group.
D)depreciating of the customs and values of the majority group.

Question 14

Dr.Mallord empathizes with her patient,but is passive and nondirective in the sessions.She does encourage the development of emotional awareness.What general technique is Dr.Mallord using to treat her patient?

A)biological
B)humanistic
C)cognitive-behavioral
D)psychodynamic

Question 15

Therapists representing the biological,psychodynamic,behavioral,and humanistic orientations are discussing the case of Frances from the text.What common feature will these therapists see in this case of depression?

A)All focus on her use of defense mechanisms.
B)All note her tendency to blame herself for troubles in her relationships.
C)All see how the basic cause of the depression can be traced to early childhood experiences.
D)All focus on the influence of her family as a causative agent in the development of her depression.

Question 16

Which form of treatment for certain mental disorders produces retrograde amnesia?

A)free association
B)systematic desensitization
C)electroconvulsive therapy
D)forced cold baths

Question 17

What is a cognitive-behavior therapist likely to do in treating Frances,whose battle with depression was described in the text?

A)be very directive in getting her to look at her distorted thinking
B)reward her each time she gets through the day without feeling depressed
C)teach her a relaxation technique and slow breathing to help her deal with stress
D)use role-playing to demonstrate healthy and unhealthy interactions

Question 18

A therapist tells a patient that he is "not being genuine,not being himself." The therapist encourages the patient to make life choices based on his true feelings.What is the therapist's most likely theoretical framework?

A)cognitive-behavioral
B)humanistic
C)biological
D)psychodynamic

Question 19

_____ medication is used to treat many psychological conditions.It is generally effective,but it is not a "cure" for any disorder.

A)Psychostimulant
B)Analgesic
C)Psychotropic
D)Antimanic

Question 20

Most mental health professionals today identify themselves with

A)the psychodynamic paradigm.
B)the cognitive-behavioral paradigm.
C)the humanistic paradigm.
D)no single paradigm.

Question 21

What was one of the severe side effects of prefrontal lobotomies?

A)epilepsy
B)manic behavior
C)increased anxiety
D)absence of emotional responsiveness

Question 22

What erroneous assumption led to the development of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A)Schizophrenia prevented epileptic seizures.
B)Epileptic seizures prevented schizophrenia.
C)Schizophrenia resulted from failure to use both hemispheres.
D)ECT would result in memory loss that would cure schizophrenia.

Question 23

You are reading a case study of a patient who has been prescribed the following: Haldol,Clozaril,and Thorazine.You recognize these drugs as belonging to the category called

A)antimanic.
B)antianxiety.
C)antipsychotic.
D)antidepressant.

Question 24

A medical records clerk was reviewing patient files when he came across one that had the name of a procedure he did not recognize: cingulotomy.When he looked up the procedure he found that it is a surgical procedure used in cases in which the diagnosis is

A)schizophrenia.
B)major depression.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)antisocial personality disorder.

Question 25

While reading a medical article you come across the category of minor tranquilizers.The writer then gives the term "benzodiazepine" as an example of the chemical group of drugs.What type of drugs is being described?

A)antimanic
B)antianxiety
C)antipsychotic
D)antidepressants

Question 26

For an assignment you are asked to look up a group of drugs known as major tranquilizers.You consult a drug handbook and find that another term for these drugs is

A)antianxiety.
B)antipsychotic.
C)antidepressant.
D)sedative hypnotic.

Question 27

A psychoanalyst might suggest that Frances,whose case was presented in the text,is demonstrating ______________ if she begins to treat the analyst in ways that suggest she feels about him the way she felt about her father.

A)free association
B)transference
C)countertransference
D)resistance

Question 28

What did Sigmund Freud believe was the "true benefit" of free association?

A)induces hypnosis
B)increases drive levels
C)reveals aspects of the unconscious mind
D)encourages conversations concerning taboo topics

Question 29

According to Freudian psychoanalysis it is sufficient to cure mental illness if the therapist were to

A)break down a person's defenses.
B)bring unconscious material into conscious awareness.
C)train patients to become more hypnotizable.
D)help patients accept themselves.

Question 30

Agnes has been recently diagnosed as suffering a particularly severe form of depression.She was admitted to the hospital and given the typical recommended electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)treatment.What will her medical chart reveal about her treatment?

A)She was given one major unilateral treatment.
B)She was given mild shocks throughout two days of treatment.
C)A series of 6 to 12 ECT sessions was given over a few weeks.
D)A series of 15 to 25 sessions was given in a week followed by psychosurgery.

Question 31

Therapeutic neutrality is viewed as a key component of

A)psychoanalysis.
B)client-centered therapy.
C)in vivo desensitization.
D)rational-emotive therapy.

Question 32

What is the major consideration in deciding whether to use unilateral versus bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)for a patient suffering from severe depression?

A)patient's age
B)reducing memory loss
C)patient's family history of mental illness
D)reduction in patient's white cell blood count

Question 33

What is the meaning of the term "interpretation" from psychoanalysis?

A)a method used to induce catharsis in difficult cases
B)a general guideline for the therapist that is not shared with the patient
C)material the therapist shares with patients to help them understand their own behavior
D)statements the patient shares with the therapist that explain the troubling behavior

Question 34

Free association refers to

A)the effectiveness of psychoactive medications.
B)a defense mechanism seen in personality disorders.
C)talking freely about whatever thoughts cross the mind.
D)the right of patients to associate with other patients.

Question 35

Joseph Breuer's method of catharsis provided relief for psychological symptoms by helping patients to

A)release previously unexpressed feelings.
B)overcome their anxiety through using systematic desensitization.
C)open up under the influence of "truth serum."
D)assess the irrational basis of their beliefs.

Question 36

Current evidence on the effects of psychotropic medications indicate that they

A)are effective cures for many disorders.
B)are effective cures only for mild disorders.
C)offer symptom relief but not a cure.
D)are not very effective and usually cause serious side effects.

Question 37

When you walk into your next class you see the term "psychotropic medications" written on the blackboard.You never know when such information might come in handy,so you look it up and find that it refers to

A)special placebo pills used in drug research.
B)chemical substances that affect our psychological state.
C)chemical substances that cause psychedelic experiences.
D)special drugs designed to "turn off" genes thought to cause mental disorders.

Question 38

Compared to its use in the middle of the last century,today electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)is

A)used far less frequently.
B)used far more frequently.
C)never used because of its severe side effects.
D)only used to treat schizophrenia.

Question 39

Ted wants to learn about the effects of the drug Prozac.Under what category of medications would he find the drug listed?

A)antimanic
B)antianxiety
C)antipsychotic
D)antidepressant

Question 40

What is the major effect of antipsychotic medications given to people who do not suffer from schizophrenia?

A)The drugs have no effect.
B)The people become addicted.
C)The drugs send them into a long,groggy sleep.
D)The drugs cause delusions and hallucinations.

Question 41

The theorist who elevated the need for warm,close relationships to the status of a basic human need was

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Erik Erikson.
C)Karen Horney.
D)John Bowlby.

Question 42

What is a major difference between a psychoanalytic approach and a cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy?

A)Psychoanalytic approaches have been better researched.
B)Psychoanalytic therapy focuses on direct education of the patient.
C)Cognitive-behavior therapy focuses on change without offering a theory of human personality.
D)The course of cognitive-behavior therapy depends on theoretical assumptions about the nature of the pathology.

Question 43

Which of the following best exemplifies the psychoanalytic idea of countertransference?

A)Catharsis brings emotional healing.
B)A patient begins to use healthier defenses.
C)A therapist begins to feel angry with the patient.
D)A patient who is angry at his mother becomes angry at the therapist.

Question 44

The technique of flooding in the treatment of phobia uses what learning principle?

A)gradual exposure
B)extinction
C)contingency management
D)relaxation

Question 45

Which of the following is most accurate with regard to the outcome research on psychoanalysis?

A)Most outcome research has demonstrated the effectiveness of this form of therapy.
B)Very little research has been conducted looking at the outcome of this therapy.
C)When compared to other forms of therapy this one is usually found to be more effective.
D)The most effective form of therapy has been found to be psychoanalysis with drug therapy.

Question 46

Which of the following is one of the three key elements of systematic desensitization?

A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)constructing a hierarchy of needs
C)operant conditioning in the presence of the object of fear
D)learning to relax while forgetting about the feared stimulus

Question 47

John B.Watson's behaviorism can be seen as the forerunner of modern

A)classical conditioning therapy.
B)cognitive-behavior therapy.
C)new psycodynamic therapy.
D)attachment therapy.

Question 48

Which therapy emphasizes empirical evaluation and the application of psychological science to treating clinical problems?

A)ego analysis
B)cognitive-behavior therapy
C)humanistic therapy
D)psychoanalytic therapy

Question 49

Systematic desensitization is based on the principles of

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)imitation learning.
D)cathartic learning.

Question 50

A research finding that does not generalize to circumstances different from those of the experiment is lacking

A)internal validity.
B)external validity.
C)random assignment.
D)statistical significance.

Question 51

In psychoanalytic therapy,what is supposed to happen to a patient's defenses?

A)They should be eliminated.
B)They should be left alone.
C)The healthier ones should be strengthened.
D)They should be replaced with resistance.

Question 52

If Harry Stack Sullivan could comment on the case of Frances presented in your text,he would probably focus on

A)both her relationship with her mother and her feelings about her mother.
B)her relationship with her mother,but not her feelings about her mother.
C)her feelings about her mother,but not her relationship with her mother.
D)her sexual feelings for her father.

Question 53

Which of the following is an essential feature of the experimental method?

A)hypothesis
B)confounding variable
C)correlation
D)theoretical derivation

Question 54

Under which of the following circumstances would a study of the effectiveness of different forms of psychotherapy have high internal validity?

A)The results are statistically significant.
B)The independent variable is confounded with other factors.
C)The findings can be generalized to other types of patients.
D)Patient improvement can be attributed to the psychotherapy and not to other factors.

Question 55

In most psychology experiments a research finding is considered to be statistically significant if the

A)hypothesis was supported.
B)participants were randomly assigned.
C)result would occur no more than 5 percent of the time by chance.
D)independent variable changed substantially during the experiment.

Question 56

For an assignment you are asked to create a poster that shows the similarities and differences between psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy.When you are finished,your poster shows that psychodynamic therapy is

A)more directive.
B)more focused on the id.
C)likely to take longer to complete treatment.
D)likely to focus on original Freudian theory.

Question 57

Random assignment is important to an experiment to ensure that

A)any differences found between the groups are caused by the independent variable.
B)any differences found between the groups are caused by the dependent variable.
C)the subjects in a study are a good representation of the larger population.
D)experimenter bias does not contaminate the results.

Question 58

The innovation in Freudian theory that emphasizes the person's way of dealing with reality is known as

A)ego analysis.
B)transference therapy.
C)countertransference therapy.
D)behavior therapy.

Question 59

In an experiment,a researcher gives some patients psychotherapy,gives others medication,and puts others on a waiting list.The researcher then measures how depressed the patients are feeling after six months.What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

A)number of patients
B)time span of six months
C)improvement in depression
D)kind of treatment received

Question 60

In an experiment,a researcher gives some patients psychotherapy,gives others medication,and puts others on a waiting list.The researcher then measures how depressed the patients are feeling after six months.What is the independent variable in this experiment?

A)number of patients
B)time span of six months
C)improvement in depression
D)kind of treatment received

Question 61

Which of the following most accurately summarizes the results of outcome research on different forms of psychotherapy?

A)Despite decades of research there is little evidence that psychotherapy is effective.
B)Psychotherapy is effective,and many types of psychotherapy share key "active ingredients."
C)Psychoanalytic treatment tends to be superior to other treatments because it is the only one that seeks to uncover underlying causes of disorders.
D)Various forms of psychotherapy are so radically different that it is not possible to offer definitive conclusions concerning their effectiveness.

Question 62

What is an attribution?

A)a personality trait
B)a defense mechanism
C)the perceived cause of something
D)a change that occurs over the course of psychotherapy

Question 63

Which is a treatment for borderline personality disorder that includes an emphasis on "mindfulness," an increased awareness of your feelings,thoughts,and motivations?

A)dialectical behavior therapy
B)cognitive-behavior therapy
C)neo-psychodynamic therapy
D)focused humanistic therapy

Question 64

You are asked to compare Ellis's rational-emotive therapy (RET)and Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy.After comparing the two you note that one difference is that the therapist in RET is likely to

A)use operant conditioning techniques.
B)require the client to keep a dream log.
C)directly challenge the rationality of the client's beliefs.
D)accept the client's irrationality.

Question 65

If a cognitive therapist trained by Beck were treating Frances,whose depression was presented in your text,the therapist would probably

A)use role playing to help her acquire some new behaviors.
B)challenge her tendency to blame herself.
C)teach her deep breathing and how to relax.
D)try to uncover her hidden motivations.

Question 66

Client-centered therapy is closely associated with the concept of

A)empathy.
B)interpretation.
C)countertransference.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 67

How does the effect size (listed in your text as standard deviation units)of psychotherapy compare to the effect size of the use of chemotherapy in reducing the mortality associated with breast cancer?

A)The effect sizes are similar and small.
B)The effect sizes are similar and large.
C)The effect size for chemotherapy is larger.
D)The effect size for psychotherapy is larger.

Question 68

Sid wants to end his habit of smoking three packs of cigarettes a day; Ted wants to stop his serious drinking problem.Which treatment might be used for both individuals?

A)aversion therapy
B)flooding
C)in vivo desensitization
D)systematic desensitization

Question 69

Assertiveness training and social problem solving are examples of

A)teaching clients new ways of behaving that are likely to be rewarded.
B)teaching clients new ways of thinking that are likely to be more rational.
C)short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
D)in vivo desensitization.

Question 70

An argument that humanists have against psychodynamic,cognitive-behavioral,and biological therapists is that these other therapists

A)overlook the individual's ability to make choices.
B)place too much emphasis on free will.
C)do not put the needs of their clients first.
D)are too cold and judgmental in their dealings with their clients.

Question 71

What is the major purpose of Meichenbaum's self-instruction training?

A)to help adults become more assertive
B)to teach depressed persons to change their attributions
C)to encourage patients to engage in collaborative empiricism
D)to assist children in learning to internalize rules of appropriate behavior

Question 72

Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy was developed specifically as a treatment for

A)anxiety.
B)depression.
C)impulsivity.
D)schizophrenia.

Question 73

Spontaneous remission refers to a patient getting

A)worse with therapy.
B)better with therapy.
C)worse without therapy.
D)better without therapy.

Question 74

Rewarding a patient when he/she performs desired behaviors and withholding rewards when he/she performs undesired behaviors in a psychiatric hospital is an example of

A)contingency management.
B)survival of the fittest.
C)dependency among patients.
D)supply and demand to therapy activities.

Question 75

Contingency management involves changing the relationship between

A)one behavior and another.
B)a behavior and the stimulus that triggers it.
C)a behavior and its consequences.
D)what one thinks and how one acts.

Question 76

Rogers viewed three qualities as essential in a therapist.Which of the following is one of those qualities?

A)knowledge about different therapies
B)empathy
C)intelligence
D)sympathy

Question 77

A unique technique that Carl Rogers suggested for humanistic psychotherapists was

A)therapist self-disclosure.
B)client self-disclosure.
C)the use of positive reinforcement.
D)the use of thought analysis.

Question 78

What is a meta-analysis?

A)a case study
B)a form of psychoanalysis
C)a way of measuring changes in observable behaviors
D)a statistical technique for combining the results of many studies

Question 79

In client-centered therapy the bond between therapist and client that is seen as central to the process of therapy is known as the

A)therapy relationship.
B)transference relationship.
C)therapeutic bond.
D)therapeutic alliance.

Question 80

The textbook lists several ways in which different forms of psychotherapy can harm clients and includes which of the following?

A)false accusations of child abuse
B)removal of false memories
C)reduced substance abuse
D)increased criminal recidivism