Deck 14: Neurocognitive Disorders

Question 1

1-14.Damage to the temporal lobes of the brain is most likely to result in

A)passivity.
B)impulsivity.
C)blindness.
D)forgetfulness.

Answer 1

forgetfulness.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the brain is true?

A)The skull is designed to support as much as 3 tons of weight.
B)The brain is protected only by the skull.
C)The human brain typically weights about 5 pounds.
D)Brain damage rarely results in cognitive changes.

Answer 2

The skull is designed to support as much as 3 tons of weight.

Question 3

1-11.Mild to moderate diffuse brain damage is most likely to result in

A)mood disturbance.
B)attention deficits.
C)visual distortions.
D)altered sleep patterns.

Answer 3

attention deficits.

Question 4

1-13.Someone with focal brain damage in his or her left hemisphere

A)will have anterograde amnesia.
B)will have problems with processing language.
C)will have problems with nonverbal reasoning.
D)will have problems with understanding new situations.

Question 5

It is important that mental health professionals have an understanding of the effects of brain damage because

A)most of their patients will have brain damage.
B)brain damage can result in symptoms that look like psychological conditions.
C)many of the medications used to treat psychopathology cause brain damage.
D)the effects of most forms of brain damage are reversible.

Question 6

1-17.Which of the following is a good example of a person with an impairment of orientation?

A)Joe,who once thought he was a homosexual but now thinks he is heterosexual.
B)Karla,who cannot accurately draw objects or copy designs on a piece of paper.
C)Lois,who must constantly be reminded of what to do next when she is getting dressed.
D)Marlon,who is not sure where he is or what month or year it is.

Question 7

According to your text,what can double the risk of acquiring Alzheimer's Disease?

A)anxiety.
B)psychosis.
C)blindness
D)depression.

Question 8

1-16.Ruth experienced a stroke that severely damaged her occipital lobe.We can expect that she has an impairment in her ability to

A)think and talk using good judgment.
B)walk in a coordinated fashion.
C)understand what she sees.
D)do mathematical and word problems.

Question 9

Major brain damage

A)causes major changes.
B)causes minor changes.
C)causes changes to personality only.
D)sometimes causes minor changes and sometimes major ones.

Question 10

A person who has experienced destruction of brain tissue may have widespread or limited behavioral deficits.The outcome depends upon which of the following?

A)Gender
B)Ethnicity
C)Predisorder intellectual competence
D)Income

Question 11

1-10.When Mrs.Thomason experienced a stroke,a small area of her brain was deprived of oxygenated blood.This resulted in a

A)diffuse brain injury.
B)focal brain lesion.
C)psychopathological dementia.
D)diffuse lesion.

Question 12

In the DSM-5,the disorders now known as "Delirium,Dementia,and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders" will be part of a newly proposed category called ________________.

A)Delirium and Dementia Disorders
B)Cognitive Disorders
C)Neurological Disorders
D)Neurocognitive Disorders

Question 13

Which of the following could occur as a result of exposure to formaldehyde?

A)high blood pressure
B)epilepsy
C)asthma.
D)attention deficits

Question 14

1-15.Damage to the ________ lobes of the brain is most associated with memory loss; damage to the ________ lobes of the brain is most associated with passivity or impulsiveness.

A)temporal; frontal
B)parietal; occipital
C)frontal; temporal
D)parietal; temporal

Question 15

1-12.Focal brain damage is most likely to be a consequence of

A)stroke.
B)oxygen deprivation.
C)poison ingestion.
D)malnutrition.

Question 16

1-19.An individual with neuropsychological damage

A)will almost always evidence moderate to severe psychopathology,including hallucinations and delusions.
B)may or may not have psychopathological symptoms.
C)usually manifests symptoms of psychopathology that are the opposite of the person's predisorder personality.
D)will develop psychopathological symptoms only when areas of the frontal cortex have been damaged.

Question 17

All of the following are reasons why cognitive disorders are addressed in an abnormal text EXCEPT

A)these disorders are considered to be psychopathological conditions.
B)some brain disorders cause symptoms that look like mood and anxiety disorders.
C)psychological conditions can signal the onset of brain damage.
D)brain damage can lead to psychological symptoms.

Question 18

1-18.Jerry had a stroke several months ago.Among the changes his family has noticed is that he now blows up over little things,cries over minor problems,and laughs at anything,no matter how silly.Jerry is showing

A)focal brain damage.
B)impairment of receptive and expressive communication.
C)impairment of emotional modulation.
D)affective blunting.

Question 19

The extent of the deficits seen after brain damage are determined in part by

A)genetic factors.
B)how one is functioning before the damage occurs.
C)chemical imbalances in the brain.
D)the drugs a person was on.

Question 20

1-20.Which of the following psychopathological symptoms is commonly seen in neuropsychological disorders?

A)Cognitive deficits
B)Delusions
C)Dissociative episodes
D)Panic attacks

Question 21

1-24.The most common cause of delirium is

A)disease.
B)drugs.
C)electrolytic imbalance.
D)stroke.

Question 22

1-30.Which of the following disorders is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors or rigid movements?

A)AIDS
B)Alzheimer's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Parkinson's disease

Question 23

1-28.The first sign of neurocognitive disorder in older adults is typically

A)lack of alertness.
B)lack of attention to the environment.
C)motor control problems.
D)memory problems.

Question 24

1-38.The text presented a case study of a retired man who was hospitalized by his wife and son.He was typical of many patients in that

A)he had become violent toward family members.
B)he never lost his orientation for time and person.
C)he had good memory for remote events but no memory for events that just occurred.
D)he became hypochondriacal and performed repetitive,meaningless rituals.

Question 25

1-22.Delirium is thought to be more common in the elderly due to

A)their weakened immune systems.
B)their relative lack of physical and mental activity.
C)chemical imbalances.
D)normal age-related changes in the brain.

Question 26

1-37.Which of the following is the most typical example of the onset of Alzheimer's disease?

A)After Bill's death,Carol was never the same again.
B)When Yula's dementia became obvious,her family looked back on her behavior and realized that she had been exhibiting memory deficits.
C)Rachel have always suffered from mood disorders.When she descended into a state of dementia after her last manic episode,no one was surprised.
D)Christa began showing signs of forgetfulness after her last surgery.

Question 27

1-21.Delirium

A)develops slowly.
B)affects awareness.
C)can occur in a person of any age.
D)reflects severe brain damage.

Question 28

1-39.What types of delusions are most commonly seen in Alzheimer's disease?

A)Delusions of grandeur
B)Delusions of persecution
C)Delusions of reference
D)Delusions of bodily changes

Question 29

1-40.Which of the following is most likely to be characteristic of a physically aggressive Alzheimer's disease patient?

A)History of violent behavior
B)Multiple psychotic breaks
C)Delusions of reference
D)Delusions of persecution

Question 30

1-25.Delirium

A)is usually permanent.
B)is usually reversible.
C)rarely is a medical emergency.
D)is characterized by a decline from a previously attained level of functioning.

Question 31

1-33.In order for a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease to be definitively made

A)brain tissue must be examined.
B)symptoms must be present for over two years.
C)the afflicted individual must exhibit delirium at least 50 percent of the time.
D)plaques and tangles must be visible on an MRI.

Question 32

1-35.Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is true?

A)Multiple cognitive deficits exist,not just problems with memory.
B)Changes in mood are rarely seen.
C)Deterioration into a vegetative state occurs in two years or less.
D)The first symptoms involve delusions and assaultive behavior.

Question 33

1-29.The most common cause of neurocognitive disorder is

A)intracranial tumors.
B)severe or repeated head injury.
C)degenerative brain disease.
D)drug toxicity.

Question 34

1-27.Delirium has a ________ onset and dementia has a ________ onset.

A)rapid; gradual
B)extensive brain damage; localized brain damage
C)slow recovery; rapid recovery
D)interference with complex processing; interference with simple processing

Question 35

1-32.The particular disease that most commonly causes dementia is

A)AIDS
B)Alzheimer's disease.
C)Huntington's disease.
D)Parkinson's disease.

Question 36

1-34.You are convinced that your grandmother has Alzheimer's.How can your doctor confirm your diagnosis?

A)By conducting a blood test
B)By determining if she has enlarged ventricles that indicate brain atrophy
C)By looking to see if she has a decrease in frontal lobe function
D)By ruling out all other potential causes of dementia

Question 37

1-26.Delirium is to dementia as ________ is to ________.

A)acute; chronic
B)diffuse; focal
C)biological; psychological
D)old; young

Question 38

1-23.Suddenly,Lavinia is unable to remember what she was doing.She screams that bugs are crawling all over the walls.She begins to wildly swing her arms around.She can't fall asleep at night,but finally falls asleep at daylight.Lavinia most likely has

A)dementia.
B)focal brain damage.
C)depression.
D)delirium.

Question 39

1-31.Which of the following disorders affects men and women in equal numbers and is characterized by a chronic,progressive chorea?

A)AIDS
B)Alzheimer's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Parkinson's disease

Question 40

1-36.It is suspected that June is in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.Which of the following symptoms would suggest this?

A)persistent delusions
B)loss of contact with reality
C)difficulty recalling recent events
D)excessive neatness and an intrusive interest in others' affairs

Question 41

1-50.The protein called tau

A)is a sticky substance at the core of a plaque.
B)is a neurotoxic substance that occurs in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease.
C)is caused by amyloid in the brain
D)is a neurotransmitter important in the mediation of memory.

Question 42

1-60.The neuropathology in AIDS-related dementia

A)involves the formation of plaques and tangles in the brain.
B)tends to result in focal damage in the brain.
C)includes generalized atrophy in the brain.
D)preferentially affects the frontal and temporal lobes in the brain.

Question 43

1-58.What is the relationship between the HIV-1 virus and brain damage?

A)The virus itself never causes brain damage,only peripheral damage to the skin.
B)The virus may work indirectly: It allows infections to occur that cause brain damage.
C)The virus does not lead to brain damage,but the disease so affects patients that their psychotic reactions mimic those of brain damage.
D)The virus is more likely to multiply in a brain that has already been damaged by brain trauma or some other cause of tissue loss.

Question 44

1-59.Dementia in HIV

A)is always due to secondary infections that attack the brain.
B)is a common side effect of antiviral therapy.
C)results from acute damage to temporal lobe structures.
D)may be due to the HIV virus directly attacking brain cells.

Question 45

1-55.The most promising development in the treatment of Alzheimer's involves

A)finding drugs that counteract the processes associated with inheriting high-risk ApoE allele patterns.
B)preventing the degeneration of dopamine-producing cells.
C)increasing the intake of vitamins and minerals known to enhance memory function.
D)vaccines that might clear away any accumulated plaques.

Question 46

1-51.What type of drugs is most likely to be used to inhibit the progression of Alzheimer's disease?

A)Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories
B)Antidepressants
C)Antipsychotics
D)Cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 47

1-47.It has been observed that if a woman gives birth to a child with Down syndrome before the age of 35,she has an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.Which of the following best explains this observation?

A)The same gene underlies both Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.
B)Women under 35 are not emotionally mature enough to manage a child with mental retardation.
C)Multiple copies of the APOE-4 allele increase the likelihood of both conditions.
D)A genetic mutation that increases susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease also increases the likelihood of passing on chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 48

1-53.The first neurons to be affected in Alzheimer's disease are cells that release

A)serotonin.
B)dopamine.
C)beta amyloid.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 49

1-52.Consistent with its established role in memory,neurons in the ________ suffer much damage in Alzheimer's disease.

A)hippocampus
B)hypothalamus
C)thalamus
D)amygdala

Question 50

1-45.Most cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease appear to be caused by

A)environmental exposure to toxins.
B)one of several rare genetic mutations.
C)HIV or some other autoimmune disease.
D)a combination of psychoactive drug abuse and poor nutrition.

Question 51

1-41.The brain begins to decrease in size at age

A)18.
B)35.
C)55.
D)65.

Question 52

1-57.Caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease

A)experience "social death."
B)are at extraordinarily high risk for depression.
C)show high levels of ApoE,even if they do not show any outward anxiety symptoms.
D)are likely to show signs of cognitive deterioration.

Question 53

1-61.The only neuropsychological syndrome for which antiretroviral therapy is likely to be helpful is

A)AIDS-related dementia.
B)multi-infarct dementia.
C)vascular dementia.
D)amnestic disorder.

Question 54

1-54.A hypothetical drug that might improve the cognitive functioning of Alzheimer's patients would probably

A)decrease levels of acetylcholine.
B)increase levels of acetylcholine.
C)increase levels of beta amyloid.
D)decrease the activity of all genes that produce ApoE.

Question 55

1-56.The best avenue of research for effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease involves

A)medications to remove plaques,because they cause the symptoms in Alzheimer's disease.
B)prevention or treatment at the first sign of illness because lost neurons cannot be regained.
C)regenerating neurons in the brain to replace those lost or damaged by the disorder.
D)behavioral therapy to help improve memory and living skills.

Question 56

1-42.Which of the following is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease?

A)Being a woman
B)Having a family history of Parkinson's disease
C)Living in a non-Western developed nation
D)Being highly educated

Question 57

1-46.Which of the following is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?

A)Having a family history of vascular dementia
B)Giving birth to a child with Down syndrome before age 35
C)Living in a non-Western developed nation
D)Excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 58

1-49.Research suggests that the use of ________ may decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

A)aspirin
B)codeine
C)ibuprofen
D)valium

Question 59

1-44.Early-onset Alzheimer's disease affects people in their

A)teens.
B)20s.
C)30s.
D)40s.

Question 60

1-48.Late-onset Alzheimer's disease has been linked to a gene on chromosome

A)7.
B)14.
C)19.
D)21.

Question 61

1-81.Phineas Gage had a

A)penetrating head injury.
B)closed-head injury.
C)skull fracture.
D)contusion.

Question 62

1-65.Which of the following best explains why mood disorders are more characteristic of vascular dementia (VAD)than of Alzheimer's disease?

A)VAD preferentially affects serotonergic cells.
B)Medical treatments are less effective in the treatment of VAD.
C)VAD is more prevalent in women.
D)Subcortical areas are more affected in VAD.

Question 63

1-68.Procedural memory often is intact in patients with amnestic disorder.This means

A)they will eventually recover their short-term memory.
B)they will eventually recover their memory for the most important personal events in their lives,but will still have problems with short-term memory.
C)they can still learn routines and skills and may be able to be taught tasks that will enable them to work.
D)the memory pathways in the brain are still intact,so patients can be retaught how to remember things.

Question 64

1-76.After being hit on the head,Bob experienced some retrograde amnesia.Those who were there knew this because he

A)was unconscious.
B)had a concussion.
C)could not remember his name.
D)did not know what happened.

Question 65

1-72.A bullet is most likely to cause

A)a closed-head injury.
B)a penetrating head injury.
C)amnestic disorder.
D)multi-infarct dementia.

Question 66

1-64.Vascular dementia is less common than Alzheimer's disease because

A)it develops later in life.
B)the patient is vulnerable to sudden death from stroke or cardiovascular disease.
C)it can be cured.
D)spontaneous remission is common.

Question 67

1-74.Mild brain injuries

A)usually produce no problems.
B)usually produce short-lived,major problems.
C)are likely to occur in athletes.
D)usually produce long-term,major problems,particularly in older people.

Question 68

1-67.An individuals with amnestic disorder is likely to be unable to ____________.

A)tell you whom he or she met 5 minutes ago
B)describe the house he or she grew up in
C)repeat an address he or she was just told
D)demonstrate how to ride a bike

Question 69

1-70.Which of the following is not a cause of traumatic brain injury?

A)Car accidents
B)Assaults
C)Sports
D)Vitamin deficiency

Question 70

1-73.The damage that might be caused to the brain by riding a violently fast roller coaster is similar to that seen with

A)a closed-head injury.
B)a penetrating head injury.
C)vascular dementia.
D)a series of circumscribed cerebral infarcts.

Question 71

1-77.The effects of head trauma on memory suggest that

A)short-term memory is not affected by physical trauma.
B)the process of memory consolidation can be interrupted.
C)semantic memory is usually affected when an injury is severe enough to produce a loss of consciousness.
D)rarely are episodic memories affected by head trauma.

Question 72

1-62.Vascular dementia

A)is a result of many small strokes.
B)is what was once called amnestic infarct dementia.
C)responds to the same treatments as Alzheimer's disease.
D)affects more women than men.

Question 73

1-78.After the car accident,Sherry was unable to remember what happened from the time of the crash until the following morning.Sherry appears to have experienced

A)amnestic disorder.
B)anterograde amnesia.
C)retrograde amnesia.
D)dissociative fugue.

Question 74

1-69.Of the choices listed below,the most common cause of traumatic brain injury is

A)stroke.
B)motor vehicle accidents.
C)drug abuse.
D)Alzheimer's disease.

Question 75

1-80.Emotional dyscontrol and personality alterations are expected with

A)amnestic syndrome.
B)vascular dementia.
C)frontal lobe damage.
D)prolonged oxygen deprivation.

Question 76

1-66.What is affected in amnestic disorder?

A)The ability to recall something that happened seconds ago
B)The ability to recall something that happened minutes ago
C)The ability to recall something that happened hours ago
D)The ability to recall something that happened years ago

Question 77

1-79.The case of Phineas Gage demonstrates

A)the role of the brain in determining personality.
B)that even the most serious brain injuries need not lead to permanent alteration in behavior.
C)the role of the temporal lobe in controlling behavioral impulses.
D)the importance of a healthy cerebrovascular system.

Question 78

1-75.The occurrence of which of the following after a head injury suggests a poor prognosis?

A)Concussion
B)Retrograde amnesia
C)Contusion
D)Anterograde amnesia

Question 79

1-63.How does vascular dementia differ from Alzheimer's disease?

A)It is not progressive.
B)It occurs at an earlier age.
C)The early clinical picture is more homogeneous than that seen in Alzheimer's disease.
D)Accompanying mood disorders are more common.

Question 80

1-71.When a closed-head injury occurs,

A)the damage is localized.
B)the damage is a result of the brain colliding with the skull.
C)post-trauma epilepsy is common.
D)the skull is bruised.