Deck 5: Stress and Physical and Mental Health

Question 1

1-11.Stress tolerance is

A)a biological attribute
B)a pressure
C)a person's ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired
D)a crisis for most people

Answer 1

a person's ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired

Question 2

What do positive and negative stressors have in common?

A)They usually last indefinitely.
B)Both occur without warning.
C)They have an equivalent potential for causing lasting damage.
D)Both tax one's resources and coping skills.

Answer 2

Both tax one's resources and coping skills.

Question 3

Which of the following terms refers to efforts to deal with stress?

A)coping strategies
B)compensatory strategies
C)sublimation
D)projection

Answer 3

coping strategies

Question 4

In DSM-5,a new category has been added.What is this new category?

A)stress not specified
B)positive stressor disorders
C)stress and psychopathology
D)trauma- and stressor-related disorders

Question 5

Coping strategies are

A)efforts to deal with stress.
B)efforts to avoid conflict.
C)the same thing as eustress.
D)the dynamic interaction between the types of stressors and the person.

Question 6

1-18.What is the difference between a stressor and a crisis?

A)There is no difference,these are just two words for the same thing.
B)While all crises are stressors,not all stressors are crises.
C)There is a biological response to stress,but not to crisis.
D)A stressor is an unexpected crisis.

Question 7

1-14.What is not a key factor in making a stressor more serious?

A)how long it lasts
B)how severe it is
C)its type or category
D)how expected it is

Question 8

1-13.Which of the following is not considered a life change?

A)being promoted
B)being diabetic
C)getting pregnant
D)a death in the family

Question 9

1-16.The term "crisis" refers to

A)any time when a stressful situation exceeds one's ability to cope.
B)encountering a number of stressors simultaneously.
C)a period of especially acute stress.
D)any encounter that requires a readjustment of self concept.

Question 10

Which of the following psychological disturbances does not occur in response to an identifiable experience?

A)adjustment disorder
B)acute stress disorder
C)depression
D)post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 11

1-15.According to the text,a factor that does not make one stressor more serious than another includes:

A)severity
B)chronicity
C)geographic region
D)how expected it is.

Question 12

1-20.The Social Readjustment Rating Scale

A)examines the role that coping plays in dealing with life changes.
B)did not acknowledge that happy events create life changes and,as a consequence,stress.
C)is an imperfect means of quantifying the level of stress experience over a period of time.
D)has been used to demonstrate that life events and health are not related.

Question 13

1-17.Who is likely to have the most severe stress?

A)Anne,who is planning her wedding
B)Bill,who has a deadline the next day for an important project
C)Lauren,who sees the aftermath of an accident
D)Josh,who has just been told he has cancer and whose wife announces she is leaving him when he tells her the news

Question 14

Selye

A)recognized that both happy and sad life events can be sources of stress.
B)conducted extensive research on the effects of stress on the immune system.
C)failed to acknowledge the role of the environment in adapting to stress.
D)focused on the cognitive component of the stress response.

Question 15

Distress is

A)seen when a situation is ambiguous.
B)a response to a happy life event.
C)the same thing as eustress.
D)a response to a negative event.

Question 16

According to your textbook,which of the following is most stressful to people and animals?

A)constant stressors
B)predictable stressors
C)uncontrollable stressors
D)physical stressors

Question 17

1-10.Which of the following factors is linked to a person's ability to cope better?

A)intelligence
B)social support
C)absence of the 5HT-TLPR gene
D)early life stress

Question 18

According to the text,the term "stress" will be used to refer to

A)only those external events in our lives that challenge us.
B)any positive demand made on an organism.
C)the effects of external stressors within the organism.
D)anything that makes us unhappy.

Question 19

1-19.The development of new methods of coping

A)may be an outcome of a crisis.
B)always occurs when adaptive capabilities are exceeded.
C)increases the expectation of future failures.
D)is continuously needed as we face new stressors on a daily basis.

Question 20

1-12.Crisis is

A)a double avoidance conflict.
B)when the individual cannot make a decision.
C)an internal pressure.
D)when a stressful situation overwhelms the individual.

Question 21

1-32.Which of the following statements about stress is correct?

A)the response an individual will have to a stressor can be readily predicted.
B)cognitive factors do not play a role in determining the severity of stress.
C)some people are predisposed to respond poorly to demands.
D)changes in the level of external supports one has are unrelated to stress reactions.

Question 22

1-39.B-cells are

A)cells that engulf antigens.
B)cells that produce antibodies.
C)cells that harm the immune system.
D)cells that are antigens.

Question 23

1-26.An individual with a high stress tolerance

A)can function well in the face of a high level of stress.
B)is likely to be particularly vulnerable to slight frustration.
C)may feel threatened more readily than those with low stress tolerance.
D)is particularly vulnerable to acute stress disorder.

Question 24

1-35.I often find that when I am ill,I am not able to cope effectively with the normal hassles of life.I find myself becoming irritated by things that I would usually be able to ignore.Which of the following would explain this phenomenon?

A)When using resources to deal with one stressor,the ability to tolerate additional stressors may be compromised.
B)Major life changes may impair the ability to cope effectively with daily hassles.
C)During the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome illness becomes likely.
D)Allostatic load leads to psychological and biological vulnerability.

Question 25

1-23.Which of the following is a criticism of the life event,interview-based scales?

A)They do not recognize that joyful events can be stressful.
B)They limit the kind of events that can be reported.
C)They do not recognize that multiple life changes will produce greater stress.
D)They are more expensive to administer.

Question 26

1-30.The stress glucocorticoid that is produced in humans is called

A)adrenalin
B)estrogen
C)cortisol
D)repression

Question 27

1-33.What is the name of the system that is designed to mobilize resources and prepare a fight-or-flight response?

A)the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system
B)the cortex-thalamus cortisol system
C)the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
D)the parasympathetic prefrontal cortex system

Question 28

1-28.According to your textbook,which of the following is a factor that increases resilience?

A)being female
B)being older
C)being African American
D)being Latino

Question 29

1-40.Which type of cells release interleukin?

A)B-cells
B)macrophages
C)red blood cells
D)neurons

Question 30

1-22.The Life Events and Difficulty Schedule

A)is another name for the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.
B)allows the rater to consider the person's unique circumstances.
C)was developed prior to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.
D)does not provide any more information than the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.

Question 31

1-34.What is the term for the biological cost of adapting to stress?

A)allostatic load
B)homeostatic load
C)sympathetic load
D)parasympathetic load

Question 32

1-29.Which of the following parts has not been linked to the stress response?

A)the hypothalamus
B)the cerebellum
C)the adrenal medulla
D)the pituitary

Question 33

1-37.Which of the following can cause stress-induced immunosuppression?

A)serotonin
B)adrenaline
C)GABA
D)glucocorticoids

Question 34

1-24.The Life Event and Difficulty Schedule

A)provides a quick way to assess stress responses and coping skills.
B)allows raters to consider different circumstances around the same stressor.
C)focuses on how difficult life events are handled.
D)provides a timeline for describing the stress response.

Question 35

1-38.Which of the following is the biological cascade that is activated with prolonged stress?

A)the adrenal-hypothalamic-prefrontal axis
B)the cortical-thalamic-neural axis
C)the psycho-neuro-biological axis
D)the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 36

1-27.Healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event is called:

A)coping
B)resilience
C)compensation
D)adaptation

Question 37

1-31.Cortisol

A)is always stable in humans.
B)does not respond to stress.
C)prepares the body for fight or flight.
D)prepares the body for sleep.

Question 38

1-21.A client is administered the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.Which of the following would be measured?

A)severe crises
B)major life transitions
C)availability of coping resources
D)common,stressful life experiences

Question 39

1-36.Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interaction between the __________________.

A)nervous system and the immune system
B)psychological system and the nervous system
C)psychological system and the immune system
D)nervous system and the hypothalamic system

Question 40

1-25.Which of the following will lessen the impact of a stressful situation?

A)holding unrealistic expectations about the stressor
B)minimizing the use of social support
C)preparing for the stressor
D)being uncertain as to how long the stressor will persist

Question 41

1-58.Which was not an effective treatment for stress-related disorders,according to your text?

A)psychoanalysis
B)emotional disclosure
C)meditation
D)biofeedback

Question 42

1-41.Which is not a stressor linked to immunosuppression,according to the text?

A)vacation
B)sleep deprivation
C)spaceflight
D)death of a spouse

Question 43

1-52.What seems to be the most important component for coronary heart disease in the Type A behavior pattern?

A)hostility
B)time urgency
C)competitiveness
D)work commitment

Question 44

1-46.Prolonged stress leads to suppression of the immune system.What might explain the evolution of such a seemingly flawed reaction?

A)There is no reasonable explanation for this.
B)Susceptibility to disease would increase the likelihood of an early death.
C)Immune suppression has no lasting effects on overall health.
D)Such immune suppression might prevent the development of autoimmune illnesses.

Question 45

1-42.Which cytokine has been associated with depression and caring for family members with Alzheimer's disease?

A)HIV
B)adrenaline
C)GABA
D)interleukin-6

Question 46

1-49.What is a symptom of hypertension?

A)A person is always light-headed.
B)A person may show no symptoms of it.
C)A person's skin feels unusually warm.
D)A person has persistent indigestion.

Question 47

1-43.What is considered the "front line" of immune system defense?

A)antigens
B)cortisol
C)leukocytes
D)hypothalamus

Question 48

1-45.The field of psychoneuroimmunology

A)focuses on the relationship between stress and mental illness.
B)explores the neurological basis of autoimmune conditions.
C)seeks to establish a link between psychological functioning and vulnerability to illness.
D)examines the effects of stressors on the immune system.

Question 49

1-53.Clyde is unmarried and has few friends.Why is he at greater risk for developing coronary heart disease than the general population?

A)He is unlikely to seek help if he notices problems.
B)Social isolation has been associated with increased risk of the disease.
C)He has no knowledge of his problems.
D)He is socially awkward and thus has increased risks for disease.

Question 50

1-56.People with heart disease are ____ times more likely than healthy people to be depressed.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Question 51

1-44.The pituitary gland

A)controls the release of hormones by the hypothalamus.
B)is part of the immune system.
C)produces adrenalin.
D)is important to the release of stress hormones.

Question 52

1-47.Stress slows the healing of wounds by as much as ___ to ___ percent.

A)5; 10.
B)12; 15.
C)24; 40.
D)55; 70.

Question 53

1-48.Which of the following represents normal-range blood pressure?

A)140/100
B)140/80
C)120/80
D)120/100

Question 54

1-50.Work-related stress can elevate risk of coronary heart disease by which key factors?

A)a highly demanding job and little opportunity for advancement
B)a highly demanding job and little decision-making control
C)a highly demanding job and Type B personality
D)a highly demanding job and introversion

Question 55

1-55.In regards to stress research,a risk factor is

A)something about the nature of a stressor that makes it worse for most people.
B)something in a person's history that makes that person more vulnerable to stress.
C)something in a person's learning experiences that makes that person a thrill seeker.
D)something in a person's genetic makeup that makes that person respond well to stress.

Question 56

1-57.Sudden cardiac death is ______ times higher in men with high levels of anxiety.

A)two
B)four
C)six
D)eight

Question 57

1-60.For an adjustment disorder,the symptoms must appear within __________ months of the stressor?

A)two
B)nine
C)three
D)six

Question 58

1-51.What is Type D personality type?

A)The "depressed" type
B)The "dysfunctional" type
C)The "distressed" type
D)The "detached" type

Question 59

1-59.What is the term for the procedure that aims to make a patient more aware of such things as their heart rate,level of muscle tension,or blood pressure?

A)relaxation
B)meditation
C)hypnosis
D)biofeedback

Question 60

1-54.What is risk factor?

A)a variable that can occur within 6 months of a stressor
B)a variable that increases the risk of a specific negative outcome
C)a biological factor that increases resistance to disease
D)a reaction to a normal event

Question 61

1-61.Although divorce is now far more acceptable than it was in previous years,why do those going through a divorce still find it extremely stressful?

A)Few friends find it easy to accept.
B)The person is likely to make more money than previously.
C)Religious leaders support it.
D)Economic uncertainties are difficult to predict.

Question 62

1-72."Combat exhaustion" is known as ________ today.

A)acute stress disorder
B)shell shock
C)PTSD
D)war neurosis

Question 63

1-66.According to DSM-5,Acute stress disorder becomes PTSD when

A)the trauma is an event out of the realm of normal life experience.
B)the symptoms last for more than 2 weeks.
C)the symptoms last for more than 4 weeks.
D)the symptoms begin within 6 months of the trauma.

Question 64

1-69.What was not a result of the psychological stress following being a prisoner of war?

A)higher death rate
B)more diabetes
C)overwhelming anger at minor events
D)frequent alcohol or drug dependence

Question 65

1-63.According to the text,PTSD:

A)is a diagnosis that entered the DSM in 1990
B)has little preexisting vulnerabilities
C)has symptoms which tend to decrease with time in most people
D)is viewed as an abnormal response to a normal stressor

Question 66

1-74.Why is there such a high likelihood of long-lasting psychological problems resulting from active combat experiences?

A)Research has revealed that those who enlist are more likely to be emotionally unstable.
B)When task-oriented coping strategies are ineffective,emotional breakdown is inevitable.
C)Combat situations present highly stressful situations for which there may be no truly effective coping mechanisms.
D)Basic training is ineffective at preparing new recruits for any of the challenges they will likely face.

Question 67

1-78.The impact of torture

A)is always a severe level of PTSD.
B)can vary depending on the type of torture used.
C)can vary depending on if the torture was perceived as uncontrollable or not.
D)depends on whether the person previously had another psychological disorder.

Question 68

1-71.It is believed that the incidence of combat exhaustion during WWII has been underestimated because

A)there was a debate as to how to differentiate between combat exhaustion and PTSD.
B)many men were treated in the field and never formally diagnosed.
C)those who were discharged for medical reasons were not counted when estimates were made.
D)many men who were diagnosed with the brain disorder "shell shock" were probably suffering from combat exhaustion.

Question 69

1-70.During WWII,the descriptors of the traumatic reactions seen to combat conditions

A)emphasized that these were a product of organic processes.
B)placed too much emphasis on physical exhaustion.
C)did not differentiate these reactions from other psychological problems,such as drug abuse.
D)were comparable to what is now called acute stress disorder.

Question 70

1-62.Estimates of the prevalence of PTSD

A)have not been made.
B)indicate that most people who experience a traumatic event develop PTSD.
C)demonstrate that it is more commonly seen in women.
D)find that it rarely exists as a comorbid condition.

Question 71

1-75.Feelings of control over stressors

A)do not make a difference when it comes to extremely severe stressors like torture.
B)can make a difference even for victims of torture - if the person feels he or she has some control,he or she tends to be less affected by the stressor over the long term.
C)can make people feel worse because they believe they should have been able to change what happened.
D)can make a difference even for victims of torture - if the person feels he or she has some control,he or she tends to be more affected by the stressor over the long term.

Question 72

1-67.Approximately ____ percent of women develop PTSD over the course of their lives.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 73

1-65.In the DSM-5,PTSD will become a part of a new diagnostic category called ________.

A)Anxiety Disorders
B)Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
C)Depressive Disorders
D)Transient- and Chronic Distress Disorders

Question 74

1-77.Which is an individual risk factor for developing PTSD?

A)higher levels of social support
B)having no family history of depression
C)believing that their symptoms are a sign of personal strength
D)being neurotic

Question 75

1-80.Which of the following will lower a soldier's risk of developing PTSD?

A)no prior experience in combat
B)believing strongly in the goals of the combat
C)whether he or she is in combat in a familiar country or not
D)whether he or she talks about experiences

Question 76

1-68.According to your textbook,what percentage of Army soldiers and Marines in Iraq report that they have been attacked or ambushed?

A)56%
B)63%
C)77%
D)92%

Question 77

1-81.Stress-inoculation training

A)involves learning new ways to think about an anticipated threat and then applying these techniques to several different types of threats.
B)prepares one to deal with a stressor by considering solutions to the problems that are likely to arise.
C)is a form of cognitive preparation that can be used to minimize the impact of any life challenge.
D)can be used to prepare for almost any disaster.

Question 78

1-76.When POWs first return,

A)their PTSD symptoms are at their worst.
B)their PTSD symptoms are mild and gradually get worse over time.
C)their relief and joy at being released often masks the trauma's effects.
D)they show little symptoms from stress,then or later.

Question 79

1-73.Why should we study the causal factors in PTSD,since we already know traumatic events cause it?

A)Because if we do not study it,we will not diagnose it.
B)Political lobbying requires the study of it.
C)Victims often feel guilt about their reaction to the trauma.
D)Because not everyone who is exposed to a trauma develops PTSD.

Question 80

1-64.A main symptom of PTSD in DSM-5 is

A)development of stress-related diseases.
B)reexperiencing of the traumatic event.
C)panic attacks when remembering the trauma.
D)depression.