Deck 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy

Question 1

What is the term for the caution and wariness that is displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person?

A)fear
B)suspicion
C)stranger anxiety
D)distress

Answer 1

C

Question 2

By what age are children purposefully using smiling to communicate positive emotions?

A)1 year
B)6 months
C)1.5 years
D)2 years

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When 18-month-old Jarrod realizes that he can ask his mother to give him a cookie,and that his mother will behave under her own power and will respond to his request,then Jarrod sees his mother as a(n)

A)good parent.
B)compliant agent.
C)social reference.
D)independent agent.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

At approximately what age does a baby begin to demonstrate social referencing?

A)12 months
B)6 months
C)18 months
D)8 or 9 months

Question 5

Who was the author of the 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals and argued that humans and primates have an inborn,universal set of emotional expressions?

A)Izard
B)Darwin
C)Benson
D)Sroufe

Question 6

What is the term that refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior?

A)learning theory
B)social referencing
C)theory of mind
D)self-awareness

Question 7

Baby Sally's mother is dropping her off at preschool for the first time,and Sally's behavior changes from a calm,happy baby,to a crying,cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother.Baby Sally is likely to be demonstrating

A)nonverbal encoding.
B)stranger anxiety.
C)separation anxiety.
D)nonverbal decoding.

Question 8

When an infant uses his/her abilities to interpret others' facial and vocal expressions that carry emotional meaning,this is called

A)nonverbal encoding.
B)nonverbal decoding.
C)social smile.
D)communication.

Question 9

Expressions of emotion called nonverbal ___________ are fairly consistent among people of all ages.

A)emergence
B)discrimination
C)encoding
D)communication

Question 10

Four-month-old Baby Timmy is playing and smiling at his Dad.Baby Timmy is demonstrating a

A)social smile.
B)nonverbal encoding.
C)nonverbal decoding.
D)communication.

Question 11

Infants display a wide range of emotional expressions.Research studies conducted with mothers of 1-month-old infants indicate

A)they observed little emotional expression in infants younger than 6 months old.
B)only joy was observed.
C)most mothers felt their child had expressed interest and joy.
D)most infants had no recognizable emotions during the first 2 months.

Question 12

One-month-old Albert is upset and his facial expression shows that he is in distress.This is an example of

A)nonverbal specificity.
B)nonverbal expression of emotion.
C)communication.
D)emergence.

Question 13

By what age do most infants demonstrate the ability to discriminate happy and sad vocal expressions in others?

A)3 months
B)12 months
C)5 months
D)9 months

Question 14

Baby Lilly is watching her other siblings as she plays in her playpen.Her siblings begin to squabble and shove each other on the floor.Baby Lilly looks to her mother and notices that her mother is smiling as she watches the other siblings,so Baby Lilly begins to smile,too.This is an example of

A)nonverbal decoding.
B)social referencing.
C)nonverbal encoding.
D)social smile.

Question 15

What is the term for the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs?

A)nonverbal encoding
B)separation anxiety
C)stranger anxiety
D)nonverbal decoding

Question 16

Baby Polly is usually a calm,happy baby when she is around her parents and siblings.When her parents take her to a family reunion,though,her behavior changes.Her face crinkles up in a frown and she stares at strangers with suspicion.Baby Polly is demonstrating

A)distress.
B)nonverbal encoding.
C)stranger anxiety.
D)emotion.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a facial expression exhibited by babies who are one month of age?

A)interest
B)disgust
C)distress
D)jealousy

Question 18

At what age are infants capable of demonstrating empathy for others,such as comforting and showing concern for others?

A)12 months
B)24 months
C)14 months
D)6 months

Question 19

Eight-month-old Elisha's crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser,yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror.On the other hand,her 18-month-old sister,Amanda,stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full-length bathroom mirror.What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not?

A)Amanda has developed self-awareness,or knowledge of herself.
B)Amanda's self-awareness has begun to develop into narcissism.
C)Elisha has developed self-awareness,but is too interested in other things to look at herself.
D)Amanda's mother has given her more attention than she's given Elisha.

Question 20

What is the term that means the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events?

A)social smile
B)nonverbal decoding
C)social referencing
D)nonverbal encoding

Question 21

Nine-month-old Baby Luke and ten-month-old Baby Simone are sitting in the play area together at the day care center.They smile at each other and present and accept toys from each other.This behavior is called

A)modeling.
B)infant sociability.
C)reciprocal socialization.
D)the mutual regulation model.

Question 22

What part of the brain is activated whenever a child enacts a particular behavior,but also whenever that child simply observes others around him/her who are carrying out the same behavior?

A)neural ganglia
B)cerebral cortex
C)cerebellum
D)mirror neurons

Question 23

When a child experiences pleasure with a person,or experiences comfort from that person when in distress,it is said that the child has

A)made a friend.
B)formed an attachment.
C)found a parental figure.
D)learned not to be lonely.

Question 24

What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers?

A)The child never cries and is secure enough to not demand face-to-face interactions with the mother.
B)The mother responds to the child constantly to the point of being overly- responsive.
C)The mother is sensitive to the child's needs,is aware of the child's moods,can discriminate the infant's signals,and is responsive,warm,and affectionate.
D)The child has no fear of strangers and demonstrates that he/she is equally comfortable with unfamiliar adults and the mother.

Question 25

Alex is playing in a room where his mother is sitting nearby.Alex becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and hardly leaves his mother's side.Later,when his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment,Alex begins to wail and cry.However,when his mother returns,he runs up to her,and instead of giving her a hug/kiss,he begins to punch her in the arm.This would be a description of what type of attachment pattern?

A)avoidant attachment pattern
B)secure attachment pattern
C)ambivalent attachment pattern
D)disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

Question 26

Two-year-old Baby Duane and his older brother are eating lunch,and both boys are given cookies for dessert.Duane's older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor and begins crying,so Duane offers to share his cookie with his brother.Duane has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate

A)empathy.
B)trust.
C)self-awareness.
D)kindness.

Question 27

What is the term that refers to a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother and,after the mother has left,seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are indifferent to her behavior?

A)Bowlby safety and security pattern
B)avoidant attachment pattern
C)secure attachment pattern
D)Ainsworth Strange Situation

Question 28

Children who show the _____________ attachment pattern show inconsistent,contradictory,and confused behavior,such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her.

A)ambivalent
B)disorganized-disoriented
C)avoidant
D)secure

Question 29

What is the term for an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person?

A)caring
B)pity
C)emotion
D)empathy

Question 30

What research could a developmental psychologist rely on when explaining to parents infant interaction and adult attention to children's faces?

A)Attachment represents a reaction to people around the infant.
B)Infants' sociability is expressed in primitive ways during the first 6 months.
C)Behaviors and cognitive imitation are essential for the positive recognition of interactions.
D)Brain scanning techniques have found that the facial features of infants activate a specialized structure in the brain called the "fusiform gyrus" within an interaction.

Question 31

When applying the Strange Situation,which child is most likely to demonstrate the appearance of being less securely attached to his/her mother?

A)children from the United States
B)children from Germany
C)children from Canada
D)children from Japan

Question 32

When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment where the mother is used as a "home base" and the child is at ease when she is present,but the child gets upset when she leaves,and then the child goes to the mother as soon as she returns,this is called the

A)Bowlby safety and security pattern.
B)Ainsworth safety and security pattern.
C)secure attachment pattern.
D)strange situation pattern.

Question 33

Which attachment pattern describes a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers? They show great distress when the mother leaves,but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her.

A)ambivalent attachment pattern
B)avoidant attachment pattern
C)secure attachment pattern
D)disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

Question 34

The experiment involving newborn goslings,which have an innate tendency to follow the first moving object they see after being hatched,was developed by what developmental researcher?

A)Ainsworth
B)Skinner
C)Bowlby
D)Lorenz

Question 35

A child who does not seek proximity to the mother,and,after she leaves the room,the child who does not look distressed is exhibiting

A)avoidant attachment pattern.
B)secure attachment pattern.
C)Ainsworth Strange Situation.
D)anxious situation pattern.

Question 36

What percentage of 1-year-olds fall into the ambivalent classification?

A)10-15%
B)15-20%
C)5-10%
D)5-15%

Question 37

What is the term for a sequence of eight staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between child and (typically)his/her mother?

A)secure attachment pattern
B)Harlow experiment
C)Ainsworth Strange Situation
D)Bowlby caregiver theory

Question 38

When applying the Strange Situation,which child is most likely to demonstrate avoidant attachment?

A)children from Germany
B)children from Japan
C)children from the United States
D)children from Canada

Question 39

What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual?

A)parent
B)caregiver
C)attachment
D)reliance

Question 40

When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant,and the caregiver and the child's emotional states match,this is called

A)secure attachment.
B)ambivalent attachment pattern.
C)face-to-face interactions.
D)interactional synchrony.

Question 41

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development considers

A)how an adult can maintain memories from when he/she was an infant that affect life as an adult.
B)how an infant's perception of self can be assessed.
C)how children develop independence from their parents.
D)how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others' and their own behavior(s).

Question 42

What is Erikson's term for the period during which toddlers (aged 18 months to 3 years)develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore,or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected?

A)Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
B)autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
C)temperamental stage
D)trust-versus-mistrust stage

Question 43

What is the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another?

A)the differences in the lives they lead
B)differences based on gender and race
C)personality
D)the nature of the families in which they grew up

Question 44

Mary is planning to take a year and a half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn child.Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life,it is critical that she make herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he deserves.Erikson would say that Mary's decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child's development?

A)Erikson's critical attachment stage
B)Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage
C)Erikson's autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
D)Erikson's temperament behavior stage

Question 45

According to Thomas and Chess,who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study,what percentage of children were found to be "easy babies"?

A)40%
B)50%
C)25%
D)35%

Question 46

According to Thomas and Chess,who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study,what percentage of children were found to be "difficult babies"?

A)20%
B)10%
C)30%
D)5%

Question 47

Manuel and Sarah keep a daily log of the times that their baby eats,sleeps,remains awake,and even the baby's excretions.They are keeping track of the baby's

A)threshold of responsiveness.
B)rhythmicity.
C)activity level.
D)adaptability.

Question 48

According to Thomas and Chess,who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study,what percentage of children were found to be "slow-to-warm babies"?

A)10%
B)25%
C)15%
D)5%

Question 49

Erikson believed that we all enter the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage at what time in our lives?

A)beginning of infancy
B)when we are around 5 years old
C)when we turn to adolescents
D)at the end of infancy around 18 months to 3 years

Question 50

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have negative moods,are slow to adapt to new situations,and tend to withdraw when confronted with a new situation?

A)slow-to-warm babies
B)easy babies
C)difficult babies
D)low intensity babies

Question 51

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called

A)personality.
B)temperament.
C)genetic predisposition.
D)inherited characteristics.

Question 52

According to Erikson,when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage?

A)first 18 months of life
B)first 12 months of life
C)first 2 years of life
D)first 5 years of life

Question 53

The dysfunction of ______________ may be related to the development of disorders involving theory of the mind as well as autism.

A)attachment
B)mirror neurons
C)the cerebral cortex
D)the cerebellum

Question 54

When discussing the dimensions of temperament,what is the term used to refer to the baby's response to a new person or object,based on whether the child accepts the new situation or withdraws from it?

A)quality of mood
B)intensity of reaction
C)approach-withdrawal
D)rhythmicity

Question 55

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition,whose bodily functions operate regularly,and who are adaptable?

A)difficult babies
B)easy babies
C)slow-to-warm babies
D)low intensity babies

Question 56

Erikson's approach to personality development suggests that an infant's early experiences (nurturing,feeding,cuddling,etc. )are responsible for shaping whether or not they become ____________ individuals later in life.

A)agitated
B)trusting
C)lazy
D)motivated

Question 57

When discussing the dimensions of temperament,what is the term used to refer to the proportion of active time periods to inactive time periods that are demonstrated by a baby?

A)rhythmicity
B)intensity of reaction
C)distractibility
D)activity level

Question 58

Which of the following are examples of temperament in babies?

A)how well-attached the baby is to its mother
B)the baby's appetite
C)the quality of the baby's mood
D)the presence of both parents

Question 59

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who are inactive,show relatively calm reactions to their environment,have moods that are generally negative,and withdraw from new situations,adapting slowly?

A)difficult babies
B)distractible babies
C)slow-to-warm babies
D)limited-response babies

Question 60

Babies who do not adapt quickly to new situations and have a generally negative mood,though are also relatively calm,are described as _____________ babies.

A)slow-to-warm
B)easy babies
C)difficult babies
D)inconsistent

Question 61

Describe the stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

Question 62

Research suggests that by ___ years of age,boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls.

A)5
B)6
C)2
D)3

Question 63

Maria has a predisposing factor to depression and anxiety.She is concerned that her newborn child may develop these disorders.A developmental psychologist informs her that

A)high reactivity to unfamiliar situations in infants has been linked to greater susceptibility to depression and anxiety disorders in childhood.
B)there is no correlation to predisposing factors and anxiety disorders.
C)infants may develop depression but not necessarily anxiety.
D)the sex of her child will correlate with the type of emotion developed.

Question 64

Almost one in _______ children under the age of 18 lives in a low-income household in the United States.

A)two
B)three
C)eight
D)twenty

Question 65

Research has shown that human attachment is not as culturally universal as Bowlby predicted.

Question 66

With regard to a child's temperament,the child's long-term adjustment depends on the __________ of their particular temperament and the nature and demands of their environment.

A)adaptability
B)goodness-of-fit
C)intensity of reaction
D)quality

Question 67

The quality of attachment style in a child has nothing to do with the quality of relationships the child forges as an adult.

Question 68

Babies across diverse cultures express basic facial expressions.

Question 69

Mary Ainsworth devised the "Strange Situation" that contains four categories.

Question 70

Ainsworth argued that attachment depends upon how the infant acts upon the mother's emotional cues.

Question 71

Chinese infants are generally more expressive than European,American,and Japanese infants.

Question 72

The average family size today is ___________ persons per household.

A)3.5
B)3.1
C)2.5
D)1.8

Question 73

What is the term used to refer to the notion that a child's development is dependent on the degree of match between the child's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised?

A)Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
B)trust-versus-mistrust stage
C)autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
D)goodness-of-fit

Question 74

Briefly highlight the concerns of how infant childcare affects later development.

Question 75

Infants are unable to demonstrate the capacity for socialization.

Question 76

Two-year-old Baby Angela attends day care five days a week because she has a single mother who works.This means that Angela falls into the group of close to _____ of children between the ages of 4 months and 3 years who are cared for by other adults.

A)50%
B)75%
C)25%
D)66%

Question 77

Which of the following is considered a benefit of child care?

A)peer learning
B)less parental responsibility
C)increased disruptiveness
D)greater dependence

Question 78

What is the term that relates to one's sense of being male or female?

A)social perceptions
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender roles

Question 79

Children who spend __________ a week in group child care for a year or more have a(n)____________ probability of being disruptive in class,and that effect continues through the sixth grade.

A)30 hours or more;decreased
B)25 hours or more;decreased
C)10 hours or more;increased
D)15 hours or more;increased

Question 80

What percentage of children up to age 17 live with two married parents?

A)just under one-half
B)about one-third
C)just under one-fifth
D)about two-thirds