Deck 1: An Introduction to Lifespan Development

Question 1

Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long-term study to see how problem-solving skills change over time as school-age students move from elementary school to high school to college.What type of development are the researchers most likely studying?

A)cognitive
B)personality
C)social
D)physical

Answer 1

A

Question 2

________ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior.

A)Cognitive
B)Physical
C)Personality
D)Social

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach.Her 9:00 a.m.class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes while her 10:00 a.m.class will be exposed to traditional lectures.She will assess the students' progress after six sessions.What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment?

A)intuitive
B)biological
C)environmental
D)scientific

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A researcher working with college-age football players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athlete's decline in physical performance as the athlete ages.What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying?

A)cognitive
B)personality
C)physical
D)social

Question 5

In its study of growth,change,and stability,lifespan development takes a(n)______ approach.

A)intuitive
B)scientific
C)social
D)environmental

Question 6

Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas?

A)a particular family
B)a particular age range
C)a particular town/city
D)a particular country

Question 7

The vast majority of lifespan development focuses on

A)nonhuman species.
B)test tube babies.
C)biological and environmental development.
D)human development.

Question 8

A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study.Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament,attitudes,and adaptability,as well as being available for follow-up for the next 10 years.The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in ___________ development.

A)personality
B)social
C)cognitive
D)physical

Question 9

_________ development involves the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow,change,and remain stable over the course of life.

A)Cognitive
B)Physical
C)Personality
D)Social

Question 10

A researcher is interested in conducting a study to determine whether people who experienced a devastating event,such as a house fire where the family lost everything,suffer lasting effects from such devastation early in life.This researcher is interested in the ________ development of the subject(s).

A)personality
B)social
C)cognitive
D)physical

Question 11

Researchers who use intelligence quotient (IQ)testing as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researching _________ development.

A)personality
B)cognitive
C)social
D)physical

Question 12

In Western culture,what age is typically considered to be the beginning of young adulthood?

A)16
B)18
C)21
D)20

Question 13

What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a significant or traumatic event early in life would remember that event later in life?

A)physical
B)social
C)cognitive
D)personality

Question 14

If a developmental researcher is studying what the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy are,or what the intellectual consequences of watching television are,in what developmental area is the researcher interested?

A)social
B)physical
C)cognitive
D)personality

Question 15

A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body's makeup is interested in _____ development.

A)cognitive
B)physical
C)personality
D)social

Question 16

________ development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span.

A)Cognitive
B)Physical
C)Personality
D)Social

Question 17

_______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth,change,and stability in behavior that occurs throughout the entire lifespan.

A)Biological
B)Lifespan
C)Psychological
D)Research

Question 18

A developmental researcher who is interested in studying which senses are used most often by a child or what the long-term results of premature birth are would be studying ___________ development.

A)social
B)physical
C)personality
D)cognitive

Question 19

A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called

A)topical areas of lifespan development.
B)social construction.
C)age ranges.
D)social development.

Question 20

The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist during the ________ century.

A)sixteenth
B)seventeenth
C)nineteenth
D)twentieth

Question 21

When discussing developmental diversity,what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential?

A)laying their infants down
B)constant contact between themselves and their infant children
C)constant nourishment of their children
D)allowing their infants to cry

Question 22

Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group,regardless of where they are raised,are called ______ influences.

A)age-graded
B)history-graded
C)biological
D)environmental

Question 23

Consider a situation where a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles)in the eleventh week of pregnancy,as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy.The difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of

A)continuous change.
B)discontinuous change.
C)a critical period.
D)a sensitive period.

Question 24

Early developmentalists focused their attention on

A)infancy to preschool years.
B)preschool to adolescence.
C)infancy and adolescence.
D)adolescence and adulthood.

Question 25

A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences,and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally,is called

A)discontinuous change.
B)continuous change.
C)critical period.
D)natural change.

Question 26

Race is what kind of a concept?

A)cognitive
B)cultural
C)biological
D)social

Question 27

In ___________,development is ________,with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.

A)discontinuous change;distinct
B)continuous change;gradual
C)discontinuous change;gradual
D)continuous change;distinct

Question 28

When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include such variables as ethnicity,social class,and subcultural membership,these factors are called

A)age-graded influences.
B)non-normative life events.
C)history-graded influences.
D)sociocultural-graded influences.

Question 29

Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages,with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages is called _________ change.

A)discontinuous
B)continuous
C)critical
D)natural

Question 30

A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n)

A)race.
B)cohort.
C)ethnic group.
D)normative group.

Question 31

Alice's symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and the cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle.Alice's doctor tells her she is experiencing a(n)

A)non-normative life event.
B)age-graded influence.
C)history-graded influence.
D)sociocultural-graded influence.

Question 32

Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event,such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor,can be considered

A)age-graded influences.
B)history-graded influences.
C)sociocultural-graded influences.
D)non-normative life events.

Question 33

The concept of race is exceedingly imprecise for which of the following reasons?

A)There is a clear and universal number of identifiable races.
B)Each race is genetically distinct.
C)The question of race seems comparatively insignificant because 99.9 percent of humans' genetic makeup is identical.
D)Names can best reflect different races and ethnic groups.

Question 34

Mark believes his infant daughter is going through very distinct stages of development and is suddenly,upon turning six months old,able to do far more than she could at 5 ½ months.This perspective is congruent with a ______ approach to development.

A)continuous change
B)discontinuous change
C)sensitive periods
D)nurture

Question 35

People who lived in New York City during the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center experienced shared challenges due to the attack that are called ________ effects.

A)biological
B)environmental
C)cohort
D)Millennial Generation

Question 36

In ____________ development,each stage is ________.

A)discontinuous change;distinct
B)continuous change;distinct
C)distinct change;discontinuous
D)distinct change;gradual

Question 37

When Allison was completing her medical forms in the doctor's office,she was asked to indicate her race.What may be an appropriate reason(s)for the question on the forms?

A)to establish her skin color
B)to establish her ethnic/cultural heritage
C)to establish her religion
D)to establish biological factors

Question 38

A biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies is an example of

A)young adulthood.
B)puberty.
C)adulthood.
D)death.

Question 39

In a ______,organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments,but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

A)sensitive period
B)continuous change
C)critical period
D)discontinuous change

Question 40

Walter is a college student who is about to graduate from college.At what age would he most likely consider that a substantial change is occurring in his life?

A)when he turned 20 years of age
B)when he leaves college and enters the workforce at age 22
C)when he finished his junior year of high school at age 17
D)when he turns 26 years old

Question 41

The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is/are known as

A)nurture.
B)influences of the physical and social environment.
C)maturation.
D)conception.

Question 42

The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces,memories,and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control is called the

A)clinical approach.
B)investigative approach.
C)psychodynamic perspective.
D)analytical perspective.

Question 43

According to Freud,which part of everyone's personality operates according to the "pleasure principle"?

A)unconscious
B)ego
C)superego
D)id

Question 44

Which of the following suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior?

A)psychosexual development
B)pleasure principle
C)reality principle
D)psychoanalytic theory

Question 45

The ________ is Freud's representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong.

A)conscious
B)id
C)superego
D)unconscious

Question 46

The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with

A)Freud.
B)Erikson.
C)Skinner.
D)Piaget.

Question 47

Bob and Marion's high level of responsivity to their baby's persistent crying demonstrates a(n)_______ influence on the baby's development.

A)genetic
B)environmental
C)maturation
D)social

Question 48

Freud believed that the _____ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

A)id
B)superego
C)conscious
D)ego

Question 49

Genetically determined traits not only directly influence a child's ______,but also indirectly shape the child's _________.

A)behavior;environment
B)environment;behavior
C)maturation;circumstances
D)circumstances;maturation

Question 50

To Freud,"superego" and "________" would be considered interchangeable terms.

A)conscience
B)ego
C)unconscious
D)conscious

Question 51

If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety,Freud may say that person has a well-developed

A)id.
B)superego.
C)consciousness.
D)ego.

Question 52

Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to

A)reduce satisfaction and maximize tension.
B)maximize satisfaction and reduce tension.
C)reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness.
D)increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness.

Question 53

What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?

A)Which area(s)of lifespan development are the most important?
B)How much of people's behavior is due to their genetically determined nature and how much is due to nurture?
C)What are the historical roots of developmentalists and life span development?
D)How are developmental research studies developed?

Question 54

Freud believed that the _________ contains infantile wishes,desires,demands,and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)unconscious

Question 55

Freud believed that the ego operates on the

A)unconscious.
B)reality principle.
C)pleasure principle.
D)conscious.

Question 56

Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior.This is called the ______ perspective.

A)psychosocial
B)psychosexual
C)psychoanalytic
D)behavioral

Question 57

Environmental influences that shape behavior are referred to as

A)nurture.
B)maturation.
C)nature.
D)social evolution.

Question 58

"Nature" refers to

A)traits,abilities,and capacities inherited from parents.
B)biological forces within the environment that affect change.
C)how people's growth and change is affected at the cellular level.
D)socioeconomic surroundings that affect people's growth and change.

Question 59

Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces,memories,and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.

A)psychodynamic
B)psychosocial
C)behavioral
D)psychosexual

Question 60

Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory.

A)behavioral
B)psychoanalytic
C)phallic
D)reality

Question 61

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

A)classical conditioning.
B)behavioral perspective.
C)operant conditioning.
D)psychodynamic approach.

Question 62

As Warren looks back over his long life,he feels a sense of unity in his life's accomplishments.He can be said to be in Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development.

A)industry vs.inferiority
B)ego-integrity vs.despair
C)identity vs.role diffusion
D)generativity vs.stagnation

Question 63

Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating,talking,or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n)__________ fixation.

A)anal
B)oral
C)phallic
D)psychosexual

Question 64

Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development,or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development,______ may occur.

A)fixation
B)conflict
C)stages
D)patterns

Question 65

According to Freud,a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure,or gratification,is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called

A)psychosexual development.
B)the psychosexual approach.
C)the psychoanalytic theory.
D)the psychoanalytical approach.

Question 66

The latency stage spans the majority of time children spend in elementary school.This stage is characterized by

A)a lack of concerns related to sexuality.
B)an increased concern about sexuality.
C)an aversion to super-ego development.
D)increased aggression toward the same-sex parent.

Question 67

Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others.She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development.

A)initiative vs.guilt
B)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C)intimacy vs.isolation
D)generativity vs.isolation

Question 68

Psychoanalyst ________ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development.

A)Skinner
B)Freud
C)Erikson
D)Piaget

Question 69

Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n)________ that the individual must resolve.

A)crisis
B)fixation
C)dilemma
D)interaction

Question 70

Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of the uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed.He can be said to have passed through Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development.

A)trust vs.mistrust
B)initiative vs.guilt
C)industry vs.inferiority
D)identity vs.role diffusion

Question 71

Erikson proposed a ____________ theory,which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

A)psychosocial
B)psychodynamic
C)psychoanalytic
D)behavioral

Question 72

Erikson's theory differs from Freud's in that Erikson believed that development

A)is completed in infancy.
B)is completed in early childhood.
C)is completed by adolescence.
D)continues throughout the lifespan.

Question 73

Freud believed that the ______ begins to develop around ages five or six and is learned from significant authority figures.

A)id
B)superego
C)conscious
D)ego

Question 74

________ theories assume that people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed,and developmental change is

A)Psychodynamic;qualitative.
B)Psychosocial;quantitative.
C)Developmental;qualitative.
D)Behavioral;quantitative.

Question 75

Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl,and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her,she is fearful.Watson would say that Judy's reaction is a result of _________ conditioning.

A)behavioral
B)classical
C)reinforcement
D)psychosocial

Question 76

The __________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment.

A)psychodynamic perspective
B)behavioral perspective
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)psychosocial theory

Question 77

Suri identifies with her mother as a role model.She has passed through Freud's _______
Stage of psychosexual development.

A)anal
B)oral
C)phallic
D)latent

Question 78

_________ conditioning,in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful,differs from _________ conditioning,where the response is automatic.

A)Social-cognitive;operant
B)Operant;classical
C)Classical;operant
D)Operant;social-cognitive

Question 79

Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development?

A)Skinner
B)Watson
C)Piaget
D)Erikson

Question 80

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development proposes ________ distinct stages.

A)3
B)5
C)8
D)2