Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Developmentalists refer to our inability to remember much about the first three years of life as "dissociative fugue."

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The correlation between children's IQ test scores and school performance is 1.00.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Left brain dominance occurs in 5% of the population.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Children with physical or mental disabilities are more likely to be abused.

Question 5

An egocentric preschooler is one who assumes that he is the most important person in the world.

Question 6

If a child has not acquired phonological awareness before entering elementary school, she will be unable to learn to read proficiently.

Question 7

A child who is beginning to use symbols is entering the preoperational stage.

Question 8

A child's rate of growth in height and weight is faster during the toddler and preschool years than in infancy.

Question 9

Most children have acquired all the basic language skills needed to form sentences and make conversation by age 3.

Question 10

In cases of child maltreatment, mothers are reported to be responsible for the abuse 61% of the time.

Question 11

The first spoken sentences typically consist of simple two-word utterances that include inflections.

Question 12

Food aversions often develop during the preschool years.

Question 13

To ensure that they eat three nutritious meals a day, young children should not be allowed to snack.

Question 14

Using language as a guide to problem solving is called metacognition.

Question 15

A child's development of a theory of mind is influenced by the child's ability to pretend.

Question 16

Abused children are more likely to suffer from poor school performance, substance abuse, and slower rates of brain growth.

Question 17

Handedness appears to have a genetic source.

Question 18

IQ scores measure children's inherent competencies and abilities to achieve.

Question 19

The inability of adults and older children to remember more than a few events that took place before 3 years of age is known as theory of mind.

Question 20

By approximately three years of age, a child can distinguish between appearance and reality.

Question 21

Vygotsky's sociocultural development theory likens infant mental processes to those of lower animals.

Question 22

The encouragement of invented spelling is detrimental to the development of reading skills in young children.

Question 23

The typical pattern of children's growth from age two to adolescence is

A) that they add approximately 11 cm of height and 4 kg of weight per year.
B) too variable to generalize because there is no common pattern of growth through this period.
C) much faster and greater than from birth to age 2.
D) that they add approximately 5-8 cm of height and 2.7 kg of weight per year.

Question 24

Manuel is 4 years old. He can participate in all the following activities EXCEPT

A) racing with his father to see who is fastest.
B) climbing up on the table to get an apple from a bowl.
C) picking up toys and other play items and placing them on shelves and in a toy box.
D) playing hopscotch, which requires skipping on alternating feet on a chalk pattern on the sidewalk

Question 25

Unintentional injuries account for slightly more than one quarter of all deaths for children age 1 to 4 in Canada.

Question 26

Of the following, a 6-year-old would have the highest level of skill and confidence in

A) activities involving the small muscles of the hands and fingers.
B) large muscle activities such as running, jumping, climbing, and hopping.
C) manipulation of items such as paint brushes, chalk, crayons, and pencils.
D) using sports equipment such as bicycles, roller skates, skateboards, and snow skis.

Question 27

Families that ask questions, rather than give commands, foster higher IQ scores in their children.

Question 28

Since IQ tests do not measure an individual's creativity, insight, street smarts, ability to read social cues, or understanding of spatial relationships, modern developmentalists have less faith in IQ scores.

Question 29

Research has definitively proven that trauma results in emotional and psychological harm, but there are no neurobiological or brain-function impacts.

Question 30

The fact that children as young as 15 months can talk differently to a younger or handicapped child demonstrates a challenge to Piaget's egocentric thought theory.

Question 31

Psychologists use the term "fast-mapping" to refer to the ability of 3- to 6-year-olds to categorically link new words to real-world referents.

Question 32

Enriched daycare programs and early intervention programs like Head Start can significantly improve IQ scores.

Question 33

Lara is able to hop, skip, and grasp a pencil maturely. According to the text, Lara is most likely to be

A) 2 years old.
B) 12 years old.
C) 5 years old.
D) 3 years old.

Question 34

The concept of the reaction range suggests that the upper and lower boundaries of IQ scores are determined by a child's genetic inheritance.

Question 35

Early childhood is a period of optimum growth and maturation for ________, in comparison to any other period of life.

A) the skeletal system
B) the corpus callosum
C) manipulative skills
D) synaptogenesis

Question 36

Canadian author Malcolm Gladwell suggests that language plays a role in our ability to master numbers.

Question 37

Concerning milestones of physical development, a 2-year-old is NOT able to

A) run easily.
B) climb.
C) pick up small objects.
D) walk on tiptoe.

Question 38

Parents of higher IQ children tend to talk to their children often and use language that is descriptively rich and accurate, helping their children master new skills.

Question 39

Dr. Chin is giving 5-year-old Lucia a pre-kindergarten physical examination. When Dr. Chin asks Lucia to jump up and down and hop on one leg, Lucia's ________ is/are being examined.

A) intersensory integration
B) large muscle skills
C) habituation response
D) fine motor skills

Question 40

Roberta has just turned 2 years old. Which of the following activities would she be able to do?

A) turn the pages of one of her story books
B) play hopscotch with her older sister
C) hold a pencil between thumb and forefinger in the proper position for writing
D) colour between the lines in her colouring book

Question 41

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with higher rates of child injury?

A) the time period of April to October
B) the afternoon time period
C) being a boy
D) parents who practice higher levels of protective supervision

Question 42

Neuroscientists believe that the determination of which functions will or will not be lateralized originates in our

A) social experiences.
B) cultural norms.
C) physical experiences.
D) genes.

Question 43

The developmental process that is the impetus behind brain lateralization is

A) socialization in social and cultural norms.
B) learning and using language.
C) practicing locomotor, non-locomotor, and manipulative skills.
D) having diverse social experiences.

Question 44

In Canada, child maltreatment is most often perpetrated by

A) stepmothers/common-law partners.
B) stepfathers/common-law partners.
C) biological mothers.
D) biological fathers.

Question 45

What food messages do Barney and similar types of children's programming send to children about food?

A) Being big or overweight is shown and talked about as loveable.
B) "Always choose healthy foods" is the dominant message.
C) Junk foods like cookies and cakes are emphasized as much as nutritious foods.
D) The message is "limit snacks and eat proper, healthy meals."

Question 46

The most common pattern for handedness is that

A) most people have right-brain lateralization for handedness.
B) most left-handers are left-brain dominant.
C) it is the result of genetic inheritance.
D) experience, rather than genetic factors, determines right-handedness.

Question 47

Our inability to recall much about the first three years of life is called

A) immature hippocampus syndrome.
B) infantile amnesia.
C) preverbal amnesia.
D) unconscious memory formation.

Question 48

Overconsumption and _______ are the main cornerstones of obesity.

A) heredity
B) video games
C) junk food
D) a sedentary lifestyle

Question 49

Which of the following is an example of a socio-cultural influence that could make physical abuse of children more likely?

A) the belief that children have rights
B) the belief that children are property
C) social norms for humane treatment of children
D) stressful employment conditions

Question 50

What predictions can be made about TV watching and children's health based on the Quebec Longitudinal Study of preschoolers?

A) Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with higher rates of depression among preschoolers.
B) Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with higher BMIs and snacking among preschoolers.
C) Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with poor school adjustment among preschoolers.
D) Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with body image negativity and higher rates of eating disorders.

Question 51

The article "Unintentional Injuries in Canadian Preschoolers" in the text stated that

A) knowledge of home safety rules was directly linked to the incidence of injury.
B) maintaining close proximity to the child has no effect on the incidence of injury.
C) even though parents are more likely to expect that boys will be injured, they are less likely to intervene in boys' activities.
D) girls received more encouragement and direct instructions.

Question 52

The term ________ is used to describe the functional specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

A) "synaptogenesis"
B) "myelinisation"
C) "domination"
D) "lateralization"

Question 53

Children who experience frequent, profound, or multiple types of abuse may be more vulnerable to developing

A) schizophrenia.
B) psychosis.
C) post-traumatic stress disorder.
D) ADHD.

Question 54

All of the following are reasons why boys have higher rates of injury EXCEPT

A) parents give boys more freedom to roam.
B) parents expect boys to play independently and with less supervision than girls.
C) boys are clumsier.
D) parents assume boys will take more risks.

Question 55

Scientists believe that handedness is the result of

A) social experiences.
B) cultural norms.
C) genes.
D) physical experiences.

Question 56

Which of the following is accurate information regarding nutrition during the early childhood years?

A) Young children eat two thirds as much as adults.
B) The eating habits of early childhood are linked with weight problems later in life as metabolic rates can vary.
C) If a child seems to have no appetite, it is important to tempt the child to eat by providing sweets or other preferred food.
D) Many children don't consume the majority of their daily calories by eating regular meals.

Question 57

All the following characteristics are associated with an increased risk that a parent will be abusive EXCEPT

A) a history of abuse
B) substance abuse
C) depression
D) full-time employment

Question 58

Myelinization of the reticular formation and the hippocampus in the brain probably accounts for improvements in ________ during early childhood.

A) sociability and altruism
B) locomotor and manipulative skills
C) grammar and vocabulary
D) attention and concentration

Question 59

Which of the following is a developmental outcome caused by Canada's obesogenic environment?

A) Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia are on the rise among children under 10.
B) Children under 10 are becoming more health conscious and choosing healthy food over fast foods.
C) Obesity rates have significantly increased among children under 5.
D) Breast-fed children do not develop obesity.

Question 60

Which of the following characteristics increases the risk that a child will be abused?

A) having higher intelligence
B) being taller and heavier than age peers
C) having a high activity level
D) having a developmental delay/disability

Question 61

A group of 5- to 6-year-olds are playing the game Red Rover because they prefer formal games. This is a form of

A) constructive play.
B) first pretend play.
C) substitute play.
D) rule-governed play.

Question 62

Tara watches her sister Mia, age 9, cry because Mia was not invited to a birthday party for a friend. Based on her understanding of the concept of loss associated with sadness, how old is Tara?

A) 12-18 months
B) 2-3 years old
C) 4-5 years old
D) 5-6 years old

Question 63

Jayshree loves to play with her toy telephone. When she holds the receiver to her face and calls "Hi!" she is engaging in

A) substitute pretend play.
B) rule-governed play.
C) first pretend play.
D) sensorimotor play.

Question 64

A young child's belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does is known as

A) "egocentrism."
B) "conservation."
C) "metacognition."
D) "false belief principle."

Question 65

The children who live on Yonge Street are playing "store" today. They use empty cans, boxes, and bags as groceries, and they stack the items on shelves formed from cardboard boxes. Susie is the store-owner, Muhammed delivers ice cream, and Shelly brings her baby to the store. What is the most developmentally advanced level of play represented in this scenario?

A) sensorimotor play
B) sociodramatic play
C) constructive play
D) first pretend play

Question 66

Tovah loves playing in the rain. She loves catching raindrops on her tongue, splashing puddles as hard as she can, and stirring mud with a stick. Tovah is engaging in ________ play.

A) sensorimotor
B) gender-role
C) sociodramatic
D) constructive

Question 67

According to Piaget, at about age 2, children begin to use ________ in their thinking.

A) comparisons
B) inflections
C) operations
D) symbols

Question 68

In one of Piaget's classic experiments, a child was shown a three-dimensional scene featuring different sizes and colours of mountains. The child was able choose a drawing that best represented the mountain scene as she saw it, but was unable to choose a drawing that reflected how someone else might see the mountain from a different perspective. The child's inability to take another's perspective indicates

A) inability to think symbolically.
B) breakdown of social referencing.
C) egocentrism.
D) failure to conserve.

Question 69

According to Piaget, accomplishment of conservation

A) requires the ability to mentally manipulate symbolic external characteristics.
B) means that a child will not be fooled by an apparent change in volume when water is poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin glass.
C) rarely occurs before age 9.
D) requires the ability to see the perspective of others.

Question 70

The young child's tendency to understand and think about the world in terms of one variable at a time, such as all moving objects must be animals, is an example of Piaget's concept of

A) egocentrism.
B) centration.
C) conservation.
D) compensation.

Question 71

Grasping the false belief principle enables a child to

A) know when someone is lying.
B) learn not to trust all adults.
C) determine when something is not what it seems to be.
D) understand what influences other people's thinking.

Question 72

Brain differences in children with PTSD resulting from trauma showed

A) more left brain arousal which allows emotional detachment and verbal processing of the trauma.
B) an enlarged hippocampus, where memory is stored.
C) an enlarged amygdala, which regulates negative emotions.
D) more right brain arousal which processes non-verbal information.

Question 73

Lucas slashes the air with a stick he calls his "power sword." This is an example of

A) associative play.
B) substitute pretend play.
C) first pretend play.
D) sensorimotor play.

Question 74

The young child's tendency to think about the world in terms of one variable at a time, such as the notion that all moving objects are animals, is an example of

A) egocentric thought.
B) centration.
C) conservation.
D) locomotion capacity.

Question 75

A disorder characterized by extreme levels of anxiety, flashback memories of episodes of abuse, nightmares, and sleep disturbance is called

A) acute reactive depression.
B) panic and anxiety disorder.
C) post-traumatic stress disorder.
D) dissociative identity disorder.

Question 76

Brownell's research suggests that when a child of 3 years of age plays and talks differently to a younger child or a handicapped child than he does with a peer or an older child, this is evidence of

A) advanced cognitive development.
B) temperament.
C) perspective-taking ability.
D) parental influence.

Question 77

Susie and Sally and their cousins Samuel and Stanley are playing "wedding." They are using lace curtains for the bride's dress, and each person has a role to play. This is an example of

A) sensorimotor play.
B) sociodramatic play.
C) constructive play.
D) first pretend play.

Question 78

Joey has an iDog that dances to music when it is plugged into a computer. Joey believes the dog is alive because it moves. Joey's thinking demonstrates Piaget's concept of _______, seen in young children.

A) conservation
B) animism
C) compensation
D) locomotion capacity awareness

Question 79

The children on Green Street have spent the morning building a tree house from scraps of wood and other building materials acquired from a nearby construction site. This is an example of

A) constructive play.
B) sensorimotor play.
C) sociodramatic play.
D) substitute pretend play.

Question 80

Gabriella believes that when she spreads out her pennies across the table, she actually has more pennies than if they were in one small pile. Gabriella has not achieved

A) egocentrism.
B) conservation.
C) false belief principle.
D) theory of mind.