Deck 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of middle childhood is to develop industry, which is the willingness to work to achieve goals.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

By age eight, a child will take into account the intentions of another person when the child is making a moral judgment about the other person's behaviour or actions.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

During play, a child protests, "Those are the rules!" when confronted with others who want to change the rules. This is an example of moral relativism.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Shared interests and activities are a critical part of friendships in middle childhood.

Question 5

Across middle childhood, children's descriptions of others focus less on abstract characteristics and more on specific, concrete characteristics.

Question 6

Freud believed that children between age 6 and puberty repress libidinal desires to concentrate on developing friendships and social skills.

Question 7

Social approval helps to maintain aggressiveness and may cause interventions aimed at reducing aggressiveness to be ineffective.

Question 8

Popular children tend to be attractive and physically larger than their peers, characteristics they have no control over.

Question 9

Relational aggression tends to increase among boys and girls during the 6-to 12-year-old period.

Question 10

Mothers are more likely to give greater autonomy over behaviour to boys than to girls; they are also more likely to hold girls to a higher standard of accountability than they do boys.

Question 11

Aggressive/rejected children are often disruptive and uncooperative, and they realize that their peers dislike them.

Question 12

During the stage of industry versus inferiority, if children fail to read and write, they will enter adolescence with feelings of inferiority.

Question 13

Boy are simply more aggressive than girls.

Question 14

The level of social and emotional support from parents lessens once a child reaches adolescence.

Question 15

During the middle childhood years, children begin to integrate other-gender interactions and activities into their relationships and typically develop a substantial number of cross-sex friendships.

Question 16

Bandura used the term "reciprocal determinism" to refer to an individual's belief in her capacity to cause an intended event to occur.

Question 17

Children who have been harmed by a peer but did not retaliate may be vulnerable to bullying in the future, and they may be seen as socially incompetent by other children.

Question 18

Freud claimed that children concentrate on developing friendships and social skills during the latency stage.

Question 19

Researchers have found that parents may hold girls accountable to a higher standard of self-regulatory behaviour than they hold boys to.

Question 20

Children describe their own personalities with increasing degrees of precision across the middle childhood years.

Question 21

Even in war-torn countries, non-abusive, authoritative parenting can help children to maintain their emotional health.

Question 22

Gender segregation is not common among boys and girls age 6 to 12 years old.

Question 23

Loving and accepting families and peer groups guarantee high self-esteem.

Question 24

As a child moves through the concrete operational period, her sense of self remains tied to external features like height, weight, and eye colour.

Question 25

According to Freud's view, what is the developmental task of children in middle childhood?

A) to expand their sexual-role identities
B) to develop friendships and social skills
C) to develop a sense of competence by achieving culturally defined learning goals
D) to re-negotiate relationships and attachment bonds with parents

Question 26

Self-care has the most negative effects for children in low-income neighbourhoods with high crime rates.

Question 27

An individual's self-esteem is influenced by many factors and may be subject to a good deal of variation throughout her lifetime.

Question 28

In Canada, you can legally leave your child alone at the age of 8, as long as he is not caring for a younger sibling.

Question 29

No correlation has been established between the Big Five personality traits and academic success.

Question 30

Developmentalists agree that the earliest age that a child should be left in self-care is 8.

Question 31

Passive learning environments promote the development of spirituality in preadolescent children.

Question 32

Social competence is a strong buffer against the development of behaviour problems in childhood.

Question 33

From 1990 to 2001, the number of hours of TV watched by Canadian children declined, according to Statistics Canada.

Question 34

Possessing a skill or talent will positively affect a child's self-esteem only if the child places a high value on that particular skill or talent.

Question 35

According to Bandura, peer models play a lesser role than teachers and parents in influencing self-efficacy during middle childhood.

Question 36

Scores on achievement tests correlate negatively with the amount of time children spend watching TV.

Question 37

The personality trait openness/intellect would describe a child who is imaginative, curious, and has wide interests.

Question 38

Contemporary studies support Erikson's theory that school plays a pivotal role in the development of children's sense of competence.

Question 39

Recent research suggests that bullying interventions need to target the behaviour of victims rather than the behaviour of bullies.

Question 40

A key factor affecting self-esteem is the discrepancy between what the child desires and what the child thinks he has achieved.

Question 41

Self-esteem is influenced by the

A) discrepancy between who a child feels she ought to be and who she thinks she is.
B) sum total of the assessments the child makes about her skills.
C) addition of all of the positive assessments minus the negative ones.
D) relationship between the child's physical abilities and the cultural expectations of her.

Question 42

A 6-year-old's description of another person, in comparison to a 10-year-old's description, would

A) include primarily internal, abstract characteristics.
B) be more truthful.
C) be focused on external, concrete features.
D) be less kind.

Question 43

Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-esteem and depression in middle childhood?

A) strong negative correlation
B) relationship is believed to exist, but the circumstances are unclear
C) no correlation
D) strong positive correlation

Question 44

Which of the following factors is least likely to influence a child's self-esteem?

A) knowing about other children's feelings of self-esteem
B) the labels and judgments of others regarding the child's attributes and abilities
C) whether peers and parents value or feel positively about specific skills, attributes, or characteristics
D) the child's own direct experiences with successes or failures in various aspects of her life

Question 45

Researchers have determined that there are several key influences upon a child's self-esteem. Two important influences are the overall sense of support the child feels she receives from important people and

A) the feedback she receives from teachers.
B) her socioeconomic status.
C) her appearance relative to her peers.
D) the degree of discrepancy she perceives between what she wishes to achieve and what she actually has achieved.

Question 46

According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of children in middle childhood is

A) latency versus sexual development.
B) basic trust versus mistrust.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 47

Avery is a 12-year-old female. She spends most of her social time hanging out with girls her own age. Freud would say Avery is at which stage of her psychosexual development?

A) oral
B) anal
C) latency
D) phallic

Question 48

Albert Bandura included these three factors in his reciprocal model of interactive components that shape development.

A) environment, behaviour, and personal factors
B) genetics, environment, and behaviour
C) social relationships, behaviour, and genetics
D) personal factors, social behaviour, and environment

Question 49

Considering the Big Five personality traits, a child who is extroverted has which of the following qualities?

A) is affectionate and forgiving
B) is artistic and curious
C) is efficient and organized
D) is active and assertive

Question 50

The child who says, "My friend is very smart and he is more helpful than I am" is most likely _______ than the child who describes his best friend by saying, "My friend has a fast bike."

A) smarter
B) more observant
C) more socially adaptive
D) older

Question 51

Eleven-year-old Robert is described by his family and friends as anxious, tense, and self-pitying. Robert likely demonstrates the personality trait known as

A) neuroticism.
B) extraversion.
C) introversion.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 52

Children's global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like themselves or how happy they are, is termed

A) intrapersonal perception.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-construct.
D) introspective assessment.

Question 53

Which of the following children's statements illustrates the use of a psychological construct in describing an individual?

A) "She lives in a really nice house."
B) "She won't help anyone, and she is very selfish."
C) "Her bike is newer than anyone's."
D) "He has brown hair."

Question 54

According to Erikson, children resolve the psychosocial task of middle childhood in the forum of

A) school.
B) relationships with parents and siblings.
C) friendships with others.
D) the neighbourhood or community.

Question 55

Bobby is a 10-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How will this circumstance influence Bobby's self-esteem?

A) As long as his friends tell Bobby that they don't mind if he is clumsy, his self-esteem will be unaffected.
B) If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism.
C) The absence of athletic skill will affect his self-esteem only if his parents value athleticism.
D) The absence of athletic ability will cause Bobby to have low self-esteem.

Question 56

Ten-year-old Amandeep is described by her family and friends as affectionate, trusting, kind, and sympathetic. Amandeep most likely demonstrates the personality trait known as

A) openness.
B) extraversion.
C) agreeableness.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 57

A global evaluation of one's own worth is known as

A) self-perception.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) self-evaluation.

Question 58

Social-learning theorist Albert Bandura would say that children learn moral behaviour from

A) internalizing moral standards.
B) discipline.
C) observing others.
D) appropriately administered reinforcements and punishments.

Question 59

Differences in esteem are derived from

A) one's experience with success or failure.
B) the value attached to some skill/quality by peers or family.
C) the labels and judgments that come from others.
D) all of the above

Question 60

A 12-year-old's self-concept is more likely to ______compared to that of a 6-year-old child's.

A) be simple
B) focus on surface characteristics
C) include psychological factors
D) be concrete

Question 61

Any statement that involves an aspect of some internal personality characteristic or trait is called a

A) trait dimension.
B) psychological construct.
C) behavioural comparator.
D) personality type.

Question 62

An elementary-school counsellor administers a self-esteem assessment inventory to a group of third graders. She finds that one child has very low self-esteem. This child is at risk for

A) school failure.
B) child abuse.
C) being the victim of aggression.
D) depression.

Question 63

Sue was 14 years old when her sister Amanda was born. Both their parents worked outside the home, and Sue was routinely involved in feeding, bathing, and entertaining her baby sister. Sue was Amanda's regular Saturday morning babysitter, and Amanda even accompanied Sue on dates. What type of sibling relationship is described in this scenario?

A) casual
B) co-parental
C) caregiver
D) buddy

Question 64

A(n) ______school setting is a setting where teachers and children learn together, share in decision-making, and demonstrate respect and trust for one another.

A) instructional
B) community
C) inclusive
D) relational

Question 65

As children successively learn and grow through the school age years, they become

A) more independent.
B) less stable.
C) more dependent.
D) less family oriented.

Question 66

Of the following statements, which is an accurate description of the nature of a child's relationship with her parents during middle childhood?

A) School-aged children no longer need parents as a safe base for support.
B) In non-Western societies, the middle childhood years are when children are launched into independence.
C) The quality of a child's attachment relationship with parents is related to the child's ability to maintain friendships with peers.
D) Parental supervision increases due to concerns about peer influences.

Question 67

A 6-year-old describing someone as tall, and with brown hair and a red shirt is an example of the typical 6-year-old's focus on

A) inner qualities or traits.
B) dimension (size, colour, etc.) traits.
C) external traits.
D) personal comparison traits.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT something parents can do to help their 6- to 12-year-old move toward more mature levels?

A) say please and thank you
B) play age appropriate games
C) Give meaningful chores
D) punish him or her for being bad

Question 69

The stage of moral development when children figure out that you cannot get punished unless you get caught is

A) moral realism.
B) moral relativism.
C) moral indignity.
D) moral reality.

Question 70

A child's ability to conform to parental standards of behaviour without direct supervision is

A) moral reality.
B) rival reality.
C) self-regulation.
D) inner turmoil.

Question 71

According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the ________ stage.

A) pre-conventional
B) moral realism
C) moral relativism
D) ego ideal

Question 72

Recent research has indicated that mothers of socially withdrawn children are ________, while mothers of aggressive children are ________.

A) authoritative; authoritarian
B) overprotective; cold
C) overcontrolling; undercontrolling
D) undercontrolling; overcontrolling

Question 73

As relationships mature, 6- to 12-year-olds

A) continue to need attachment to parents.
B) ignore siblings.
C) tease friends.
D) berate others.

Question 74

Which of the following is not a parenting variable that is related to children's development of the capacity for self-regulation?

A) the degree of self-regulation expected by the parents
B) authoritative parenting
C) the parents' own ability to self-regulate
D) the parents' ages

Question 75

All of the following are educational strategies that may promote the development of spirituality in preadolescent children EXCEPT

A) visualization.
B) art therapy.
C) hypnosis.
D) meditation.

Question 76

Kristin describes her friend as kind, loyal, and the smartest student in their class. Based on this description, what age group does Kristin likely belong to?

A) preschool
B) early childhood
C) preadolescent
D) adolescent

Question 77

Spiritual education that preadolescents are exposed to commonly focuses on

A) truisms and facts.
B) judgments and moral behaviour.
C) intuition and emotions.
D) guilt and punishment.

Question 78

Research by psychologists from the University of Toronto supports the concept that children who are older than 8 years of age, compared to children who are younger, know that ________ are important when making moral judgments about the behaviour of others.

A) the amount of damages caused
B) the reactions of parents
C) intentions
D) consequences

Question 79

What style of sibling relationship involves having relatively little to do with each other?

A) caregiver
B) critical
C) casual
D) rival

Question 80

According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral development at the ________ stage.

A) moral realism
B) moral relativism
C) ego ideal
D) post-conventional