Deck 12: Quasi-Experimental Research: a Close Cousin to Experimental Research

Question 1

What is one criticism of the AB single-subject design?

A) too short
B) may be unethical to not apply a facilitative treatment
C) takes too much time and energy
D) does not rely on graphical depiction

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What measure must be established prior to the treatment variable to measure its effectiveness?

A) baseline
B) measure of internal validity
C) measure of external validity
D) pretest data range

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Single-subject designs have roots in which of the following views of development?

A) Piagetian
B) behavioral
C) organismic
D) social learning

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements is false regarding quasi-experimental methodology?

A) The hypothesized cause of differences between groups has already occurred.
B) It is more powerful than experimental research.
C) Group assignment has already taken place.
D) It does not attempt to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 5

What is one suggested limitation of the single subject design?

A) significant expense
B) internal validity
C) external validity
D) none of the above

Question 6

Which allows for in-depth examination of specific behaviors?

A) nonequivalent control group design
B) static group comparison
C) single-subject design
D) one-group pretest posttest design

Question 7

Why use nonequivalent control group design?

A) less cost
B) less time involved
C) easier training
D) because you cannot assign subjects to groups

Question 8

In the above example, if Dr. Moore intervenes with reinforcement for one month, withholds treatment for one month but then re-intervenes, Dr. Moore's design is best represented as __________________.

A) ABC
B) ABA
C) ABAB
D) ABBA

Question 9

What is the primary advantage of ABAB design?

A) addressing ethical concerns
B) lower cost
C) less time involved
D) easier training

Question 10

Which of the following notes that the treatment is reintroduced?

A) ABA
B) ABC
C) ABAB
D) ABAC

Question 11

If it is not possible to randomize or administer a pretest, what is the best choice of design?

A) Analysis of Covariance ANCOVA)
B) static group design
C) nonequivalent control group design
D) Solomon four-group design

Question 12

If nonequivalent control group design had random selection and assignment, what type of design would it be?

A) static group comparison
B) one-group pretest posttest design
C) one-shot case study design
D) pretest posttest control group design

Question 13

What is the most serious threat to internal validity in nonequivalent control group design?

A) selection
B) maturation
C) mortality
D) testing

Question 14

When you cannot use a pretest, what would be the appropriate design to use?

A) nonequivalent control group design
B) static group comparison
C) single-subject design
D) ABAB design

Question 15

Which design is represented below? Group 1 Treatment Posttest
Group 2 No Treatment Posttest

A) nonequivalent control group design
B) static group comparison
C) Solomon two group design
D) factorial design

Question 16

What is the major limitation of the quasi-experimental design?

A) its complexity
B) its reliance on continuous independent variables
C) the preassignment to groups
D) overreliance on randomization

Question 17

In what design is the cause-and-effect argument strongest?

A) experimental design
B) quasi-experimental design
C) pre-experimental design
D) correlational design

Question 18

The term nonequivalent in "nonequivalent control group design" refers to the nonequivalence of __________________________.

A) sample size
B) pretesting procedures
C) groups before the experiment begins
D) groups after the experiment has ended

Question 19

If, while using the nonequivalent control group design, the researcher discovers that groups differ on the pretest measure, one technique which can be used to statistically equalize the groups on the pretest is ____________________.

A) factor analysis
B) Analysis of Variance ANOVA)
C) parallel forms pretesting
D) Analysis of Covariance ANCOVA)

Question 20

In quasi-experimental research, when will the cause of differences between groups occur?

A) during the experiment
B) after the experiment
C) it has already occurred
D) it will never occur

Question 21

How do quasi-experimental methods help with ethical research?

Question 22

Which study design uses more than one test period prior to initiating any treatment and uses a comparison between one subject who receives a treatment and one who does not?

A) single subject design
B) nonequivalent control group design
C) multiple baseline design
D) cross-sectional design

Question 23

Discuss differences between longitudinal and cross sectional methods.

Question 24

What is one drawback of longitudinal studies?

A) They assess changes in subjects over time.
B) The subjects act as their own controls.
C) They can have a high mortality rate.
D) The researcher does not manipulate any variables.

Question 25

Professor Russel wants to examine the effectiveness of his new reading instruction method for third graders. He locates two third grade classes in the same school. He assesses all students' current reading ability at the start of the school year. He then has one classroom utilize his new instruction method while the other classroom uses the traditional method. At the end of the school year, Professor Russell assesses reading ability once again and compares group differences. The design of this study exemplifies which of the following?

A) nonequivalent control group design
B) static group comparison
C) Solomon two group design
D) factorial design

Question 26

Longitudinal studies examine changes that occur with age; what do cross-sectional studies examine?

A) immediate treatment effects across groups
B) long-term treatment effects
C) age changes
D) age differences

Question 27

Which quasi-experimental design is the one most often used?

A) pretest posttest control group design
B) multiple baseline design
C) nonequivalent control group design
D) static group comparison design

Question 28

Compared to longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies ______________________.

A) are much less expensive
B) have better comparability of groups
C) have higher mortality rates
D) cost the same

Question 29

How can age and the time the measurement took place be confounding?

Question 30

Which of the following sequences exemplifies the method of a single-subject design?

A) measure behavior prior to treatment, apply treatment, withdraw treatment
B) apply treatment, measure behavior, withdraw treatment
C) apply treatment, withdraw treatment, measure behavior
D) apply treatment with a treatment

Question 31

Dr. Goldstein studied the sleep patterns of five groups of subjects aged 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 to determine if there were any differences in pattern following adolescence. How would this type of study be classified?

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) multiple baseline
D) historical

Question 32

If you want to answer a research question regarding whether a particular group of subjects experiences any significant changes in behavior as they age, but you do not have the time or money for a traditional longitudinal study, which method would be acceptable?

A) cross-sectional
B) historical
C) follow-up
D) none of the above would be acceptable

Question 33

When are follow-up studies useful?

Question 34

Which design is presented below? Group 1 Pretest Treatment Posttest
Group 2 Pretest No Treatment Posttest

A) nonequivalent control group design
B) static group comparison
C) Solomon two group design
D) factorial design

Question 35

Give an example of static group comparison in an experiment.

Question 36

What is the difference between ABA and ABAB design?

Question 37

Single subject designs are useful because they

A) allow for an in-depth examination of specific behaviors.
B) are used when the behavior on which the researcher is focusing is not very well defined in operational terms.
C) allow for random assignment of participants into groups.
D) have no threats to internal validity.

Question 38

What is the difference between true and quasi-experimental research?

Question 39

What type of research method assesses changes in behavior in one group of subjects at more than one point in time?

A) longitudinal
B) historical
C) cross-sectional
D) qualitative