Deck 7: Learning and Conditioning

Question 1

Learning is a process by which experience results in:

A)acquisition of motivation.
B)relatively permanent behavior change.
C)delayed genetic behavioral contributions.
D)amplification of sensory stimuli.

Answer 1

relatively permanent behavior change.

Question 2

Thorndike was known for his work with __________.

A)a puzzle box
B)modeling
C)monkeys
D)a Skinner box

Answer 2

a puzzle box

Question 3

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

A)unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B)conditioned response and unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Answer 3

neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Thorndike conducted research on:

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)shaping.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?

A)Learning can be directly observed and measured.
B)Learning cannot be directly observed or measured,so performance is observed and learning is inferred based on what the person is able to do.
C)The results of learning must immediately change behavior.
D)None of the above

Question 6

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.

A)UR,US
B)US,UR
C)CS,CR
D)CR,CS

Question 7

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 8

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 9

Some of the simplest and most basic learning that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is:

A)motivation.
B)cognitive dissonance.
C)integration.
D)conditioning.

Question 10

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the presentation of the meat was the:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 11

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.

A)vicarious learning
B)the Law of Effect
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 12

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

A)acquisition of motivation
B)relatively permanent behavior change
C)amplification of sensory stimuli
D)delayed genetic behavioral contributions

Question 13

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:

A)knowledge.
B)intelligence.
C)learning.
D)performance.

Question 14

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.

A)cat food
B)cat
C)running of the cats
D)cupboard door opening

Question 15

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:

A)a wire monkey.
B)a cognitive map.
C)a puzzle box.
D)a buzzer.

Question 16

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A)blinking when air is blown into your eye
B)blinking,when you hear your favorite song
C)your favorite song
D)a puff of air to your eye

Question 17

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:

A)the act of eating breakfast.
B)the act of eating lunch.
C)the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
D)the watching of the hands of the clock.

Question 18

An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the:

A)increased heartbeat.
B)piece of music.
C)sound of the buzzer.
D)listening to the music.

Question 19

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Thorndike
D)Skinner

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of learning?

A)The human brain continues to grow and develop after birth.
B)A human male develops the capacity to produce sperm cells at puberty.
C)Drinking coffee makes a person more aroused.
D)A student does not swat at a wasp buzzing around her head.

Question 21

Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning,that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ and that the conditioned stimulus is the ___________.

A)cat food; cupboard door opening
B)kitchen; cat food
C)cupboard door opening; cat food
D)cat food; kitchen

Question 22

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus?

A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Question 23

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival,but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?

A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Question 24

In classical conditioning,when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response,the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a/an _______ stimulus.

A)conditioned
B)discriminative
C)higher-order
D)unconditioned

Question 25

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________.

A)cat food
B)cat
C)running of the cats
D)cupboard door opening

Question 26

Classical conditioning:

A)is primarily concerned with reflexes.
B)is primarily concerned with involuntary responses.
C)is passive.
D)all of the above

Question 27

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

A)dog food
B)the cat running
C)the sound of the closet door opening
D)the dog

Question 28

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?

A)Most classical conditioning requires repeated trials.
B)One trial is usually enough for conditioning to occur
C)Learning will continue to increase indefinitely
D)Learning is more effective if trials follow each other very quickly.

Question 29

Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as _________ conditioning.

A)classical
B)operant
C)backward
D)aversive

Question 30

A kind of therapy closely related to classical conditioning is known as __________ therapy.

A)desensitization
B)conditioned
C)psychoanalytic
D)response

Question 31

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

A)present the tone alone repeatedly
B)present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C)increase the loudness of the tone
D)increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

A)A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.
B)A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food.
C)Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine,she got a free soft drink,so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.
D)A monkey learns to escape from a cage.

Question 33

In classical conditioning,the interstimulus interval refers to the amount of time between ________.

A)learning trials
B)extinction trials
C)presentation of the conditioned stimulus and presentation of the unconditioned stimulus
D)experimental sessions

Question 34

Instinctive or involuntary behavior would probably be BEST modified by ___________ .

A)operant conditioning
B)trial and error
C)classical conditioning
D)shaping

Question 35

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response?

A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Question 36

How does one know he/she has classically conditioned a person or an animal?

A)The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the unconditioned response.
B)The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
C)The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
D)The unconditioned response all by itself elicits the conditioned response.

Question 37

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the presentation of the meat was the __________.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 38

New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________.

A)shaping
B)generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)extinction

Question 39

An automatic,innate,and involuntary response to an environmental event is an ________.

A)UR
B)reflexive response
C)unconditioned response
D)all of the above

Question 40

We associate the name of ___________ most closely with classical conditioning.

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 41

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the _______.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 42

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increases.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice thereafter,her heart raced.Old Spice After Shave was the:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 43

When Luke kisses Laura,her heart rate increases.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart raced.Laura's increased heart rate when Luke kissed her was the:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 44

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby.Bobby's faster breathing rate when he smells Chanel #5 is the:

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 45

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby.Chanel #5 is the:

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 46

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6 year old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.The sight of dogs is the:

A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.

Question 47

In classical conditioning,one must be sure to pair the:

A)US and CS.
B)US and UR.
C)CS and CR.
D)CS and UR.

Question 48

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby.Bobby's accelerated breathing when he and Sue kissed is the:

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 49

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increases.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart would race.Laura's increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 50

In classical conditioning,one must pair the _______ before conditioning can occur.

A)US and CR
B)US and CS
C)CR and CS
D)UR and CR

Question 51

Pairing the US and CS is essential for _______ to occur.

A)extinction
B)classical conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)shaping

Question 52

Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning,the one the organism learns to respond to is the:

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 53

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the presentation of the meat was the _______.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 54

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increased.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart raced.Luke's kiss was the:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 55

In classical conditioning the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the:

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)reflexive stimulus.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)orienting stimulus.

Question 56

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby.Whenever Bobby smelled Chanel #5,he began to breathe faster.Sue's kiss was the:

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 57

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6 year old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.Jodie's crying when she sees dogs is the:

A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.

Question 58

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,salivation to the meat was the _______.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 59

Paul is coming down with the flu,but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill.A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea.What type of learning is illustrated by this episode?

A)operant conditioning
B)cognitive learning
C)latent learning
D)classical conditioning

Question 60

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6 year old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.In the example,the dog's bark and bite is the:

A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.

Question 61

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned response was _______.

A)fear of the loud noise
B)fear of the rat
C)fear of the experimenter
D)fear of the laboratory

Question 62

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned stimulus was _______.

A)the experimenter
B)the laboratory
C)the loud noise
D)the rat

Question 63

Little Albert (Watson,1920)learned through classical conditioning to fear ______.

A)brown cats
B)black dogs
C)white rats
D)his mother

Question 64

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the _______.

A)increased heartbeat
B)female's picture
C)sounds of the buzzer
D)viewing of the picture

Question 65

Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in ________.

A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)stimulus discrimination
D)stimulus generalization

Question 66

If a researcher presents the US first,then presents the CS,the pairing method used is _______.

A)trace
B)delay
C)simultaneous
D)backward

Question 67

A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned up her room.What is the cookie in this example? 8)

A)conditioned response
B)punisher
C)positive reinforcer
D)negative reinforcer

Question 68

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the do to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.Jode's crying when she sees dogs is the ________.

A)US
B)CS
C)UR
D)CR

Question 69

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,salivation to the meat was the _______.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 70

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR,the phenomenon is called _______.

A)stimulus discrimination
B)stimulus generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)2nd order conditioning

Question 71

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 72

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned stimulus was _______.

A)the experimenter
B)the laboratory
C)the loud noise
D)the rat

Question 73

In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment),what was the US?

A)the rat
B)the rabbit
C)the loud noise
D)the crying response

Question 74

One of the best known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study,conducted by _______.

A)Pavlov
B)Freud
C)Watson
D)Skinner

Question 75

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned stimulus was __________.

A)Albert
B)the rat
C)the loud noise
D)the laboratory room

Question 76

Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the _______.

A)cat food
B)cats
C)running of the cats
D)cupboard door opening

Question 77

Who was Little Albert?

A)developer of the concept of classical conditioning
B)an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures
C)creator of methods for teaching children
D)a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

Question 78

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the CONDITIONED response is the ________.

A)increased heartbeat
B)nude female's picture
C)sounds of the buzzer
D)viewing of the picture

Question 79

Spontaneous recovery:

A)occurs before the pairing of the CS and US.
B)occurs after a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.
C)is an unlearned response.
D)can occur once a response has been extinguished

Question 80

In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment),what was the CS?

A)the rat
B)the rabbit
C)the loud noise
D)the crying response