Deck 8: Exstintion: Behavior in Social and Cultural Context

Question 1

In the Milgram study,_______________ predicted that most people would refuse to go beyond 150 volts when administering shock to other people.

A)professionals
B)nonprofessionals
C)both professionals and nonprofessionals
D)no one

Answer 1

both professionals and nonprofessionals

Question 2

Before Stanley Milgram conducted his study on obedience,he asked a number of psychiatrists,students,and middle-class adults how many people would go all the way to the highest voltage under the instructions of the authority.Milgram found that:

A)psychiatrists accurately predicted that about 45 percent of the participants would inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock.
B)students and middle-class adults accurately predicted that about 25 percent of the participants would inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock.
C)psychiatrists predicted that one person in a thousand would administer the highest voltage and the nonprofessionals agreed with this statement.
D)psychiatrists,students,and middle-class adults accurately predicted that about 15 percent of the participants would inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock.

Answer 2

psychiatrists predicted that one person in a thousand would administer the highest voltage and the nonprofessionals agreed with this statement.

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Milgram's study?

A)It was unethical because the personality traits of the subject were not taken into account.
B)It was unethical because subjects were deceived.
C)It was unethical because subjects experienced emotional pain.
D)It was not a realistic situation and could not be compared to real-world obedience.

Answer 3

It was unethical because the personality traits of the subject were not taken into account.

Question 4

Milgram concluded that obedience in his study was a function of:

A)the religious beliefs of the participant.
B)the personality of the participant.
C)the responses made by the learner.
D)the situation of the experiment.

Question 5

Social conventions,explicit laws,and implicit cultural standards are examples of:

A)norms.
B)roles.
C)routines.
D)stereotypes.

Question 6

When Milgram and his team set up several variations of his original study,they found that people were more likely to disobey under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT:

A)when the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the victim made.
B)when two experimenters had conflicting demands about the continuation of the experiment.
C)when the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man,apparently another volunteer.
D)when the subject worked with peers who refused to go further in the procedure.

Question 7

Each person has _______________ social role(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)many

Question 8

Which of the following is the definition of "norm"?

A)a gradual process in which people escalate their commitment to a course of action
B)a program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a society
C)rules that regulate human life
D)a given social position that is governed by rules for proper behavior

Question 9

Results of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience showed that:

A)about two-thirds of the subjects stopped delivering shocks when the learner first demanded to be free.
B)about two-thirds of the subjects,from all ages and from all walks of life,obeyed to the fullest extent.
C)almost 90 percent of the women and about 60 percent of the men stopped administering shocks even though the experimenter said,"The experiment requires that you continue."
D)about 90 percent of the older adults and about 60 percent of the students stopped administering shocks even though the experimenter said,"The experiment requires that you continue."

Question 10

Culture is defined as a program of shared _______________ that govern the behavior of people in a society as well as a set of shared values and beliefs.

A)social roles
B)rules or norms
C)expectations
D)cognitions

Question 11

An implicit cultural standard has been violated when:

A)the taxes are due on April 15 but a person doesn't file a return.
B)a parent allows a 13-year-old to get behind the wheel for a short drive home.
C)a driver accelerates during a yellow light in order to cross the intersection.
D)the school library is almost completely empty but a student sits right next to a stranger.

Question 12

_______________ generally have the greatest conversational distance compared to other cultures; that is,they stand further apart when they converse.

A)Southern Europeans
B)Arabs
C)English and Swedes
D)Latin Americans

Question 13

When hotels put notices in guest bathrooms that the majority of the guests reuse their towels,approximately ______ agree to participate in the reuse program.

A)3/4
B)1/2
C)1/3
D)1/4

Question 14

About _______________ of all participants in Milgram's study administered the highest level of shock to the learner.

A)a fourth
B)a third
C)half
D)two-thirds

Question 15

Research on social roles suggests that:

A)people usually follow social roles with conscious deliberation.
B)certain aspects of every role must be carried out or there will be penalties.
C)male gender roles in Western cultures have been resistant to any changes.
D)family roles setting tasks for husbands and wives are similar across cultures.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an example of a norm violation?

A)students who sit next to strangers in the school cafeteria when other seats are available
B)individuals in Milgram's study who obeyed the authority and delivered shocks
C)a woman who hums loudly while waiting in line to buy movie tickets
D)a man in the U.S.standing so close to an acquaintance that she can feel his breath

Question 17

Doni enters an elevator and stands in it facing the back instead of turning around to face the elevator door.Doni is violating:

A)her gender role.
B)a social role.
C)a norm.
D)a stereotype.

Question 18

Which statement best describes an aspect of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience?

A)an ominous-looking shock machine had voltage markings from zero to 450 volts
B)participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners
C)participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs
D)a learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine

Question 19

_______________ are defined as rules that regulate human life.

A)Norms
B)Roles
C)Routines
D)Stereotypes

Question 20

Tahir,an Arab,and Jan,a Swede,meet at a dinner for international students.Because the cultures of the two men differ in regard to _______________,both may feel uncomfortable during their conversation.

A)knowledge of U.S.etiquette
B)attitudes toward higher education
C)explicit laws
D)conversational distance

Question 21

_______________ occurs when a person chooses attributions for his or her own behavior that are favorable.

A)Fundamental attribution error
B)The just-world error
C)Self-serving bias
D)Entrapment

Question 22

The basic asymmetry in social perception is further widened by this process in your brain which makes you feel good about yourself even when you shouldn't.

A)confidence meter
B)fundamental attribution error
C)self-serving bias
D)brain asymmetry

Question 23

The Stanford prison study demonstrates how a person's _______________ affects behavior.

A)beliefs
B)values
C)role
D)past experience

Question 24

_______________ is defined as a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time,money,or effort.

A)Obedience
B)Entrapment
C)Conformity
D)Commitment

Question 25

When people in the United States are trying to find reasons for someone else's behavior,they tend to:

A)ignore dispositional attributions in favor of situational attributions.
B)leap to the attribution that people's behaviors correspond to the context.
C)explore the personality traits and the environmental constraints to derive an explanation.
D)overestimate personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation.

Question 26

Replications of Milgram's study of obedience showed:

A)occupational differences,because 90 percent of lower-SES individuals and 55 percent of upper-SES individuals inflicted what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the "learner."
B)gender differences in a willingness to obey,because 75 percent of men but only 30 percent of women inflicted what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the "learner."
C)that more than 90 percent of the subjects in Spain and in the Netherlands inflicted what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the "learner."
D)that when the victim said that he had a heart ailment or screamed in agony,10 percent of the "teachers" inflicted what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the "learner."

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of entrapment as it relates to obedience?

A)A friend who is moving asks you to bring over a few empty boxes; when you arrive he asks you to fill the boxes with dishes,and before you know it,you've packed his kitchen.
B)A friend convinces you that it would be fun to stand backwards in the checkout line of the grocery store and before you know it,other customers are gawking at you.
C)A friend states that just because you are the bride there is no reason that you,rather than the groom, should write the thank you cards and before you know it,you are getting the blame.
D)A friend suggests that in auditioning for the part of James Bond in a local production,you should emphasize his fears as well as his strengths,and before you know it,you are laughed off stage.

Question 28

Janis,an administrative assistant at a London firm,is trying to find reasons for her boss's hostile behavior.She is likely to:

A)ignore her boss's dispositional attributions in favor of situational attributions.
B)leap to the attribution that her boss's behavior corresponds to work demands.
C)explore her boss's personality traits and the environmental constraints to derive an explanation.
D)overestimate her boss's personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation.

Question 29

When we make situational attributions,we are identifying the cause of an action as something:

A)in the environment.
B)in the person's disposition.
C)that is a biological trait.
D)with an unconscious motivation.

Question 30

Critics of the prison study argue that:

A)the methodology was flawed because participants were not randomly assigned to either the prisoner condition or the guard condition.
B)by stopping the study after six days instead of letting it continue for the two-week experimental period, the researchers had not allowed enough time for dramatic change to occur.
C)a makeshift prison in the basement of a university building is not an effective setting to investigate the factors involved.
D)the participants had watched television shows and movies which provided script information about how guards and prisoners are supposed to behave.

Question 31

Researchers in the area of ___________________ examine how people's perception of themselves and others affect their relationships.

A)psychoanalysis
B)sociobiology
C)social cognition
D)behavorism

Question 32

Attribution theory examines:

A)the explanations a person makes about the causes of behavior.
B)the psychological traits or "attributes" that a person possesses.
C)judgments about the personal attributes of others.
D)predictions about behavior of people in particular situations.

Question 33

Which of the following actions by the "learner" reduced the likelihood of being shocked by the "teacher" in Milgram's study?

A)protesting noisily
B)screaming in pain
C)complaining of having a heart ailment
D)nothing the learner did made a difference

Question 34

In the Stanford prison study,male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards.The researchers found that:

A)within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky,developing emotional symptoms and physical ailments.
B)about five percent of the guards became tyrannical,giving the prisoners electric shocks when they were slow in obeying.
C)90 percent of the guards tried to be "tough but fair" and demanded that the tyrannical guards lighten up on the prisoners because it was only an experiment.
D)the study was conducted in an unused wing of a real prison; therefore,the realistic atmosphere enhanced the role behavior of prisoners and guards.

Question 35

The fundamental attribution error would be predicted to be especially prevalent in:

A)India.
B)Britain.
C)Kenya.
D)Japan.

Question 36

C.P.Snow said that "more hideous crimes have been committed in the name of _______________ than in the name of rebellion."

A)obedience
B)conformity
C)religion
D)the law

Question 37

The primary reason why people obey is because:

A)they don't give thought to the other perspective.
B)they hope to gain a tangible benefit through their obedience.
C)they are worried about the consequences of disobedience.
D)they are deeply convinced of the authority's legitimacy.

Question 38

Social _______________ refers to the effect of social influence on thought,memory,perception,and beliefs.

A)attribution
B)entrapment
C)attitudes
D)cognition

Question 39

The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency of people to:

A)overestimate the role of situational factors in the behavior of others.
B)overestimate the role of dispositional factors in the behavior of others.
C)overestimate the role of situational factors in their own behavior.
D)overestimate the role of dispositional factors in their own behavior.

Question 40

A gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time,money,or effort is called:

A)acculturation.
B)entrapment.
C)diffusion of responsibility.
D)fundamental attribution error.

Question 41

Blaming the victim often results when a person strongly believes in the:

A)diffusion of responsibility.
B)attribution of responsibility.
C)social identity theory.
D)just-world hypothesis.

Question 42

The need to ____________ is considered the most powerful human motivation

A)hunger
B)belong
C)participate
D)achieve

Question 43

Angela is a participant in an experiment and joins seven other students seated in a room.She is shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines.The experimenter,Solomon Asch,is interested in studying:

A)visual perception.
B)depth perception.
C)absolute threshold.
D)conformity.

Question 44

_______________ is a tendency for all people on a team or a mission together to agree with each other and suppress any dissension among their ranks.

A)Groupthink
B)Conformity
C)Consensus
D)Deindividuation

Question 45

When a person is a committed follower in a cult that relies upon coercive persuasion,the group is likely to:

A)have created a new identity for the person now that he or she is among the elite.
B)give "love baths" and affection whenever the person feels personal distress.
C)encourage the person to initiate interactions with family members.
D)allow the person to make more choices in how he or she wants to pursue group goals.

Question 46

Joseph Goebbels,Hitler's propaganda minister,used a technique called "The Big Lie." He knew that people begin to believe that a statement is true simply because it has been repeated a number of times.The formal name for this technique is:

A)the validity effect.
B)groupthink.
C)diffusion of responsibility.
D)symbolic racism.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a sign of groupthink?

A)an illusion of invulnerability
B)weak leadership within the group
C)self-censorship
D)an illusion of unanimity

Question 48

Cognitive dissonance is:

A)a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent.
B)the tendency of members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they assume that others will do so.
C)the tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement.
D)a belief that a statement is true just because the person has heard it repeated over and over again.

Question 49

Solomon Asch set up an experiment in which eight people were shown a 10-inch line and then had to choose the line that matched it in length from a choice of three other lines.Through this experiment,Asch was studying

A)bystander apathy.
B)social loafing.
C)groupthink.
D)conformity.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about attitudes is true?

A)Attitudes are learned beliefs about people,groups,ideas,or activities.
B)Explicit attitudes are learned,but implicit attitudes stem from innate personality traits.
C)Attitudes are generally a result of learning and experience,but may also be a result of innate personality traits.
D)Religiosity is dependent only on culture and therefore is learned.

Question 51

Replications of Asch's conformity experiment show that:

A)regardless of culture,people are more likely to conform in groups of people that are similar in age,sex,and ethnicity.
B)Americans of today are more likely to conform in the Asch paradigm than were Americans in the 1950s.
C)people in individualist cultures are more likely to conform than individuals from collectivist cultures.
D)when people are asked to make these line judgments on their own,about 20 percent still make mistakes on the task.

Question 52

The "Big Lie" results from:

A)the familiarity effect.
B)the validity effect.
C)innate personality traits.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 53

Garret has a tendency to take credit for his good actions but he attributes his mistakes to "an off day." This would be an example of:

A)the fundamental attribution error.
B)the validity effect.
C)the just-world hypothesis.
D)the self-serving bias.

Question 54

When close-knit group members experience groupthink,it means that:

A)they tend to overestimate the personality factors of others and underestimate the situation.
B)they tend to use problem-solving procedures that have been effective in the group's past.
C)they tend to take individual credit for good decisions and blame the group for others.
D)they tend to think alike and to suppress disagreement for the sake of harmony.

Question 55

The tendency,in explaining one's own behavior,to take credit for one's good actions and rationalize one's mistakes is called:

A)fundamental attribution error.
B)attitude.
C)validity effect.
D)self-serving bias.

Question 56

A relatively stable opinion,containing beliefs and emotional feelings about a topic,is called:

A)an attitude.
B)a norm.
C)an attribution.
D)a disposition.

Question 57

Carlos and his work associates form a close,friendly group and they usually work well together.However,they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called:

A)fundamental attribution error.
B)generational identity.
C)groupthink.
D)self-serving bias.

Question 58

A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent is called:

A)cognitive dissonance.
B)the validity effect.
C)the fundamental attribution error.
D)routinization.

Question 59

Methods of indoctrination include all of these elements EXCEPT:

A)the person is subjected to entrapment.
B)all of the person's problems are reduced to one simple attribution.
C)the person's past identity is strengthened.
D)the person's access to information is severely controlled.

Question 60

According to the just-world hypothesis:

A)people's actions are just if they truly believe in them.
B)if people work hard for something,then they deserve their reward.
C)bad people are punished and good people are rewarded.
D)international cooperation leads to justice.

Question 61

If a person had a sudden appendicitis attack in a public place,she would be more likely to be helped if:

A)one other person was in the area.
B)four to five people were in the area.
C)one dozen people were in the area.
D)several dozen people were in the area.

Question 62

What really seems to be happening when people are in large crowds and anonymous situations is that:

A)they conform to the situation's specific norms.
B)they become mindless and no longer conform to any social norms.
C)they become uninhibited and their sexual urges are released.
D)they become combative and their aggressiveness is released.

Question 63

Ethnocentrism can be reduced by:

A)interdependence in reaching mutual goals.
B)an us-them mentality.
C)education and awareness.
D)acculturation and accommodation.

Question 64

Eduardo is walking across campus on his way to the school's costume party.He is wearing a silly gorilla suit.Although he is normally shy,Eduardo sees one of his friends and plays a practical joke on him! What phenomenon does this illustrate?

A)just-world hypothesis
B)diffusion of responsibility
C)deindividuation
D)groupthink

Question 65

Adora and Yvette,and twelve of their closest friends from college,are planning to go to Key West during spring break.As members of the anonymous crowd of college students,Adora and Yvette will most likely:

A)conform to the situation's specific norms and say,"Let's party!"
B)conform to the local norms of the city of Key West.
C)become uninhibited because mindlessness is increased in a large group.
D)become combative because aggressiveness is released in the large group.

Question 66

The members of Ike's fraternity think blindfolding the initiates and covering them with molasses is a great idea for pledging.Ike does not think this is a good idea but he decides to keep quiet rather than offend his fraternity brothers and risk being ridiculed.This illustrates a symptom of:

A)groupthink.
B)deindividuation.
C)diffusion of responsibility.
D)self-serving bias.

Question 67

Research suggests that you are more likely to:

A)feel deindividuated in a small town.
B)feel deindividuated when wearing a uniform.
C)feel combative rather than kind when feeling deindividuated.
D)demonstrate mindlessness when feeling deindividuated.

Question 68

The belief that one's own ethnic group,nation,or religion is superior to all others is called:

A)the fundamental attribution error.
B)self-serving bias.
C)ethnocentrism.
D)entrapment.

Question 69

Research on fundamental aspects of ethnocentrism shows that:

A)the "us" category is based on dominant characteristics,such as gender or ethnicity.
B)it almost doesn't matter what the "us" category is based on.
C)it occurs in individualist countries but not in collectivist countries,such as China.
D)it hinders human survival because it fosters competition.

Question 70

Lucas is making his way across a busy campus between classes.He notices smoke coming from the side of the cafeteria but figures that someone already called the fire department.What phenomenon does this illustrate?

A)just-world hypothesis
B)diffusion of responsibility
C)deindividuation
D)groupthink

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a situational factor that will encourage a person to "rock the boat" and be a nonconformist?

A)the knowledge that if you protest a company policy you will be able to find another job
B)the realization that intervention or help is needed
C)the cost-benefit ratio supports your decision to get involved
D)the knowledge that you are the only dissenting person and so it is up to you to take action

Question 72

Groupthink can be counteracted by creating conditions that:

A)foster strong,directive leadership.
B)base decisions on unanimity instead of majority rule.
C)explicitly encourage doubt and dissent.
D)help members focus on being team players.

Question 73

As members of an anonymous crowd,

A)individuals become uninhibited and likely to engage in combative behavior.
B)individuals strive to maintain individuality rather than follow the crowd.
C)individuals often fail to take action because they believe that someone else will do so.
D)individuals are apathetic bystanders when someone is in trouble.

Question 74

A group of officers fighting in Afghanistan must make an important military decision.Under what circumstances would groupthink be most likely to occur?

A)there is consensus leadership among the officers rather than one directive leader
B)the officers are concerned that their group is not functioning as a tight-knit team
C)the officers are aware that it is difficult to make a correct decision
D)the group members feel under pressure by outside forces

Question 75

Resistance to groupthink can be fostered by all of the following EXCEPT:

A)encouraging members to think of themselves as open-minded problem solvers.
B)becoming invulnerable all knowings.
C)allowing members to feel strongly identified with the group.
D)fostering concern that a decision might be harmful for the collective enterprise.

Question 76

When President George W.Bush launched an invasion of Iraq,claiming that the country had weapons of mass destruction and was allied with Al-Qaeda,he and his team ignored evidence from intelligence agencies that neither claim was actually true.This error can be attributed to a process called.

A)groupthink.
B)unanimity.
C)self-censorship.
D)conservativism.

Question 77

The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation,culture,or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called:

A)the fundamental attribution error.
B)self-serving bias.
C)ethnocentrism.
D)ethnic identity.

Question 78

Bystander apathy results from:

A)social loafing.
B)deindividuation.
C)diffusion of responsibility.
D)the familiarity effect.

Question 79

When the leader of a close-knit group humiliates dissenters,then it is most likely that _______________ is occurring.

A)the self-serving bias
B)a fundamental attribution error
C)groupthink
D)diffusion of responsibility

Question 80

In order to study the power of the situation,researchers promoted deindividuation by having their subjects wear disguises.They found that:

A)regardless of disguise,the men delivered twice as much apparent electric shock as did the women.
B)women who wore Ku Klux Klan-like disguises delivered twice as much apparent electric shock as undisguised women.
C)women who wore nurses' uniforms delivered the same levels of apparent shock as women who wore Ku Klux Klan-like disguises.
D)the clothing worn by the subjects in the study did not seem to influence their decisions to give apparent electric shocks.