Deck 5: Learning Concepts to Improve Performance: Part A

Question 1

At Microsoft's research and development laboratory,engineers and scientists are encouraged to question top management's directives because innovation and professional judgment are crucial to the organization's success.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

An unconditioned stimulus brings out an artificial response in the classical conditioning process.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Classical conditioning is widely used by managers in work settings to shape subordinates behaviors.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Learning is a relatively permanent change in knowledge or observable behavior that results from practice or experience.

Question 5

Classical conditioning is the process by which individuals learn to link the information from a neutral stimulus to a stimulus that causes a response.

Question 6

According to Learning from Experience: Working at United Parcel Service,UPS service providers are told to look at the package only once to fix the address in their mind.

Question 7

For learning to occur,one must decide to think differently,but behavioral change is not required.

Question 8

Employees quickly learn whether their behavior is desirable or undesirable based on the leader's reaction to the behavior and how to change an undesirable to a desirable (from the leader's viewpoint)behavior.

Question 9

Desirable work behaviors contribute to achievement of organizational goals;conversely,undesirable work behaviors hinder achievement of these goals.

Question 10

The process by which individuals learn to link the information from a neutral stimulus to a stimulus that causes a response is referred to as operant conditioning.

Question 11

A classically conditioned response may not be under an individual's conscious control.

Question 12

The work setting and organizational norms provide perspectives for determining whether a behavior is desirable or undesirable.

Question 13

An example of classical conditioning is the AFLAC company,and how it has created a link between its duck and supplemental insurance.

Question 14

Undesirable work behaviors contribute to achieving organizational goals.

Question 15

Effective managers do not try to change employees' personalities or basic beliefs.

Question 16

Labeling behavior as desirable or undesirable is based upon easily verifiable criteria.

Question 17

According to Learning from Experience: Working at United Parcel Service,United Parcel Service gives its supervisors note cards to use for on-road driver evaluations.

Question 18

Learning is a temporary change in knowledge or observable behavior that results from practice or experience.

Question 19

Labeling behavior as desirable or undesirable may be somewhat subjective and depends on the value systems of the organization (most often represented by an employee's manager)and the employee exhibiting the behavior.

Question 20

Effective managers try to try to change employees' personalities or basic beliefs,rather than try to identify observable employee behaviors and the environmental conditions that influence the probability of these behaviors.

Question 21

If an employee gets a reward,it also acts as a reinforcer.

Question 22

Voluntary behaviors are called operants because they have some influence on the environment.

Question 23

The contingency of reinforcement called negative reinforcement occurs when an employee is provided with a pleasant event.

Question 24

What happens as a consequence of a behavior is a crucial aspect of classical conditioning.

Question 25

Rich Cotorski is the scientist most frequently associated with classical conditioning.

Question 26

In operant conditioning,a response is learned because it leads to a particular consequence.

Question 27

The terms reinforcement and reward mean the same thing in reinforcement theory.

Question 28

A manager uses a reward as a reinforcer.This reinforcer increases the frequency of a desirable behavior.

Question 29

An antecedent is the result of a behavior,which can be either positive or negative in terms of goal or task accomplishment.

Question 30

At Presbyterian Hospital's emergency room in Plano,Texas,the special lights in the hallway are the conditioned stimulus and a patient who needs treatment is the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 31

Reinforcement will always increase the frequency of employee behavior.

Question 32

In the TV advertisements for AFLAC,the duck is the unconditioned stimulus and feeling good about ducks is the conditioned stimulus.

Question 33

A case of reinforcement is the relationship between a behavior and the preceding and following environmental events that influence that behavior.

Question 34

A contingency of reinforcement consists of an antecedent,a behavior,and a consequence.

Question 35

Voluntary behaviors are called antecedents because they have some influence on the environment.

Question 36

Desired employee behaviors usually don't include very many such responses which can be changed with classical conditioning techniques.

Question 37

In operant conditioning,a response is learned because the person has been conditioned to respond that way.

Question 38

If the result of a behavior in terms of goal accomplishment is negative,it is called consequence.

Question 39

In operant conditioning,a response is learned because it leads to an operation that makes sense.

Question 40

Managers should understand that a reward will always act as a reinforcer.

Question 41

According to the Self Competency: Coming to Work Today?,the managers make sure sick employees are looked after.This makes the employees feel valued,which ultimately cuts absences.

Question 42

According to the principle of contingent reinforcement,a reinforcer loses effectiveness if it is administered when the desired behavior has not been performed.

Question 43

Money is an example of a primary reinforcer.

Question 44

The principle of reinforcement deprivation states that the more an individual is deprived of the reinforcer,the greater effect it will have on the future occurrence of the desired behavior.

Question 45

Primary reinforcers always reinforce.

Question 46

The principle of contingent reinforcement states that the reinforcer will be most effective if administered immediately after the desired behavior has occurred.

Question 47

A reward does not necessarily have to increase the frequency of the behavior it follows to qualify as a reinforcer.

Question 48

The principle of reinforcement size states that the larger the amount of reinforcer delivered after the desire behavior,the more effect the reinforcer will have on the frequency of the desired behavior.

Question 49

According to the principle of immediate reinforcement,the larger the amount of reinforcer delivered after the desire behavior,the more effect the reinforcer will have on the frequency of the desired behavior.

Question 50

A primary reinforcer is an event that a person finds desirable or pleasing.

Question 51

According to the Self Competency: Coming to Work Today?,on any given day,about 1,500 JCPenney Company employees do not show up for work at one of the company's more than 11,000 stores.

Question 52

The principle of reinforcement deprivation states that the more a person is deprived of the reinforcer,the worse his/her behavior will become.

Question 53

The principle of contingent reinforcement states that the reinforcer must be administered only if the desired behavior is performed.

Question 54

A kaizen is a suggestion that results in reinforcement of positive behaviors.

Question 55

Most behaviors in organizations are influenced by secondary reinforcers.

Question 56

Salary,bonuses,and incentive plans are considered material rewards.

Question 57

If a reward decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows,it is considered a demotivator whether the manager intended it to be one or not.

Question 58

A primary reinforcer is an event that a person knows is good.

Question 59

A reward entails giving the employee what he wants so he continues desirable behavior.

Question 60

A secondary reinforcer is an event that once had a neutral value but has taken on some value (positive or negative)for an individual because of past experience.

Question 61

When an unpleasant event is removed contingent upon behavior,punishment has occurred.

Question 62

If leaders fail to reinforce desirable behaviors,they may be using extinction without recognizing it.As a result,the frequency of desirable behaviors may inadvertently decrease.

Question 63

Punishment refers to an unpleasant event following a behavior and decreasing its frequency.

Question 64

Punishment is an unpleasant event that follows a behavior and decreases its frequency.

Question 65

The extinction procedure consists of three steps: (1)identifying the behavior to be reduced or eliminated (2)identifying the reinforcer that maintains the behavior,and (3)stopping the reinforcer.

Question 66

Negative reinforcement is the removal of all reinforcing events.

Question 67

Photographers at a daily newspaper are used to receiving monthly awards for their pictures.When the newspaper switched to a digital system,many photographers had difficulty learning the new technology and continued to turn their pictures in to editors using the old system.To encourage photographers to make the change,only pictures in the new digital system were eligible for the monthly awards.Editors ignored photographers who sent in pictures using the old system.This is an example of management using positive reinforcement to increase desired behaviors.

Question 68

Negative reinforcement decreases the frequency of desired employee behavior.

Question 69

Escape learning is the same as negative reinforcement.

Question 70

Both punishment and positive reinforcement manipulate an unpleasant event as a consequence of behavior.

Question 71

Self-congratulation for accomplishing a particularly difficult assignment is an example of a self-administered reward.

Question 72

Organizations in which punishment is widely used are likely to have low rates of turnover among employees.

Question 73

Photographers at a daily newspaper are used to receiving monthly awards for their pictures.When the newspaper switched to a digital system,many photographers had difficulty learning the new technology and continued to turn their pictures in to editors using the old system.Editors ignored photographers who sent in pictures using the old system.To encourage photographers to make the change,only pictures in the new digital system were eligible for the monthly awards.This is an example of management using punishment to increase desired behaviors.

Question 74

Leaders use extinction to reduce undesirable employee behaviors that prevent achievement of organizational goals.

Question 75

For the first two weeks at his new job,Harry was annoyed by how much his manager watched over his shoulder to make sure he was doing the job right.When he finally started performing well,he noticed that the manager was not watching any more.In this case,the manager used negative reinforcement to get a desired behavior from Harry.

Question 76

Negative effects of punishment include recurrence of the undesirable behavior,aggressive,disruptive behavior,and apathetic,noncreative performance.

Question 77

For the first two weeks at her new job,Tina was annoyed by how much her manager watched over her shoulder to make sure she was doing the job right.When she finally started performing well,she noticed that the manager was not watching any more.In this case,the manager used positive reinforcement to get a desired behavior from Tina.

Question 78

Interpersonal punishers,such as oral reprimands and nonverbal punishers,are frequently used in organizations.

Question 79

Punishment decreases employee initiative and flexibility.

Question 80

The removal of an unpleasant event tends to decrease the probability of desired employee behavior.