Deck 3: How Drugs Work in the Body and on the Mind

Question 1

6 If you wanted to facilitate the passage of a drug across the blood-brain barrier,what quality would you want the drug to have? Provide an example of two extreme situations with respect to passage across the blood-brain barrier.

Answer 1

no answer

Question 2

11 Inhalation of smoked drugs such as crack does not present the same hazards to the respiratory system as do tobacco-based cigarettes.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

9 The psychoactive effects of intravenous injections are faster than those of inhalation.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

1 Describe three of the several ways drugs can be administered to the body,choosing one with a rapid absorption rate,one with a slow absorption rate,and one in between.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of them with respect to toxicity and side effects.

Question 5

7 Tetanus shots,flu shots,and most inoculations are administered by intramuscular injections.

Question 6

3 Contrast the hindbrain,the midbrain,and the forebrain regions in terms of their general responsibilities.Which region do drugs typically affect first,and which region do they typically affect last?

Question 7

12 Paint thinners,gasoline,and cleaning fluid are examples of abused products that are typically administered by absorption through the skin or membranes.

Question 8

5 Choose one of the seven principal neurotransmitters in the text and describe its role in normal brain functioning and in specific drug effects.

Question 9

13 Mild electric currents can be used to help absorb drugs through the skin or membranes.

Question 10

5 "First-pass metabolism" is an important function of the esophagus.

Question 11

10 A major disadvantage of drug inhalation is that the linings leading from the throat to the lungs become irritated over time.

Question 12

4 Orally administered drugs are ingested at higher than needed doses because some of the drug will not make it through the bloodstream.

Question 13

2 Contrast additive and hyperadditive interactions.Give an example of each in terms of a specific drug combination.

Question 14

8 Intramuscular injections are often referred to as skin-popping.

Question 15

1 Regardless of which route of administration is used,the goal is for the drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 16

7 How does the double-blind procedure for studies of drug effects allow you to find out whether a drug has a genuine effect on the user beyond a mere placebo effect?

Question 17

3 High-alkaline drugs (i.e. ,cocaine,morphine)are absorbed better in the stomach than weakly acidic drugs (i.e. ,aspirin).

Question 18

4 Describe the general course of events when one neuron communicates with another at the synapse.

Question 19

2 An overdose from an orally administered drug is easier to handle on an emergency basis than an overdose of a drug administered through an intravenous injection.

Question 20

6 The intravenous injection is the fastest type of injection to deliver a drug into the bloodstream.

Question 21

25 Potentiation involves one drug having no effect at all unless taken with another.

Question 22

26 Two examples of hyperadditive combinations are synergism and potentiation.

Question 23

14 Elimination of drugs can be done via sweat and saliva.

Question 24

20 The half-life of nicotine is a few days.

Question 25

24 If Drug A has an effect of 3 and Drug B has an effect of 6,a purely additive combination effect would be equivalent to 18.

Question 26

22 The length of the latency period is related to the absorption time of the drug.

Question 27

18 The elimination half-life of a drug will be faster if the drug is fat-soluble than if it is not.

Question 28

16 Older people eliminate drugs at a slower pace than younger people do.

Question 29

21 All drugs have similar elimination half-lives.

Question 30

30 It is possible to develop a tolerance to a drug you have never taken before.

Question 31

27 The danger of potentiation is that since the drug seems to have no effect,the combined effect may be so powerful that it can become lethal.

Question 32

28 An example of an antagonistic effect would be if Drug A had an effect of 5 and Drug B had an effect of 3,but the combination of the two drugs together resulted in an effect of 15.

Question 33

23 Administering the drug in a time-release form helps eliminate the undesirable side effects of excessive concentrations of a drug in the blood.

Question 34

29 Dangerous interactions can occur from food-drug combinations.

Question 35

31 If we can relieve the withdrawal symptoms of one drug by administering another,than the two drugs show cross-tolerance.

Question 36

33 A man and a woman each weigh 175 pounds.If they both take the same dose of a drug,the same effects can be expected.

Question 37

17 Fat-soluble drugs are eliminated faster than water-soluble drugs.

Question 38

32 Cross-dependence can be useful when trying to avoid the withdrawal symptoms of an unavailable drug.

Question 39

15 The smaller the quantity of the drug,the faster the body tries to get rid of it.

Question 40

19 The half-life of cocaine is only a few hours.

Question 41

40 An increased heart rate and a decreased rate of digestion are two signs of sympathetic activation.

Question 42

49 The limbic system and hypothalamus are two structures of the brain that "overhang" the cerebral cortex.

Question 43

53 There are approximately 100 billion neurons in the brain.

Question 44

46 The risk of asphyxiation from a certain dosage level of a drug most likely means that the drug is capable of stimulating the cerebral cortex.

Question 45

41 Psychoactive drugs can produce bodily effects that are oriented toward parasympathetic rather than sympathetic activation.

Question 46

44 Brain tissue is classified in sections: the hindbrain,the midbrain,and the forebrain.

Question 47

38 Breathing is to somatic as lifting your arm is to autonomic.

Question 48

51 The most recently evolved region of the human brain is the prefrontal cortex.

Question 49

45 The three categories of brain tissue are the medulla,the hypothalamus,and the cerebellum.

Question 50

37 The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 51

42 Sensory nerves enter the CNS at the level of the brain but not the spinal cord.

Question 52

52 Damage to the prefrontal cortex may be associated with loss of personal control with respect to the abuse of alcohol and other drugs.

Question 53

47 The part of the brain that determines when we sleep and when we wake up is located in the pons.

Question 54

36 The nervous system is made up of two parts known as the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 55

50 Most theories about the physiological basis for psychological dependence focus on the limbic system.

Question 56

35 According to the text,African Americans smoke fewer cigarettes per day than whites because African Americans may be retaining more nicotine per cigarette than whites.

Question 57

39 The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems together form the peripheral nervous system.

Question 58

48 The processing of pain information occurs in the hindbrain.

Question 59

34 Individual differences such as weight and gender can affect how one person reacts to a drug compared to another.

Question 60

43 The processing of reflex responses does not involve the brain at all.

Question 61

59 Reuptake is the process whereby a neurotransmitter returns from the receptor site back to the synaptic knob.

Question 62

69 Barbiturates and caffeine easily pass through the blood-brain barrier.

Question 63

55 Dendrites are to transmitting information as axon is to receiving information.

Question 64

64 Drugs that relieve mania and depression act upon serotonin-releasing neurons.

Question 65

72 Tolerance that is a result of changes in the drug's chemical breakdown in the liver is referred to as cellular (pharmacodynamic)tolerance.

Question 66

58 The receptor to which a neurotransmitter binds determines whether that neurotransmitter has an excitatory or inhibitory effect.

Question 67

61 Alzheimer's disease has been linked to deficiencies in nicotinic receptors.

Question 68

63 Norepinephrine is to the hypothalamus as serotonin is to the pons.

Question 69

56 Communication between neurons is accomplished through the actions of chemical substances called neurotransmitters.

Question 70

68 The key factor which determines whether a drug passes through the blood-brain barrier is water solubility.

Question 71

67 The blood-brain barrier cannot be crossed by a drug that is fat soluble.

Question 72

57 All neurons generate nerve impulses on a continual basis.

Question 73

54 There are certain types of neurons that do not contain a cell body or soma.

Question 74

65 GABA deficiencies are associated with a decreased tendency toward epileptic seizures.

Question 75

60 Acetylcholine is involved with the sympathetic autonomic nervous system,while norepinephrine is involved with the parasympathetic autonomic system.

Question 76

70 Dopamine is more fat-soluble than L-dopa.

Question 77

62 The neurotransmitter responsible for regulating our mood states is acetylcholine.

Question 78

71 A major drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been L-dopa.

Question 79

66 Antianxiety medications stimulate GABA-releasing neurons,providing a reduction in feelings of stress and fear.

Question 80

73 Metabolic tolerance occurs when receptors become less sensitive due to being stimulated repeatedly by a drug over time.