Deck 4: Defining Performance and Choosing a Measurement Approach

Question 1

10 The fact that there are many ways to deliver effective results in a job is an indication that a results approach to performance measurement might be appropriate for the job.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

2 Typically,there is only one type of behavior that has the capacity to advance organizational goals.

Answer 2

False
There are many different kinds of behaviors that have the capacity to advance or hinder)organizational goals.

Question 3

8 Many organizations now realize that there is no need to focus on both task and contextual performance.

Answer 3

False
Many organizations now realize that there is a need to focus on both task and contextual performance because organizations cannot function properly with a minimum dose of contextual behaviors on the part of all employees.

Question 4

3 When the behaviors that contribute to success in a particular job are not observable,one can include measures of results that we infer to be the direct result of an employee's behavior.

Question 5

14 Contextual factors,such as voice behavior and cultural differences,should be considered when organizations choose to define and measure performance.

Question 6

19 Which of the following performance facets must be considered to understand performance?

A)Task performance and results
B)Declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge
C)Contextual performance and results
D)Task performance and contextual performance

Question 7

18 In addition to procedural knowledge,declarative knowledge,and motivation,________________ also affect performance.

A)HR practices
B)work environments
C)A and B
D)None of the above

Question 8

17 Motivation involves which of the following behaviors?

A)Choice to expend effort
B)Choice of level of effort
C)Choice to persist in the expenditure of that level of effort
D)All of the above

Question 9

12 The behavior approach is a process-oriented approach that emphasizes how an employee does the job.

Question 10

11 The behavior approach to measuring performance emphasizes the use of tools to assess relatively stable individual attributes such as cognitive abilities and personality.

Question 11

16 Procedural knowledge is:

A)Information about facts and things
B)Knowing what to do and how to do it
C)Choosing to expend effort
D)None of the above

Question 12

4 Declarative knowledge is information about facts and things,including an understanding of a given task's requirements,information on labels,facts,principles,and goals.

Question 13

20 Task performance is defined as:

A)Activities that transform raw materials into the goods and services that are produced by the organization.
B)Activities that help with the transformation process by replenishing the supply of raw materials.
C)Offering help and cooperating with others.
D)A and B

Question 14

6 Performance management systems need to not only measure performance but also provide information on the source of any performance deficiencies.

Question 15

7 Contextual performance is also known as organizational citizenship or pro-social behavior.

Question 16

15 The combination of each of the following factors allows some individuals to perform at higher levels than others EXCEPT:

A)Declarative knowledge
B)Procedural knowledge
C)Biases
D)Motivation

Question 17

1 Behaviors that we label as performance can be judged as negative,neutral,or positive for individual and organizational effectiveness.

Question 18

13 When workers are skilled in the needed behaviors,behaviors and results are related,and results show consistent improvement over time,it is best to use the results approach to measuring performance.

Question 19

5 The three determinants of performance have an additive relationship.

Question 20

9 Task performance varies across jobs and is likely to be role prescribed.

Question 21

24 The __________ approach to measuring performance emphasizes cognitive abilities and personality.

A)trait
B)results
C)behavior
D)objective

Question 22

32 Under which of the following conditions would a behavior approach be most appropriate?

A)Behaviors and results are obviously related.
B)There are many ways to do the job correctly.
C)Results show consistent improvement over time.
D)Outcomes are distant in the future.

Question 23

28 Declarative knowledge includes which of the following?

A)Facts
B)Psychomotor skill
C)Persistence of effort
D)Cognitive skill

Question 24

37 What are the five steps of deliberate practice that lead to excellence?

Question 25

21 ____________________ is defined as those behaviors that contribute to the organization's effectiveness by providing a good environment in which task performance can occur.

A)Contextual performance
B)Results
C)Declarative knowledge
D)Procedural knowledge

Question 26

31 The behavior approach emphasizes ______________ rather than _____________.

A)what employees do;employee traits or results
B)employee traits;results
C)results;employee traits
D)None of these are correct

Question 27

25 The technical definition of performance includes:

A)The employee's behaviors and the results of the employee's behaviors
B)Only the results of the employee's behaviors
C)Only the employee's behaviors
D)None of the above

Question 28

33 The results approach emphasizes ______________ rather than _______________.

A)employee behaviors;results and employee traits
B)outcomes;financial gain
C)employee traits;results and employee behaviors
D)outcomes;employee traits or employee behaviors

Question 29

22 _________________ performance is fairly similar across jobs and is not likely to be role prescribed.

A)Task
B)Contextual
C)Exceptional
D)None of the above

Question 30

44 Activities that transform raw materials into goods and services that are produced by an organization are called …

Question 31

35 When poor results are due to causes beyond the performer's control,which approach to measuring performance is most appropriate?

A)Trait approach
B)Results approach
C)Behavior approach
D)Orthodox approach

Question 32

27 Procedural knowledge is:

A)Knowing what the boss wants done
B)Knowing how well the job has to be done to "get by"
C)Knowing what to do and how to do it
D)Knowing where all the required equipment are located

Question 33

36 When employees challenge the status quo in a positive way and make innovative suggestions for change,they are exhibiting:

A)Cultural differences
B)Declarative knowledge
C)Psychomotor skills
D)Voice behavior

Question 34

34 When results and behaviors are obviously related,which approach to measuring performance is most appropriate?

A)Trait approach
B)Results approach
C)Behavior approach
D)Orthodox approach

Question 35

38 Performance consists of both task and contextual dimensions.Please define each type of performance,and explain whether companies should focus on task performance,contextual performance,or a combination of both.

Question 36

29 Contextual performance and task performance should:

A)Only be considered in higher level employees
B)Be considered as one and the same
C)Be listed in the employee manual
D)Be considered separately

Question 37

26 Declarative knowledge is:

A)Information that an employee can be tested on
B)Information about facts and things
C)Information that is included in the employee handbook
D)All of the above

Question 38

39 Using your current work situation,or one of someone you know well,describe whether performance is measured using a trait,behavior,or results approach.Use the checklist below to identify whether or not your company should measure performance using the trait,behavior,or results method.
Adopting a Traits Approach to Measuring Performance Is Most Appropriate When …
 The organization is undertaking a drastic structural change
Adopting a Behavior Approach to Measuring Performance Is Most Appropriate When …
 Employees will take a long time to achieve the desired outcomes
 The link between behaviors and results is not obvious
 Outcomes are distant in the future
 Poor results are due to causes beyond the performer's control
Adopting a Results Approach to Measuring Performance Is Most Appropriate When …
 Workers are skilled in the needed behaviors
 Behaviors and results are obviously related
 Results show consistent improvement over time
 There are many ways to do the job right
Is this approach appropriate given your job responsibilities and the climate of the organization? Explain whether or not you think that the system could be improved using a different approach to measuring performance.

Question 39

30 The traits approach emphasizes ______________ and ignores _______________.

A)financial gain;financial loss
B)employee traits;financial loss
C)the individual performer;specific situations,behaviors,and results
D)specific situations,behaviors,and results;employee traits

Question 40

42 What is the expected outcome if any of the determinants of performance are lacking?

Question 41

46 Behaviors that contribute to the organization's effectiveness by providing a good working environment are called …

Question 42

45 Activities that help with the transformation process by replenishing the supply of raw materials,distributing its finished products,or providing important planning,coordination,or supervision are called …

Question 43

51 Why is it important to consider cultural differences when defining and measuring performance?

Question 44

48 Contextual performance should be carefully defined because …