Deck 1: Section 1: Criminal Justice and Scientific Inquiry

Question 1

When we trust the judgments of people who have special training, such as a doctor or a lawyer, we relying on _____ as a way of knowing.

A) wisdom
B) expertise
C) authority
D) power

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Things we consider real because we've been told they are real reflect ____ reality.

A) agreement
B) expressed
C) assumed
D) experiential

Answer 2

A

Question 3

By accepting what everybody knows, we rely on ____.

A) tradition
B) myth
C) reality
D) logic

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The idea that exceptions can be used to prove rules is valid.

Question 5

Making observations in a more selective way helps to reduce error.

Question 6

Things we know from direct experience are a direct result of ____ reality.

A) agreement
B) expressed
C) assumed
D) experiential

Question 7

One objective of this book is to help future criminal justice professionals become _____.

A) informed consumers of research
B) informed consumers of books
C) experts in the department of justice
D) expert readers

Question 8

Casual human inquiry is typically more rigorous are probabilistic methods.

Question 9

Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time, and detective work are examples of ____ reality.

A) known
B) agreement
C) experiential
D) assumed

Question 10

Selective observation is a danger of overgeneralization.

Question 11

The four purposes of research are exploration, description, explanation, and application.

Question 12

Each of us is born into and inherits a culture made up, in part, of firmly accepted knowledge about the workings of the world.

Question 13

Most criminal justice professionals routinely review ____ to get the most up-to-date and accurate information.

A) computer readouts and news reports
B) archived and updated spreadsheets
C) performance reports and statistical tabulations
D) popular media sources

Question 14

What type of research involves measurement and interpretation?

A) epistemological
B) logical
C) empirical
D) conceptual

Question 15

As you review the research literature, you should make note of how other researchers approach problems of interest, and consider whether the same designs will meet your research objective.

Question 16

If you make sure that what you are looking at is what you intended to look at, you can avoid _____.

A) overgeneralization
B) inaccurate observation
C) illogical reasoning
D) miscalculations

Question 17

We live in a world of two realities: _____.

A) expressed and assumed
B) experiential and agreement
C) expressed and agreement
D) experiential and assumed

Question 18

We should accept research findings with caution even if they come from experts, because results may be mistaken or misinterpreted.

Question 19

We live in a world of two realities; agreement and experiential.

Question 20

Personal human inquiry is prone to errors such as overgeneralization, inaccurate observation, replication, and selective observation.

Question 21

Patterns of cause and effect are _____ in nature.

A) probabilistic
B) absolute
C) experiential
D) nihilistic

Question 22

The two major types of applied research are _____.

A) program evaluation and policy analysis
B) program development and causal analysis
C) psychosocial evaluations and policy creation
D) goal setting and policy implementation

Question 23

An) _____ is the most appropriate method for studying both general concern and fear for personal safety

A) survey
B) observational study
C) experiment
D) randomized trial

Question 24

Determining whether a program designed to reduce burglary actually had the intended effect is an example of _____.

A) explanation
B) evaluation
C) application
D) deduction

Question 25

Identifying why some people believe that police are doing a good job while other people believe they are nor is an example of _____.

A) explanatory research
B) idiographic explanation
C) singular explanation
D) application research

Question 26

The keystone of inquiry is _____.

A) sampling
B) induction
C) literature review
D) observation

Question 27

The idea that "the exception that proves the rule" is an example of _____.

A) inaccurate observation
B) overgeneralization
C) illogical reasoning
D) selective observation

Question 28

Empirical research involves measurement and _____.

A) variables
B) interpretation
C) description
D) objectives

Question 29

Which of the following is included in the "CRAAP Test?"

A) convenience
B) reliability
C) accuracy
D) acceptability

Question 30

Your college has implemented a new policy on campus regarding underage drinking. You want to find out if it has been effective. The purpose of your research is _____.

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) evaluation

Question 31

Science avoids inaccuracy by making _____ a careful and deliberate activity.

A) reason
B) description
C) fallacy
D) observation

Question 32

When we attempt to answer questions about why something happens, the purpose of our research is _____.

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) application

Question 33

Scientific inquiry is an) _____ activity.

A) conscious
B) private
C) casual
D) informal

Question 34

An) _____ can be thought of as a complex set of relationships among several concepts.

A) analysis
B) theory
C) operationalization
D) generalization

Question 35

Justice organizations are increasingly using techniques of _____ to study patterns of cases and devise appropriate responses.

A) problem analysis
B) systematic interpretation
C) literature review
D) inductive reasoning

Question 36

In science, an assertion must have be the product of ____ reasoning

A) independent
B) question and answer
C) logical
D) developmental

Question 37

What are the four purposes of research?

A) exploration, description, explanation, application
B) exploration, description, funding, application
C) exploration, development, inquisition, funding
D) exploration, development, inquisition, application

Question 38

You observe police activity in your city for one week, and then you summarize what you observed. What type of study have you performed?

A) explorative
B) descriptive
C) explanative
D) applicative

Question 39

The final stage of the research process is _____.

A) interpretation
B) literature review
C) analysis
D) application

Question 40

If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of why, you may be tempted to ignore facts that don't fit. This illustrates _____.

A) inaccurate observation
B) overgeneralization
C) illogical reasoning
D) selective observation

Question 41

If you believe that the exception proves the rule, you are engaging in _____________ reasoning.

Question 42

___________ is the final stage of the research process.

Question 43

__________ leads to misrepresentation and simplification of problems.

Question 44

An) _____________ is a complex set of relationships among several concepts.

Question 45

Manipulation of data for the purpose of drawing conclusions is known as _____________.

Question 46

When we want to try to predict our own personal futures, we use casual and _______________ reasoning.

Question 47

Discuss the purposes of doing research. Give an example of each by using a hypothetical from the field of criminal justice.

Question 48

In our daily lives, we base reality of experience and __________.

Question 49

Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time and detective work are examples of _________________ reality.

Question 50

Tradition and authority are forms of personal human inquiry. Give examples of each by using scenarios from the criminal justice field.

Question 51

_____________ means repeating a study, in order to determine whether similar results are obtained each time.

Question 52

Identify as many types of errors in human inquiry as you can. Explain each by using an example from the field of criminal justice.

Question 53

According to the _____________, a consistent run of good or bad luck is presumed to foreshadow its opposite.