Deck 8: Gender and Society

Question 1

People whose gender identity,expression,or behavior differs from their assigned sex at birth or outside the two gender categories may be categorized as ______.

A)transsexual
B)bisexual
C)androgynous
D)transgender

Answer 1

D

Question 2

______ is the term used for the beliefs and practices that align with heterosexuality.

A)Heterosexual
B)Heteronormative
C)Homosexual
D)Homophobic

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which sociological perspective suggests that gender is less an identity than an activity?

A)functionalist
B)conflict
C)radical feminist
D)doing gender

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is considered the factory of gendered personalities?

A)family
B)peer groups
C)religion
D)the workplace

Question 5

Teachers who discourage shyness in boys but not girls are contributing to ______.

A)the hidden curriculum
B)peer influences
C)the factory of gendered personalities
D)idealization

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons given to explain why boys outperform girls on the math portion of the SAT?

A)Test items are gender biased,as girls tend not to perform as well as boys on questions involving sports,natural sciences and business.
B)Girls have been socialized to believe that boys perform better in math.
C)Boys tend to be greater analytical thinkers and generally perform better than girls in math.
D)More girls take the SAT than boys,resulting in more varying levels of achievement.

Question 7

Gender roles are

A)biologically determined and static,remaining largely the same across one's life
B)socially constructed and static,remaining largely the same across one's life
C)socially constructed and dynamic,continuously being learned and relearned
D)biologically determined and dynamic,continuously being learned and relearned

Question 8

What landmark legislation required gender equity for men and women in every educational program receiving federal funding?

A)Equal Rights Amendment
B)Roe v.Wade
C)Civil Rights Act of 1964
D)Title IX

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an explanation given in the text for the college enrollment gap?

A)More men than women leave high school without diplomas.
B)Young women have higher grades than young men.
C)Women perceive college as bringing greater returns and think of college as a stepping-stone to a desired job.
D)More blue-collar jobs that do not require a college degree are available for young men than women.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the second shift?

A)Women are still primarily responsible for domestic work in most two-parent households.
B)It is unpaid housework women typically do after they come home from their paid employment.
C)Unmarried women who live with men spend more time on housework than do married women.
D)The division of household labor is more likely to be equal among lesbian and gay couples.

Question 11

Sociologist C.J.Pascoe (2011)found in her ethnography of teenage boys that they reinforced norms of masculinity and heterosexuality by

A)challenging each other in fights and physical altercations
B)disciplining behavior deemed inappropriate,feminine,or otherwise "unmanly" by using homophobic slurs
C)daring one other to engage in dangerous physical stunts
D)discussing sexual exploits involving teenage girls who attended their school

Question 12

Gender is defined as

A)the anatomical or other biological differences between males and females that originate in human genes
B)a category assigned to someone depending on how he or she dresses
C)norms,roles,and behaviors associated in a given society with being male or female
D)the socially required identification display that confirms someone's membership in a given category

Question 13

How early do sociologists believe parents begin socializing their children into gender?

A)when they begin school
B)when they begin to talk
C)at birth,sometimes even in utero
D)parents do not socialize their children according to gender

Question 14

In a linguistic analysis of classic and contemporary Disney films,Guo found that female characters in classic films were ______ in contemporary movies.

A)less likely to speak than
B)more likely to speak than
C)equally as likely to speak as
D)more likely to sing than to speak

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for early manifestations of gender inequality?

A)Women alone can give birth to and nurse infants,a time-consuming task that was often undervalued.
B)Women were more prone to illness and thus lived shorter lives,thus giving them less time to become leaders.
C)Women were less likely to become merchants and warriors because of motherhood.
D)The transition from hunting and gathering and early horticultural societies to agricultural societies gave women a less active role in producing wealth for the family.

Question 16

Martin and Fabes (2001)found that young girls who played in all-girl groups affirmed characteristics such as ______.

A)encouragement and support
B)aggression and competition
C)loyalty and submission
D)cattiness and rivalry

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a factor that explains the gender wage gap?

A)The proportion of men enrolled in college is higher than women.
B)Women are still associated with the roles of wife and mother.
C)Some employers believe they will incur higher indirect labor costs by hiring females.
D)Women have been encouraged to choose "feminine" occupations.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a reason that women did not attend early higher-education institutions?

A)Prominent doctors and professors at the time argued that women's reproductive organs prevented them from developing as much intellectual capacity.
B)Women had no interest in pursuing a higher education.
C)Many higher institutions explicitly barred women from applying.
D)Ordinary families with resources to support college study were more likely to invest them in their sons,who were expected to be primary breadwinners.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT discussed as a common institution in which peers reinforce gender expectations?

A)sororities and fraternities
B)athletic teams
C)social groups such as academic or extracurricular clubs
D)family

Question 20

Sex is defined as

A)norms,roles,and behaviors associated in a given society with being male or female
B)the anatomical or other biological differences between males and females that originate in human genes
C)whether an individual identifies himself or herself as a man or woman
D)the category someone is assigned at birth depending on her or his physical appearance

Question 21

Which type of feminism argues that gender inequality is an inevitable feature of capitalism?

A)socialist feminism
B)liberal feminism
C)radical feminism
D)multicultural feminism

Question 22

In a small hospital in Yokadouma,Cameroon,a 24-year-old woman named Prudence died in childbirth.Which would NOT be considered a sociological explanation for her death?

A)a lack of rural health care capacity
B)cultural disregard for women and women's health
C)Prudence's family medical history
D)a lack of education

Question 23

Who was the early feminist who coined the term sexuoeconomic relation,describing unhappy heterosexual relationships in which the sexual relationship was also an economic one?

A)Betty Friedan
B)Charlotte Perkins Gilman
C)Patricia Hill Collins
D)Marianne Weber

Question 24

Sociologists do not distinguish between sex and gender-they consider them synonymous concepts.

Question 25

Which of the following is argued by standpoint theory?

A)Researchers can be "value-free."
B)Our world of knowledge is complete.
C)Knowledge comes from discovery.
D)Our subjective social position influences the knowledge we create.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT one of David and Brannon's four "basic rules of manhood"?

A)No "sissy stuff";avoid any hint of femininity.
B)Be a "sturdy oak";never show your emotions.
C)Be a "big deal";acquire wealth,power,and status.
D)"Don't back down";exude confidence and persistence.

Question 27

Transgender people may have heterosexual,lesbian,gay,or bisexual sexual orientation.

Question 28

Which type of feminism seeks to have women elected to government without fundamentally altering society itself?

A)socialist feminism
B)liberal feminism
C)radical feminism
D)multicultural feminism

Question 29

Which of the following is associated with successful women's empowerment?

A)higher maternal mortality rates
B)improved literacy
C)higher fertility rates
D)lower household income

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT true of second-wave feminism?

A)Second-wave feminists called for the equal treatment of women,arguing that women could perform equally to men given the opportunity.
B)The civil rights and anti-Vietnam War movements helped shape activist efforts.
C)The movement was inclusive of women of all races,sexual orientations,and class backgrounds.
D)Well-educated,professional women were drawn to the revival of feminist thinking.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT cited as a major reason why sex trafficking persists?

A)Corrupt police and government officials offer little help and,in some cases,aid traffickers.
B)Girls and young women in the brothels are often poor,illiterate villagers with no power or voice.
C)Conservative values concerning marriage and virginity create a demand for prostitutes to serve young,unmarried men.
D)More women are leaving the home and gaining education,which makes them more susceptible to kidnapping.

Question 32

Feminism first emerged in the United States

A)in connection with abolitionism and attempts to end slavery during the 1830s
B)in the early 1900s,when women gained the right to vote
C)during the Revolutionary War,when women fought alongside male colonial soldiers
D)with the publication of Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique in 1963

Question 33

Which of the following is true of the glass escalator?

A)All men benefit from it equally,regardless of their race.
B)Only men who are unsatisfied with their positions are put on promotional tracks.
C)Bosses assume that males in female-dominated occupations want to move up.
D)Males find it very difficult to advance in female-dominated occupations.

Question 34

Standpoint epistemology,a philosophical perspective that what we can know is affected by the position we occupy in society,is a major tenet of _______.

A)Black feminist thought
B)Marxist sociology
C)functionalism
D)oppression theory

Question 35

Which type of feminism seeks to challenge patriarchal norms and values in social relationships to achieve true equality?

A)socialist feminism
B)liberal feminism
C)radical feminism
D)multicultural feminism

Question 36

Feminism

A)is the belief that women should be paid more than men
B)seeks to explain,expose,and eliminate sexism
C)is limited to theoretical or academic discussions
D)supports patriarchal norms and values

Question 37

Which type of feminism seeks to build coalitions among women,creating international and global organizations,networks,and programs?

A)socialist feminism
B)liberal feminism
C)radical feminism
D)multicultural feminism

Question 38

Which type of feminism is most closely focused on confronting patriarchal norms and values?

A)radical feminism
B)socialist feminism
C)liberal feminism
D)multicultural feminism

Question 39

The matrix of domination is a system in which

A)individuals are categorized as either oppressed or the oppressor
B)individuals are viewed as occupying statuses as members of both dominated and dominating groups
C)race is the most important category of identity,with little consideration of class,sexual orientation,or gender
D)people are encouraged to examine only their own,singular standpoint

Question 40

The federal law that made unequal pay for equal work illegal is called ______.

A)the Equal Pay Amendment of 1972
B)the Equal Pay Act of 1963
C)Title IX
D)the Equal Rights Amendment

Question 41

Among young adults ages 24-34,______% of women have earned a bachelor's degree,compared with 30% of men.

Question 42

Using some of the examples outlined in the text,as well as your own sociological imagination,explain why boys have consistently outperformed girls on the SAT.

Question 43

Explain the global threat of maternal mortality.

Question 44

Women,on average,graduate high school at higher rates than men.

Question 45

According to the International Labor Organization,about 11.4 million women and girls are victims of ______ labor.

Question 46

A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that women are more likely than men to say college was "very useful" in increasing their knowledge and helping them grow intellectually.

Question 47

Married men and women perform equal amounts of housework.

Question 48

In 2014,women working full time and year-round earned about ______% of what their male counterparts earned.

Question 49

Anthropological studies have found that inequalities in almost all known societies,past and present,favor men over women.

Question 50

Traditional gender roles are mostly the same in every society.

Question 51

Talcott Parsons perceived the socialization of men and women into sex ______ as positively functional for society,contributing to economic and emotional stability.

Question 52

Although a majority of women agree that a glass ceiling exists,preventing them from reaching higher positions,very few men acknowledge its existence.

Question 53

Women,on average,score higher than men on the SATs.

Question 54

The glass escalator,the nearly invisible promotional boost men gain in female-dominated occupations,benefits all men equally,regardless of race.

Question 55

Both sex and gender are fluid,dynamic,socially constructed concepts.Explain what is meant by this statement.

Question 56

One of the goals of Title IX was to ______ women's access to athletic teams and academic clubs.

Question 57

Explain the difference between sex and gender.

Question 58

Functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons argued that women were socialized to acquire expressive qualities needed in the private sphere,whereas men were socialized to acquire ______ qualities needed in the public sphere.

Question 59

Current scholars argue that rape is not only a product of war but a policy of war.

Question 60

Unlike other forms of media,video games do not typically portray women in stereotypically feminine roles.

Question 61

Explain the difference between gender identity and sexual orientation.Include a sociological definition of the term transgender.

Question 62

Explain the relationship between the media and gender inequality.

Question 63

Describe how gender socialization occurs over the life course of an individual,from the family to peer groups to education to the media and the workplace.Include examples from your own experience.Discuss how agents of gender socialization perpetuate gender stratification.

Question 64

Use a feminist perspective to explain why the widespread rape of women exists and persists on a global scale.

Question 65

Discuss how the distribution of chores and housework can shift as the personal relationship between a man and woman changes.Apply a feminist analysis.

Question 66

For every $1.00 a man earns;a woman earns $0.83.Provide two to three sociological explanations for the gender wage gap.Explore how this difference varies by race.

Question 67

Explain Candace West and Don Zimmerman's concept of doing gender.Include definitions for sex,sex category,and gender,and explain what distinguishes the three.Illustrate the concept with one example of how someone might "do" gender.

Question 68

Outline how gender stratification has evolved over time,from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural to industrial to postindustrial today.Provide specific examples,and highlight changes in the family,educational,and economic spheres.

Question 69

Why is it important to consider race and ethnicity when discussing gender inequality? Consider high school and college graduation rates,the gender wage gap,and the discussion of gender globally.

Question 70

Why does gender occupational segregation exist and persist?

Question 71

Gender roles can vary drastically across cultures and throughout history.Provide two examples of gender roles that differ from traditional gender roles in the United States in the present day,either from other cultures or other time periods.

Question 72

Explain the social dosage effect in peer groups on gender socialization.

Question 73

Provide a sociological definition of feminism,and compare and contrast between two of the following types of feminism: liberal feminism,socialist feminism,radical feminism,and multicultural feminism.Provide a critique of each.

Question 74

Explain the difference between the glass ceiling and the glass escalator.

Question 75

Explain what is meant by a sociology of masculinity.Outline the four "basic rules of manhood," and provide an example of each.

Question 76

Compare and contrast the theories of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Talcott Parsons,and provide a critique of each.

Question 77

Discuss the perspectives of Dorothy Smith and Patricia Hill Collins on what it means to do sociology from a feminist perspective.Explore how this differs from traditional ideas of scientific "objectivity." Reflect on your own standpoint and where you stand in the matrix of domination.

Question 78

Analyze the relationship between educational attainment and gender-in particular,educational attainment for men.Describe how men's educational attainment levels have changed over time compared to women's.Introduce a few sociological theories to explain this change.Include a discussion of how men's educational attainment has varied by race and class.

Question 79

Provide four to five examples of efforts to address gender stratification over time.Provide three examples of efforts that have exacerbated gender stratification in recent years or historically.Examples could be legislation,programs,social movements,political decisions,media/research,and so forth.

Question 80

Discuss gender stratification on a global scale in terms of health,safety,and education.