Deck 16: Social Movements and Social Change

Question 1

Which of the following is true of fads and fashions?

A)must be adopted by the masses to be considered fashionable
B)only includes clothing and hairstyles
C)reflect a tension between people's desire to be different and their desire to conform
D)are entirely at the whim of people's tastes and not influenced by marketers

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is true of riots?

A)Conventional norms are maintained.
B)They are never motivated by a conscious set of concerns.
C)Use of the term to describe a particular collective action can be politically motivated.
D)They are always carefully planned.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Temporary,highly imitated outbreaks of mildly unconventional behavior are known as ______.

A)fashions
B)crazes
C)fads
D)trends

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a conflict-oriented understanding of social change?

A)Societal change is inevitable.
B)Conflict is an inherent result of the divergent interests of social groups.
C)Social change is a logical response to conflict.
D)Social change is always positive or progressive.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the beliefs of evolutionary theorists?

A)Societies will never reach a state of equilibrium.
B)Multiple paths to societal change may exist.
C)A primitive society will not evolve unless it is sparked by some change,such as population growth.
D)Early societies are characterized as primitive.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of crowds?

A)They can develop into a form of social organization.
B)They are all considered social movements.
C)People in crowds are less likely to be swept up in group emotions.
D)People in crowds do not interact closely or have a common focus.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT included as part of Neil Smelser's value-added approach to understanding collective behavior?

A)structural conduciveness
B)structural strain
C)mobilization for action
D)effective social control

Question 8

Which of the following theorists highlighted the importance of ideas in maintaining order and oppression in society?

A)Karl Marx
B)Max Weber
C)Antonio Gramsci
D)Pierre Bourdieu

Question 9

Which of the following theories was used to justify modern societies conquering or colonizing the rest of the world?

A)conflict theories
B)rise-and-fall theories
C)evolutionary theories
D)cyclical theories

Question 10

Which of the following is true of rumors?

A)those who pass them along often project their own beliefs or fears onto the rumor
B)typically transmitted formally
C)originate from a known source
D)will dissipate in the face of hard facts

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an example of a hegemonic ideology?

A)the belief,in antebellum America,that African slaves were mentally inferior
B)the belief that women are naturally nurturing and make good caregivers
C)the belief that marriage should be legally defined as between one man and one woman
D)the belief that the education system reproduces inequality

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the rise-and-fall theory comparison of the Roman Empire and the United States?

A)a shift from private to public services
B)an overburdened and costly military
C)a deep sense of exceptionalism
D)a tendency to denigrate and misunderstand other cultures

Question 13

Pitirim Sorokin argued that societies alternate between three different kinds of mentalities.Which of the following is NOT a type he outlined?

A)societies that give primacy to the senses
B)societies that emphasize religiosity and follow religious tenets
C)societies that emphasize tradition and follow a "divine" leader
D)societies that celebrate and utilize logic and reason

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the concept of differentiation?

A)interdependence
B)conflict
C)rise and fall
D)ideal types

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of crowds?

A)often seen as unstable and prone to being swept up in emotion
B)people in crowds are believed to lose their individuality and engage in herd like behavior
C)display a shared understanding or group mindset
D)are largely unable to become organized

Question 16

Which of the following is true of contagion theories?

A)Behaviors are consciously copied.
B)A skilled leader can manipulate crowds into action.
C)Actions never become collective.
D)They only apply to small groups.

Question 17

Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of differentiation?

A)the use of an assembly line to produce a children's toy
B)the socialization of women into the private sphere of the home and men into the public sphere of the workplace
C)American pioneers who created small,self-sustaining communities
D)the assignment of different chores to parents and children in a household

Question 18

Which of the following best describes hegemony?

A)a process where modern roles become distinct from traditional roles
B)dominant ideas that lead people to consent to their own domination
C)conflict over who controls the means of production
D)a process where societies become more complicated systems that are better adapted to their external environments

Question 19

Which of the following are considered types of collective behavior?

A)a crowd gathering around an accident
B)a violent political riot
C)a college classroom full of students
D)a massive panic

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT encompassed by the concept of social change?

A)individual changes
B)small-group changes
C)global changes
D)national changes

Question 21

Unverified forms of information that are transmitted informally,usually originating from an unknown source,are known as ______.

A)rumors
B)gossip
C)anecdotes
D)buzzes

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of new social movements?

A)focus on the control of symbols and information
B)people join for the sake of participating
C)consist of networks of people engaged in routine daily activities
D)centers on narrow self-interest

Question 23

Which type of movement seeks change within the existing economic and political system?

A)reformist
B)utopian
C)revolutionary
D)rebellion

Question 24

Which of the following statements does NOT fit resource mobilization theory?

A)A social movement must market itself as having the best solution to a social problem.
B)A social movement requires financial support to accomplish its goals.
C)Social movements with resources will be successful,no matter how effectively they use them.
D)Building political alliances is crucial for social movements.

Question 25

A person who does not support a social movement but benefits from its success demonstrates which concept?

A)differentiation
B)free-rider problem
C)resource mobilization
D)value-added theory

Question 26

Which of the following regards human beings as the active makers of their own history?

A)collective behavior
B)social movement theories
C)rise-and-fall theories
D)evolutionary theories

Question 27

Which of the following is true of grassroots organizing?

A)uses a top-down approach that attempts to garner support among top political officials
B)consists largely of people who will receive no direct benefit from any change that occurs
C)more interested in raising and spending money than in pushing for change
D)may use tactics such as leafleting,door-to-door canvassing,and mass demonstrations

Question 28

Somewhat long-lasting styles of imitative behavior or appearance are known as ______.

A)fads
B)fashions
C)trends
D)crazes

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT true of social movements?

A)Democratic nation-states stunt the growth of social movements.
B)Values like social equality and the right of political participation legitimize the belief that people should organize themselves politically.
C)The development of capitalism has fueled their growth.
D)Theories may look at the macro,micro,organizational,or cultural level.

Question 30

A massive flight from something feared is known as ______.

A)a craze
B)a riot
C)panic
D)terror

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of social movements?

A)involve continued and organized effort
B)do not include resisting or reversing change
C)use noninstitutionalized forms of political action,such as marches
D)use institutionalized forms of action,such as lobbying

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true of panics?

A)Society has a deep knowledge about the products and technology that can cause panics.
B)People might physically flee to "safer" ground.
C)They can be fueled by the media.
D)They can feature predictions of the world ending.

Question 33

According to resource mobilization theory,

A)mass discontent and social strain are not alone sufficient to create an effective movement
B)groups do not need to generate money,membership,and political support to achieve their objectives
C)discontent and social strain will eventually be eliminated in society
D)government policies are not important determinants in the success or failure of social movement organizations

Question 34

Which of the following countries is NOT commonly considered one among those involved in the Arab Spring?

A)Egypt
B)Tunisia
C)Libya
D)Afghanistan

Question 35

Which of the following is characteristic of utopian social movements?

A)pursuing a mythical past in resistance to social changes taking place
B)creating communities based on new value systems
C)replacing the existing political and economic system with a new social order
D)working within the existing systems to bring about change

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of a reactionary movement?

A)Black Lives Matter
B)climate change
C)Ku Klux Klan
D)Arab Spring

Question 37

Which of the following seeks to create new social systems?

A)fads
B)reactionary social movements
C)reformist social movements
D)revolutionary social movements

Question 38

Which of the following is characteristic of social movement organizations?

A)A single social movement may sustain numerous organizations.
B)They are unorganized individuals and crowds.
C)Their actions are irrational.
D)Social movements emerge and flourish in times of social stability.

Question 39

Which concept describes a social movement organization giving people who already share their concerns the means of achieving change?

A)frame alignment
B)conscience constituents
C)grassroots organizing
D)micromobilization

Question 40

An intense attraction to an object,person,or activity is known as ______.

A)a fad
B)a craze
C)a mass obsession
D)fandom

Question 41

______ theories assume that human beings can revert to herdlike behavior when they come together in large crowds.

Question 42

______ movements seek to fundamentally alter the existing economic,political,and social system and create a vision of a new social order.

Question 43

Traditional,homogeneous societies are characterized by mechanical solidarity,whereas diverse,modern societies are characterized by ______ solidarity.

Question 44

According to emergent norm theory,in an incident of collective behavior,the crowd becomes governed by external norms.

Question 45

Social change can also refer to small-group changes,such as when a community's racial and ethnic composition changes.

Question 46

Discuss what is meant by frame alignment and micromobilization contexts,and explain how these can be used to strengthen a particular social movement.

Question 47

While Gramsci emphasized control of the means of production as a source of power and conflict,Marx highlighted the control of dominant ideas.

Question 48

According to the historical models of Paul Kennedy,the growth of U.S.military power and its subsequent economic problems may signal its societal decline.

Question 49

Antilynching activist Ida B.Wells,who wrote newspaper articles and editorials challenging White supremacy,would be considered an organic intellectual.

Question 50

According to Antonio Gramsci,______ intellectuals are those who emerge from oppressed groups and create counterhegemonies that challenge dominant and dominating ideas.

Question 51

According to contagion theory,individual acts are consciously and intentionally copied until they explode into collective action.

Question 52

______ norms are those that are situationally created to support a collective action.

Question 53

______ movements seek to restore an earlier social system,along with the traditional norms and values that accompanied it.

Question 54

According to most sociologists,seemingly innocuous events that spark a group response are just that: innocuous and meaningless.

Question 55

______ movements seek to overthrow the existing system but lack plans for a new social order.

Question 56

Drawing on Antonio Gramsci's theory of social change,identify two ideological hegemonies and two organic intellectuals from past or present social movements and the counterhegemonies they have created.

Question 57

Using a microlevel sociological approach,outline at least three characteristics or factors that might influence whether or not a particular individual chooses to become an activist.

Question 58

Evolutionary theories were often used to justify imperialism,colonization,and the conquering of "primitive" societies by more "civilized" nations.

Question 59

According to Ralf Darhendorf,as power becomes more concentrated,the potential for conflict ______.

Question 60

Identify three examples of a new social movement.

Question 61

Distinguish between differentiation and de-differentiation,as outlined by early and contemporary functionalist theorists.Illustrate them with examples.

Question 62

Explain functionalist and evolutionary theories of social change.Describe the main arguments,and provide a critique of the strengths and weaknesses.

Question 63

Apply a microlevel,organizational-level,macrolevel,and cultural-level analysis to the social movement to end police brutality,violence,and killing of African American people in the United States (Ferguson,Trayvon Martin,Malcolm X Grassroots Movement).

Question 64

Provide distinguishing definitions for social change and social movement.Identify a few of the factors that give rise to social movements.

Question 65

Explain resource mobilization theory.How might a social movement organization use this approach to strengthen their movement?

Question 66

How does size have an effect on a social movement? Which do you think is more important for a successful social movement: a small but committed core group of developed leaders or the ability to mobilize mass numbers of people who may not be as committed or educated on the issue?

Question 67

Think of two times you participated in the following: riot,panic,craze,fad,fashion,or rumor.CHOOSE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES.Analyze the collective behavior using sociological theories.

Question 68

Identify and explain the four characteristics that set new social movements apart from earlier ones.

Question 69

Analyze women's labor participation using a conflict-oriented approach.Include discussion of Marx,Gramsci,and Dahrendorf.

Question 70

Propose a research study that examines a particular social movement.Identify the social movement;include a discussion of how you would frame your research question and what microlevel,macrolevel,organizational,or cultural theories you would use to study the movement;select an appropriate research methodology;weigh any ethical implications;and discuss any challenges or threats to data collection,reliability,or validity that may arise.

Question 71

Compare and contrast the conflict-oriented views of social change of Karl Marx,Antonio Gramsci,and Ralf Dahrendorf.

Question 72

Explain Pitirim Sorokin's rise-and-fall theory of social change.Include a discussion of the three different kinds of "mentalities" he identifies.Evaluate the strength of this theory.

Question 73

What role does the government play in supporting or hindering social movements? Illustrate it with an example.

Question 74

Explain emergent norm theory,and illustrate it with an example of a situation where emergent norms may arise.Include at least one critique of emergent norm theory.

Question 75

Provide definitions and make distinctions between riots,fads,fashions,panics,crazes,and rumors.Provide an example of each.

Question 76

Explain the difference between collective behavior and crowds.Discuss how collective behavior is a source of social change.

Question 77

Distinguish between traditional members of a grassroots organization and conscience constituents.

Question 78

Compare and contrast contagion,emergent norms,and value-added theories of collective behavior.

Question 79

Identify and define the five major types of social movements,and provide an example of each.

Question 80

Explain what is meant by a movement having a free-rider problem.Why is free riding a problem for social movements?