Question 1

Herbert Spencer,in his essay &#34;What Knowledge Is Of Most Worth,&#34; argued that education should promote&#10;A)the cultural heritage of the past.&#10;B)religious truth revealed by great thinkers.&#10;C)creativity through artistic expression.&#10;D)the supremacy of scientific knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Herbert Spencer believed that scientific knowledge was of the most worth because it provided practical benefits for society, such as advancements in medicine and technology. He believed that education should focus on the natural sciences, rather than the humanities or arts.

Question 2

The classical realist outlook championed by Robert Hutchins and Mortimer Adler strongly promotes the educational use of&#10;A)great books that have withstood the test of time.&#10;B)mathematics and science for precision in thought.&#10;C)timeless religious truths about religious salvation.&#10;D)contemporary writings that reveal current reality.

Accepted Answer

The classical realist outlook emphasizes the importance of "great books" that have stood the test of time as a means of transmitting knowledge and learning. These works are considered timeless and enduring, and are seen as providing essential insights into human nature, society, and history.

Question 3

Maria Montessori,like Pestalozzi,stressed the importance of:&#10;A)sensation and the use of objects in the learning process.&#10;B) group and community activities.&#10;C) dealing with emotional conflict&#10;D) relating education to the social and political environment.

Accepted Answer

Maria Montessori believed that sensory experiences and the use of objects were essential to the learning process. She developed many materials and activities that allowed children to use their senses to explore and learn about the world around them.

Question 4

Because realists see the universe governed by its own internal order,there is a tendency in their educational philosophy to require students to&#10;A)adapt and adjust to this reality.&#10;B)pursue individual dreams and desires.&#10;C)adjust to the needs of totalitarian regimes.&#10;D)reject all other enduring world views.

Accepted Answer

Realists believe that the universe operates according to natural laws and students should adapt and adjust to this reality. Realists prioritize practical skills and knowledge useful for adapting to the real world, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Question 5

Aristotle believed that the universe has design to it and that everything has a true purpose.The purpose of human beings is to&#10;A)think and follow a path of moderation.&#10;B)make a living by skill and intellect.&#10;C)engage in technological activity.&#10;D)solve scientific problems.

Accepted Answer

Aristotle believed that the purpose of human beings was to use their rational faculties to think and follow a path of moderation, striving for balance and avoiding excess in all things. He believed that this was the key to living a fulfilling and virtuous life. While making a living by skill and intellect may be important, it is not the overarching purpose of human existence according to Aristotle. Engaging in technological activity or solving scientific problems may have practical benefits, but they do not necessarily relate to the fundamental purpose of human life.

Question 6

Thomas Aquinas believed that only God could touch the soul directly,but a teacher may also lead a student to knowledge and truth through&#10;A)firm and forceful dictation of knowledge.&#10;B)the use of observation and reason.&#10;C)the indoctrination of students to become obedient believers.&#10;D)in making student memorize and recite received truths.

Accepted Answer

Aquinas believed that reason and observation were important tools for achieving knowledge and truth. A teacher could use these methods to guide a student towards understanding, but they could not directly touch the soul in the way that only God could. Choices A, C, and D do not align with Aquinas' beliefs as they all involve a more authoritarian approach to teaching and do not necessarily lead to true understanding.

Question 7

Francis Bacon argued for an inductive approach in logic or thinking,which means that better knowledge is gained when we&#10;A)begin with specific observations and reason to general conclusions.&#10;B)induce truth from both religion and science before we believe it.&#10;C)induct students into a single way of thinking for uniformity.&#10;D)only use deduction in religion and induction in science.

Accepted Answer

Francis Bacon believed that better knowledge can be gained when we begin with specific observations and reason to general conclusions. This is the basis of his inductive approach, which emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and experimentation in scientific inquiry.

Question 8

The syllogism used by Aristotle is composed of a major premise,a minor premise,and a conclusion.Which of the following is a major weakness in this deductive process of logic:&#10;A)It has an illogical order of descending scales of merit.&#10;B)The logic only fits questions about science.&#10;C)If the premise is wrong,then the conclusion is faulty.&#10;D)Its religious bias yields absolute answers.

Accepted Answer

The major weakness of the syllogism used by Aristotle is that if the premise is wrong, then the conclusion is faulty. This means that even if the reasoning process is logically valid, the conclusion can still be false if the premises are not true. This is known as the problem of validity versus soundness in deductive reasoning. The other options are incorrect: A is not applicable to the syllogism, B is too narrow a claim, and D is not relevant to the syllogism but rather a criticism of certain religious beliefs.

Question 9

Locke believed that our mind at birth is a tabula rasa,or a&#10;A)rational table full of ideas.&#10;B)machine-like system for calculation.&#10;C)rational soul full of remembered truths.&#10;D)blank slate to be imprinted by experience.

Accepted Answer

Locke believed that our mind at birth is a blank slate, to be imprinted by experience. He rejected the notion of innate ideas and believed that knowledge comes only from experience and observation. This view is often referred to as empiricism.

Question 10

A central theme of realism is the &#34;thesis of independence,&#34; which means that reality,knowledge,and value exist&#10;A)only in the mind of the perceiver.&#10;B)in a separate realm of ideas.&#10;C)in the natural laws of physics.&#10;D)independent of the human mind.

Accepted Answer

Realism argues that reality, knowledge, and value exist independent of the human mind, and are not constructed or created by it. This means that they exist objectively and can be studied and understood through investigation and inquiry. Realists reject the idea that reality is a product of human thought, perception, or language, and instead assert that it exists in the physical world, independent of individual experiences or beliefs.

Question 11

Alfred North Whitehead argued that education should be concerned with &#34;living ideas&#34; that connect the experiences of learners with&#10;A)the traditions and tested truths of history.&#10;B)the processes and patterns of reality.&#10;C)products and processes of physical science.&#10;D)dialectical reasoning of mind and thought.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alfred North Whitehead argued that education should...

Question 12

Unlike classical realists,contemporary realists such as Hilary Putnam hold that a the universe is clearly capable of being understood in absolute terms.
B)the doctrine of "simplicity" is the surest way to understanding the universe.
C)we need more use of logic and rationalism and less reliance on hypothetical reasoning.
D)the universe is too complex for the human to comprehend in a total or "God's Eye" view.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unlike classical realists,contemporary realists such as Hilary...

Deck 2: Realism and Education