Deck 11: Social Control, deviance, and Crime

Question 1

The class is expecting a lecture on alternative medicine,when the professor walks in smoking marijuana.According to the text,how would this behaviour be classified?

A) as deviant
B) as normal
C) as expected
D) as criminal

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which theoretical argument claims that the law is not always neutral?

A) postmodern
B) conflict
C) functionalism
D) interactionist

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What kind of law can be said to involve the accused and the Crown?

A) private
B) criminal
C) common Law
D) retributive

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which phrase is a sociologist most likely to use to define deviance?

A) an objective fact
B) a natural construct
C) a social construction
D) arbitrary and random

Question 5

What is the consensus view of law creation normally contrasted with?

A) dissensus view
B) conflict view
C) negotiated view
D) symbolic view

Question 6

Which of the following best describes how sociologists would define crime?

A) an act that is accompanied with punishment
B) an act that violates criminal law
C) any belief that violates cultural norms
D) any behaviour that violates cultural norms

Question 7

What is the most important source of information on crimes reported in Canada?

A) Law Enforcement Administration System
B) Canadian Criminological Society
C) Canadian Uniform Crime Reporting System
D) Statistics Canada Census Bureau Annual Report

Question 8

According to the text,who in society are the objects of social control?

A) deviants
B) the poor and marginal
C) the criminal classes
D) everyone

Question 9

Which theory of law creation argues that crimes are acts which most people think should be prohibited?

A) consensual view
B) political interest view
C) collective consciousness view
D) majority view

Question 10

Ariel is intoxicated on a public street.Her friends who are with her begin to laugh at her as she stumbles.An elderly man passing by tells Ariel she should be ashamed of herself.Ariel asks her friends to call her parents to pick her up,but they ignore her.A police cruiser comes by and the officers ignore Ariel but begin to question her friends in an accusatory manor.In the distance a doorman can be heard yelling "and don't let that Ariel girl in here again." Who would you say is involved in social control activities?

A) the elderly man and the police
B) the police and her friends
C) Ariel,the police,and the elderly man
D) the elderly man,the police,her friends,and the doorman

Question 11

Cynthia is in trouble with the law.We are not sure what she did,but we know that she has been given a fine that is less than $5000 and a term of incarceration not greater than six months.What can we conclude from these details?

A) It is an indictable offence.
B) It is a summary offence.
C) It is a crime against property.
D) It is an example of common law.

Question 12

Taylor is sure that her neighbour is responsible for damage done to her property.She intends to sue her neighbour for the cost of repairs.What kind of law is used for this purpose?

A) public
B) private
C) common
D) criminal

Question 13

Which concept is central to a subjective definition of deviance?

A) power
B) harm
C) rules
D) consensus

Question 14

Which concept is defined as "actions intended to prevent,correct,punish,or cure behaviours or characteristics perceived as unacceptable"?

A) punishment
B) sanction
C) social control
D) societal reaction

Question 15

Which statement best describes recent crime trends in Canada?

A) Most of the crime reported in 2014 was violent rather than property crime.
B) The rate of crime has increased in recent years.
C) The crime rate has remained unchanged in recent years.
D) Both the crime rate and the rate of severity have been declining.

Question 16

Which of the following is a normative definition of deviance?

A) Deviance is any behaviour which is statistically rare.
B) Deviance is behaviour at which the majority of the members of a society express disapproval.
C) Deviance is any act that violates a rule.
D) Deviance is behaviour which produces social harm.

Question 17

Which statement best describes the measurement of crime in Canada?

A) Our estimates of crime are based on data gathered by policing agencies.
B) The crime measurement system is known as the National Crime Assessment Survey.
C) A major criticism of the way we measure crime in Canada is that no account is taken of severity.
D) While our national crime system allows us to estimate the amount of crime for Canada as a whole,it does not allow comparisons to be made between cities or provinces.

Question 18

Which statement best describes a subjective definition of deviance?

A) The study of deviance must recognize that everyone defines deviance differently.
B) The study of deviance is all about the study of the characteristics of the deviant act itself.
C) The study of deviance is all about the social processes that teach us to label acts positively or negatively.
D) The study of deviance is all about how harm is produced in society.

Question 19

Which statement best describes crime measurement in Canada?

A) While it is possible to count crimes,it is not possible to calculate the severity of crime.
B) The major problem with crime measurement is that the system only counts crime that come to the attention of the police.
C) Our official crime counting system does not count victimless crimes.
D) Our official crime counting system does not include public order crimes.

Question 20

What are hybrid offences?

A) crimes that involve more than one type of victim
B) crimes that contain elements of violence and crime against property
C) crimes that can be prosecuted as either an indictable or a summary offence
D) crimes that are identified in both the Canadian Criminal Code and in many provincial criminal codes

Question 21

After witnessing Janet,one of their classmates,be expelled for cheating,the rest of the class decides to follow the rules and not cheat.What principle does this illustrate?

A) retribution
B) social protection
C) rehabilitation
D) deterrence

Question 22

Which country has the largest prison population in the world?

A) China
B) Saudia Arabia
C) Columbia
D) The United States

Question 23

According to the text,what will result in the future growth of crime?

A) failed restorative justice methods
B) new methods for committing crimes of a violent nature
C) crimes that occur within the corrections system
D) the Internet and other new technologies

Question 24

For study purposes,how should the crime of misappropriating financial resources be classified?

A) corporate crime
B) white collar crime
C) cybercrime
D) organized crime

Question 25

Which statement is a major criticism of deterrence theory?

A) It fails to specify the characteristics that make a deterrent successful.
B) While deterrence theory explains how deterrents work at a general level,it neglects a consideration of the specific level.
C) While deterrence theory explains how deterrents work at the specific level,it neglects a consideration of the general level.
D) People are less rational than deterrence theory assumes.

Question 26

Which statement best describes the General Social Survey?

A) The findings from the survey can be used to supplement the Uniform Crime Reports.
B) The survey asks respondents about crimes they have committed.
C) The survey may be faulted because it fails to ask respondents whether the crime they are reporting came to the attention of the police.
D) The GSS studies victimless crimes.

Question 27

Who decides the guilt or innocence of those accused of committing a crime?

A) the community
B) police officers
C) criminal courts
D) moral entrepreneurs

Question 28

What type of deterrent is the death penalty?

A) specific
B) general
C) subjective
D) restitutive

Question 29

What did critics of the prostitution law passed in 2014 argue?

A) The law would make prostitutes customers less safe.
B) The law would make prostitution so attractive that even more people would enter the profession.
C) The new law would apply only to underage sex workers.
D) The new law would make prostitutes even less safe than they were before the law was proposed.

Question 30

What kind of crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit?

A) corporate crime
B) political crime
C) organized crime
D) occupational crime

Question 31

Which statement best describes the Canadian court system?

A) Most cases are summary offences and are dealt with in the provincial or territorial courts.
B) Most cases are summary offences and are dealt with in the federal courts.
C) Most cases are indictable offences and are dealt with in the provincial courts.
D) Which court system processes a case is not determined by the summary-indictable distinction.

Question 32

How do we define cybercrime?

A) crimes committed using the Internet
B) crimes which do not involve human victims
C) crimes committed through the use of computer technology
D) crimes which lack the element of human intent

Question 33

After Arthur broke into his neighbour's house and stole jewellery,cash,and small electronics,his community gathered together a number of community leaders and Arthur and his neighbour and attempted to resolve the dispute together.What were they involved in?

A) a community justice circle
B) the Youth Criminal Justice Act
C) deterrence measures
D) social protection

Question 34

Which of the following was legal before 2013?

A) communicating in a public manner to engage prostitution services
B) operating a brothel
C) living off the avails of prostitution
D) exchanging money for sexual favours

Question 35

Which statement is a claim made by the abolitionist movement?

A) The current prison system is too focused on crimes which occur in prisons rather than beyond them.
B) Despite obstacles,prisons are a suitable setting for rehabilitation efforts.
C) The current prison system is too focused on restitution.
D) The punitive response directs attention away from the social experiences that lead to offending.

Question 36

After spending five years in prison,David is released back into the community with job skills and social supports,and he is ready to start his life over as a law-abiding citizen.What principle does this illustrate?

A) retribution
B) rehabilitation
C) restorative justice
D) reintegration

Question 37

In a fit of jealous rage,a man attacks his wife's lover.After a few months in jail,he vows that no matter what,he will never commit a crime again because of his negative incarceration experience.Sociologically speaking,what is this called?

A) general recidivism
B) specific recidivism
C) specific deterrence
D) general deterrence

Question 38

Which group seeks to return the focus of the justice system to repairing the harm that has been done to the victim and to the community?

A) Corrections Canada officials
B) restorative justice advocates
C) deterrence theorists
D) social protectionists

Question 39

Martha was the accountant responsible for petty cash expenses at the office.Every day,she created a bogus expense valued at around $10 to $15 and pocketed the money.According to the text,what kind of label would be given to this crime?

A) financial
B) white collar
C) deviant
D) mala prohibita

Question 40

Which of the following crimes involves a consensual exchange of illegal goods or services among adults?

A) property
B) corporate
C) occupational
D) victimless

Question 41

Suppose that Becky,who is under the legal age,orders and is served a drink in a bar.She is not discovered,so she is not labelled.According to Lemert's labelling theory,what form of deviance has taken place?

A) secondary deviance
B) primary deviance
C) residual deviance
D) undetected deviance

Question 42

Lillian worked as an accountant for a business with annual profits of $1 million.However,her boss paid her a low-level salary that did not meet her family's expenses.Lillian soon realized that she could embezzle money easily and began skimming about $100,000 per year.According to the text,through which theory can the reason behind her deviant behaviour best be understood?

A) control
B) routine activity
C) strain
D) monetary

Question 43

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,which variable is the key to conformity?

A) high self-esteem
B) lack of deviant associations
C) proper early socialization
D) self-control

Question 44

Which statements best describes Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association?

A) Deviance is explained by the structural positions people occupy in society.
B) Deviance results from inadequate social control.
C) Deviance increases in periods of rapid social changed.
D) Deviance is learned in the context of small intimate groups.

Question 45

The idea that social structure exerts pressure upon certain people to rebel and NOT to conform to social norms is central to which approach?

A) knowledge-power perspective
B) class-conflict theory
C) status-conflict perspective
D) strain theory

Question 46

Which approach claims that deviance is produced by societal reactions to deviance?

A) power-knowledge theory
B) differential association theory
C) status-conflict theory
D) labelling theory

Question 47

A young girl in middle school decides,for the first time,not to attend school today because she has a test.What would sociologist Edwin Lemert call this initial act of rule breaking?

A) primary deviance
B) secondary deviance
C) residual deviance
D) undetected deviance

Question 48

Which alternative to the current justice system is a movement which emphasizes healing and the reparation of harm caused by the offender?

A) retributive criminology
B) classical criminology
C) peacemaking criminology
D) restorative criminology

Question 49

Which concept is central to Merton's theory of deviance?

A) social strain
B) neutralization
C) social learning
D) primary deviance

Question 50

What theory would view Alex as deviant if his teachers define him as a trouble maker?

A) strain
B) social control
C) differential association
D) labelling

Question 51

Which alternative to the current justice system is a nonviolent movement and a type criminology which focuses on reducing suffering and social injustice?

A) retributive criminology
B) classical criminology
C) peacemaking criminology
D) restorative criminology

Question 52

Alicia frequently steals from local stores.She has been reading about the psychology of delinquents and now believes that her behaviour is not her fault,but is caused by the blighted neighbourhood in which she lives.Which technique of neutralization is Alicia using?

A) denial of the victim
B) denial of the generalized other
C) denial of responsibility
D) denial of cause

Question 53

According to the text,which term best describes the use of illegitimate channels to pursue culturally approved goals when legitimate means are not available?

A) innovation
B) differential motivation
C) over conformity
D) neutralization

Question 54

Which perspective asserts that people are sometimes exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving them?

A) conflict
B) symbolic interactionist
C) functionalist
D) social control

Question 55

A young man grows up in a house where his father grows marijuana,his father and mother smoke pot,and his older brother is a drug dealer.Which theory would predict that he is at risk of following in this criminal lifestyle?

A) differential association
B) routine activities
C) control
D) strain

Question 56

Which theory argues that frequent association with those favouring deviance over conformity makes a person more likely to engage in deviant behaviour?

A) differential association
B) labelling
C) status-conflict
D) strain

Question 57

A young man likes to party;he is a thrill seeker who can't foresee the consequences of his behaviour.One night he goes on a drinking binge and wrecks his car.Which perspective would have predicted this behaviour?

A) general strain theory
B) general theory of crime
C) routine activities theory
D) differential association theory

Question 58

According to Merton's strain theory,what are criminals doing when they commit crimes?

A) They are responding innovatively to institutionalized goals.
B) They are exhibiting unintelligent and irrational behaviour.
C) They are showing underlying psychological pathologies.
D) They are expressing their frustrations with capitalism.

Question 59

Monroe is a drug dealer who is interested in becoming rich and famous.However,he can think of no other way to achieve these goals.Monroe thinks that the life he is leading will mean that his son might be able to live a legitimate life without financial concerns.In terms of the Merton's typology,how might we describe Monroe's behaviour?

A) innovation
B) ritualism
C) rebellion
D) rejection

Question 60

According to Travis Hirschi,which concept is the key to understanding the causes of deviance?

A) neutralization
B) social bonds
C) differential attachment
D) differential connectedness

Question 61

In Canada,the legal definition of a crime does not require the concept of intent.

Question 62

The prostitution law introduced by the Canadian government in 2014 focused on the control of the prostitutes' customers.

Question 63

Property crimes include break and enter,theft,motor vehicle theft,and arson.

Question 64

Victimization surveys provide us with information about crimes that have not been officially reported.

Question 65

In terms of the Canadian Criminal Code,the most serious crimes are those which are known as summary offenses.

Question 66

Which perspective would make the claim that "the rich get richer and the poor get prison"?

A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) social control
D) symbolic interactionist

Question 67

Single mother Jeannette works at two minimum-wage jobs.She routinely writes cheques when she has no money in her bank account and she eventually gets arrested for fraud.Which theory would explain Jeannette's deviance in terms of poor wages and her inability to provide economically for her children?

A) functionalist
B) feminist
C) social control
D) postmodern

Question 68

Your sociology professor uses the phrase "knowledge is power" several times a week.She is,in all likelihood,which of the following?

A) a feminist
B) a conflict theorist
C) a functionalist
D) a postmodernist

Question 69

Common law is a body of law based on precedents.

Question 70

Crimes are subject to formalized institutional penalties while this need not be the case with deviance.

Question 71

What is the central explanatory concept in postmodern theories of deviance?

A) stigmatization
B) primary deviance
C) self-surveillance
D) deviant deflection

Question 72

After his release from prison,Abdul was unable to find work.What theory best explains the behaviour of those prospective employers who refused to hire him because he was a criminal?

A) strain
B) labelling
C) differential association
D) social bond

Question 73

Definitions of deviance tend to be quite stable from place to place and from time to time.

Question 74

Which theory would examine the different standards of what is considered deviant for a man versus for a woman?

A) functionalist
B) feminist
C) social control
D) conflict

Question 75

In an interpretive framework,which term best describes a lifestyle and identity organized around deviance?

A) primary deviance
B) secondary deviance
C) tertiary deviance
D) identity deviance

Question 76

What does the conflict perspective argue about criminal law?

A) It is applied equally to the different social classes.
B) It attempts to reverse the inequalities present in society.
C) It was created in order to label deviants as "criminals."
D) It protects the interests of the affluent and powerful.

Question 77

All societies have norms that govern acceptable behaviour.

Question 78

According to the text,if a woman decides to go topless at a beach and then gets cited for public nudity,while topless men are ignored,what has she experienced?

A) punishment
B) deviant behaviour
C) gendered nature of deviance
D) social sanction

Question 79

In Canada,crimes which are committed against property are known as victimless crimes.

Question 80

The major weakness of the Canadian Uniform Crime Reports system is that it focuses on only violations of federal laws,and ignores violations of provincial statutes.