Deck 10: Immune Activity and Psychopathology

Question 1

Cells capable of activating immune responses within the brain include

A) mast cells
B) microglia
C) perivascular macrophages
D) all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

Rabies virus typically

A) remains at the site of entry into the body
B) gains access to the brain after many years of infection
C) travels towards the CNS within neurons
D) does not infect limbic system structures

Answer 2

travels towards the CNS within neurons

Question 3

Maier and Watkins have noted that pathogens were the first predators therefore the

A) organisms were able to evolve
B) response to any threat retains an immune modulating effect
C) the immune modulating effect is always adaptive
D) adaptive systems have high specificity

Answer 3

response to any threat retains an immune modulating effect

Question 4

Entry of acivated T-lymphocytes capable of releasing cytokines can promote localized proinflammatory activity by activating

A) astrocytes
B) neurons
C) oligodendrocytes
D) ependymal cells

Question 5

CNS infections that are widespread are typically caused by

A) fungi
B) parasites
C) bacteria
D) viruses

Question 6

Changes in behavior and emotion due to infection

A) require that pathogens enter the CNS
B) occur even when infection is outside the CNS
C) require CNS entry of activated lymphocytes
D) occur only when there is abnormal BBB permeability

Question 7

Immune activity has been implicated in the etiology of

A) many brain disorders
B) neurological disorders only
C) most brain disorders except those in the realm of psychiatry
D) neurodegenerative disorders of unkown etiology

Question 8

Of the following post-infection neurological disorders which one has been linked to aspirin use

A) Guillain-Barre Syndrome
B) Reye's Syndrome
C) Sydenham's chorea
D) none of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is true about CNS infections

A) they are always caused by viruses
B) a long period can elapse between infection and clinical manifestations
C) they are not related to age or immune status
D) clinical symptoms are closely tied to the specific pathogen

Question 10

Microbial penetration and growth

A) modifies psychosocial experience
B) leads to immune activation
C) alters brain activity
D) all of the above

Question 11

Immune activity within the brain is

A) rapidly induced by the presence of pathogen
B) rapidly activated due to the high expression of HLA class II molecules
C) hindered by the BBB and the absence of lymphatic vessels
D) both a and b

Question 12

Sickness behavior is

A) part of the the acute-phase response of the inflammatory process
B) associated with an increased tendency to self-groom
C) seen only in nonhuman species
D) associated with decreased pain sensitivity

Question 13

Research on the effects of immune activation on mental processes has shown

A) that IL-2 has no effect
B) lipopolysaccharide increases confusion
C) vaccination has no effect
D) endotoxin improves memory

Question 14

Cytokines have access to CNS via

A) active transport across endothilium
B) circumventricular organs
C) vagal afferents
D) all of the above

Question 15

Retention of activated T-lymphocytes within the CNS depends on

A) where the lymphocyte was activated
B) encoutering their specific antigen within the CNS
C) the type of T-lymphocyte
D) the presence of T-reg lymphocytes

Question 16

Which of the following is false

A) CNS infections are rare
B) all viruses are capable of infecting brain cells
C) most CNS infections are aquired from pathogen in the blood
D) infected leukocytes are able to penetrate the BBB

Question 17

Effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on memory formation is

A) suppressive
B) facilitative
C) depends on the cell type releasing the cytokines
D) species dependent

Question 18

Which of the following psychiatric medications appear to increase the production of autoantibodies

A) neuroleptics
B) lithium
C) antidepressants
D) none of the above

Question 19

Effective defense against virus infection within the CNS requires a

A) pronounced inflammatory response
B) rapid cell mediated response
C) robust antibody response
D) both b and c

Question 20

Which of the following disorders does not resemble sickness behavior

A) depression
B) fibromyalgia
C) hypochondriasis
D) chronic fatigue syndrome

Question 21

Which of the following has not been found in the case of PTSD

A) increased number of T-reg lymphocytes
B) decreased NK cell activity
C) increased NK cell activity
D) enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity

Question 22

Prenatal infection has been linked to the risk of developing schizophrenia by studies showing increased risk in samples

A) exposed to flu in utero
B) born during the winter months
C) born to mothers' with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
D) all of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is true about rabies

A) individuals have been known to survive without treatment
B) transmission always requires the bite of an infected animal
C) the behavioral changes always begin within hours of infection
D) neuropathological findings are restricted to glial cells

Question 24

Lyme Disease is not

A) caused by a spirochete
B) contracted from tic bites
C) known to cause permanent neurocognitive deficits
D) named after a town

Question 25

Which of the following is not true about Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A) it is an acute inflammatory demyelinating disorder which causes paralysis
B) it can be effectively treated with corticosteroids
C) it has been linked to infection with herpes viruses
D) it can be triggered by vaccination

Question 26

Studies of immunelogic measures in schizophrenics have consistently revealed

A) increased number of T-reg lymphocytes
B) Th1/Th2 imbalance in favor of Th1 activation
C) increased number of the CD4⁺ T cells that enhance antibody production
D) lower levels of IgG in cerebrospinal fluid

Question 27

Longitudinal population-based research has found that over a two year follow-up

A) pre-existing mood disorder predicts new-onset arthritis
B) pre-existing arthritis predicts new onset mood disorder
C) pre-existing arthritis does not predict of new-onset mood disorder
D) both a and c

Question 28

Neurodegenerative disorders have not been associated with infection by

A) viruses
B) viroids
C) prions
D) misfolded protein

Question 29

Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders are the result of

A) metastasis
B) angiogenesis
C) cross-reacting antibodies
D) brain malignancy

Question 30

Research on immune correlates of major depression has linked pro-inflammatory activity to decreased

A) serotonin levels
B) sensitivity to cortisol
C) proliferation of T-reg lymphocytes
D) all of the above

Question 31

Mental disorders are frequently observed in conjunction with SLE. The occurrence of psychosis in particular has been associated with

A) autoantibodies against ribosomal P protein
B) autoantibodies against dopamine receptors
C) deposition of immune complexes in choroid plexus
D) intrathecal activation of complement

Question 32

Postencephalitic behavior most closely resembles

A) schizphrenia
B) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
C) autism
D) obsesessive-compulsive disorder

Question 33

Large-scale studies of new cases of OCD, tic-disorders, ADHD, and depression in children have found that in the previous year they had an increased likelihood of

A) otitis media
B) streptoccocal infection
C) sinusitis
D) all of the above

Question 34

HSV-1 infection is quite common and can cause transient psychiatric symptoms because the virus

A) is found in neurons of higher cortical structures
B) can remain latent for long periods
C) can be reactivated by stress
D) all of the above

Question 35

Psychiatric disorders with a link to infection

A) afflict only children
B) are rare in develped nations
C) are caused only by prnatal exposure
D) none of the above

Question 36

HIV infected individuals are now more likely to have minor cognitive motor disorder due to

A) the changing nature of the afflicted population
B) evolution of the virus
C) highly active anti-retroviral therapy
D) HIV associated dementia

Question 37

Infection as a cause of schizophrenia was

A) not considered until the advent of psychoneuroimmunology
B) considered unlikely because the disorder afflicts primarily young adults
C) postulated in early writings to account for year to year variation in new cases
D) first proposed by Eugen Bleuler

Question 38

Autism spectrum disorders

A) are increasing due to vaccination
B) were first described in the 19^th century
C) are associated with increased intestinal permeability
D) are associated with low levels of IL-2

Question 39

PANDAS is te acronym for behavioral disorders in which

A) B-lymphocytes carry abnormal surface markers and attack neurons
B) pathogen directly alters the functions of neurons in the basal ganglia
C) antibody to pathogen cross-reacts with self-antigen in key neural structures
D) viral infection acts to trigger immune attack on brain tissue

Question 40

Meta-analyis of the research has found a much higher risk of schizophrenia in individuals previously infected with

A) Bornavirus
B) Toxoplasma gondii
C) Epstein-Barr virus
D) Herpes-simplex virus-2