Deck 20: Population and Urbanization

Question 1

Which of the following would Malthus have to admit if he were alive today?

A) Population growth produces misery.
B) Having adequate food does not lead to an increased birth rate.
C) War, poverty, famine, and disease are not effective population stabilizers.
D) Contraception is not effective as a means of controlling fertility worldwide.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Around what year do population experts predict that the world population will stabilize at approximately 9.5 billion?

A) 2050
B) 2100
C) 2150
D) 2200

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Bill,a Malthusian,believes that overpopulation is not a problem because there has been an increase in armed conflict globally.What do we call this type of population control?

A) negative checks
B) positive checks
C) preventative measures
D) permissive measures

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Harbinder is employed by the government to analyze the migration routes of people from the British Commonwealth,seeing where people from each country migrated in each year.What is Harbinder employed as?

A) an urban sociologist
B) a demographer
C) a rural-urban statistician
D) a demographic transition theorist

Question 5

Through the twentieth century it has been demonstrated that helping the poor through various types of welfare programs has had which of the following effects?

A) It has lowered the incidence of rebellion.
B) It has curbed crime rates among the poor.
C) It has lowered the birth rate among the poor.
D) It has increased the amount of food available.

Question 6

Maria lives in a nation characterized as one of the worst in the world in terms of the wide disparity between the rich and poor.According to the textbook,which of the following nations does she most likely live in?

A) Costa Rica
B) Brazil
C) Venezuela
D) Chile

Question 7

According to the textbook,at approximately what point did the world population begin to "explode"?

A) 12 000 years ago
B) 2000 years ago
C) 250 years ago
D) 50 years ago

Question 8

Annalise is a fourth-year university student who has enjoyed learning about the distribution and composition of various populations around the world,and she is considering making the study of populations her career choice.Which of the following subfields of sociology should she go into if she follows her plans?

A) social ecology
B) social studies
C) epidemiology
D) demography

Question 9

Simone,a Malthusian,believes that overpopulation is not a problem because there have been many recent natural disasters like tsunamis and tornados,which leave people homeless and living in conditions of disease and starvation.What do we call this type of population control?

A) negative checks
B) positive checks
C) preventative measures
D) permissive measures

Question 10

According to Malthus,food supply increases while population increases.In Malthus's view,what is the problem here?

A) Food supply increases arithmetically, and population increases arithmetically.
B) Food supply increases arithmetically, and population increases geometrically.
C) Food supply increases geometrically, and population increases arithmetically.
D) Food supply increases geometrically, and population increases geometrically.

Question 11

The widespread availability of what has proven to be a critique of Malthus's predictions?

A) food
B) water
C) abortion
D) contraception

Question 12

Which of the following is a fact that casts doubt on Malthus's predictions about population growth?

A) Technological interference has decreased food production.
B) Technological advances have increased food production.
C) Technological measures have established the limit of population growth.
D) Technological innovations have destroyed food production in many areas.

Question 13

Benny considers himself a Malthusian and agrees with Malthus that there are two undisputable "facts" about people.Which of the following is one of them?

A) People must eat.
B) Agricultural yields are increasing.
C) People are biologically driven to live in groups.
D) People will congregate and create a city, if given enough time.

Question 14

Which of the following is a critique of Malthus's predictions?

A) The upper limit of population growth is unclear.
B) The sex drive is not as powerful as Malthus believed.
C) Welfare systems have caused population growth.
D) Population growth produces misery.

Question 15

Until a few decades ago,what did sociologists believe was the primary cause of population growth?

A) industrialization
B) social inequality
C) capitalism
D) natural forces

Question 16

Despite being an Anglican clergy member,Malthus did not believe that people should assist those in poverty.Why?

A) He felt the poor have more abortions, which he was morally against.
B) He felt the poor would have more children, compounding overpopulation.
C) He felt the poor would fall prey to vices such as prostitution.
D) He felt the poor would cause a rebellion if their expectations began to rise.

Question 17

According to sociologists,what is the process of population growth mainly governed by?

A) natural laws
B) evolution
C) genetics
D) social forces

Question 18

Benny considers himself a Malthusian and agrees with Malthus that there are two undisputable "facts" about people.Which of the following is one of them?

A) People are biologically driven to organize themselves into social groups.
B) Agricultural yields are increasing.
C) People are biologically driven to want sex.
D) There is a finite carrying capacity on how much the earth can handle.

Question 19

After studying urbanization,Winnie believes that cities are places where people are disconnected from one another and unsure about how they should act.What does the textbook suggest about this type of analysis of cities?

A) It is ambiguous.
B) It is accurate for cites outside of North America.
C) It is an oversimplification.
D) It is accurate.

Question 20

David,a Malthusian,believes that overpopulation is not a problem because in his nation,abortion is legal and widely practised,and in other parts of the world he believes that abortion and infanticide are practised widely.What do we call this type of population control?

A) negative checks
B) positive checks
C) preventative measures
D) permissive measures

Question 21

Marie-France has heard that in order to keep Quebec strong,she needs to do her part by having a certain number of children.How many children,at a minimum,should Marie-France have to keep Quebec viable?

A)1.2
B)1.7
C)1.9
D)2.1

Question 22

Many places in India are characterized by having a large proportion of the population die each year from disease,poor sanitation and hunger.At which stage of the demographic transition theory are these places?

A) preindustrial period
B) transitional period
C) early industrial period
D) explosive period

Question 23

Approximately what proportion of the world's nations has fertility levels below replacement level today?

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 24

Sabra knows that she must have a certain number of children to keep the population of her nation's growth stable.What do we call this number?

A) the refined birth rate
B) the total fertility rate
C) replacement level fertility
D) stability level fertility

Question 25

During which stage of development do people generally think that it makes sense to have fewer children in order to reduce the economic burden on the family?

A) preindustrial period
B) early industrial period
C) mature industrial period
D) postindustrial period

Question 26

What do we call the movement of people out a country in order to settle somewhere else?

A) targeted exit
B) geographic mobility
C) out-migration
D) transitional migration

Question 27

Rajesh lives in a nation where the numbers of deaths in the population per year outnumber the number of births.At which stage of development would his nation be classified in?

A) preindustrial period
B) transitional period
C) mature industrial period
D) postindustrial period

Question 28

Which of the following is a critique of the demographic transition theory?

A) It places too much emphasis on industrialization as the main driver of population growth.
B) After industrialization, cultural values change.
C) Contraception in many places is more or less ineffective.
D) Places with high infant mortality rates usually have high birth rates.

Question 29

A nation in Asia has calculated that seven children are born alive for every 1000 people in the population in a particular year.In this example,what does the number seven refer to?

A) the fertility rate
B) the birth rate
C) the crude birth rate
D) the total fertility rate

Question 30

The Al-Walid family has recently moved to Canada to pursue jobs in the high-tech industry. Which demographic trend do they demonstrate?

A) out-migration
B) in-migration
C) geographic mobility
D) immigration and emigration

Question 31

A nation in Africa has calculated that 28 people die for every 1000 of the population each year.In this example,what does the number 28 refer to?

A) the crude death rate
B) the total death rate
C) the death rate
D) the mortality rate

Question 32

In which stage of development did children become seen as an economic liability?

A) preindustrial period
B) early industrial period
C) mature industrial period
D) postindustrial period

Question 33

Which of the following has fertility below replacement level today?

A) India
B) Asia
C) Canada
D) South America

Question 34

What do we call the movement of people into a country in order to settle there?

A) targeted entrance
B) geographic mobility
C) in-migration
D) transitional migration

Question 35

Given his projections about population,which period in European development did Malthus most likely live in?

A) preindustrial period
B) early industrial period
C) mature industrial period
D) postindustrial period

Question 36

Several places in Asia experienced a fairly rapid drop in mortality due to economic growth,even as their rates of live births remained high.At which stage of the demographic transition theory are these places?

A) preindustrial period
B) transitional period
C) mature industrial period
D) post industrial period

Question 37

What do we call the situation whereby each women of childbearing age gives birth to enough children to keep a population stable?

A) modernization level fertility
B) transitional level fertility
C) stability level fertility
D) replacement level fertility

Question 38

Tommy thinks that changes in population are the result of industrialization and the shifts in cultural values that accompany it.Which theory is he most likely to support?

A) Malthusian theory
B) Marxist theory
C) demographic transition theory
D) modernization theory

Question 39

What term refers to the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime,assuming she hasthe same number of children as other women in her age cohort?

A) the birth rate
B) the crude birth rate
C) the fertility rate
D) the total fertility rate

Question 40

If Canada experiences a massive influx of foreigners who come to settle here,which of the following will have increased?

A) migration
B) immigration
C) emigration
D) internal migration

Question 41

Annie is a Marxist who has developed a critique of the Malthusian perspective.Which of the following arguments is she most likely to make?

A) Capitalism does produce poverty, but it is not solely responsible for the population problem.
B) Socialist economies have very different demographic trends than capitalist societies.
C) Unchecked population growth would reduce geometric food growth.
D) Overpopulation comes when capitalists exploit workers with low wages.

Question 42

Using a Marxist lens,how might overpopulation contribute to the eventual destruction of capitalism?

A) Overpopulation would lead to mass starvation, which would result in an increased competition for workers, which would drive up wages, thus eroding the profit of the bourgeoisie.
B) Unemployment would make the workers dissatisfied, resulting in a class-consciousness, which would lead to revolution.
C) Once the bourgeoisie had accumulated their wealth, they would disband capitalism, leaving the proletariat to suffer on their own.
D) The proletariat would eventually become so wealthy that they would catch up to the bourgeoisie, eventually erasing all previous distinctions between the two classes.

Question 43

Some scholars have suggested diverting scarce resources from education,health,and industrialization into various forms of birth control,including,if necessary,forced sterilization.These observers regard the presumed alternatives-poverty,famine,war,ethnic violence,and the growth of huge filthy cities-as too horrible to contemplate.However,what do these observers fail to see?

A) how measures that lower social inequality help to control overpopulation
B) how measures that raise social inequality are tied to limited economic development
C) how natural disasters lead to overpopulation and its consequences
D) the relevance of demographic transition theory to present day realities

Question 44

In Canada,there are approximately 105 females or every 100 males.What do we call this rate comparison?

A) the age-sex pyramid
B) life expectancy
C) the sex ratio
D) the doubling effect

Question 45

In 1960,South Korea had a total fertility rate of 6.0.Yet by 1989,South Korea's total fertility rate had dropped to a mere 1.6.What first prompted this dramatic decrease in the total fertility rate?

A) industrialization
B) land reform
C) political reforms
D) gender equality

Question 46

According to economist Amartya Sen,what causes famine?

A) the overproduction of food
B) the underproduction of food
C) unequal access to food
D) the availability of poor-quality food

Question 47

Erik has been studying population and has found a lot of evidence that declines in fertility often accompany declines in standards of living.Which theory does his finding seem to contradict?

A) modernization theory
B) dependency theory
C) Marxist theory
D) demographic transition theory

Question 48

According to Marx,what is the cause of overpopulation?

A) exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie
B) the subjugation of women
C) the declining wages of the lower-class bourgeoisie
D) the increased powerlessness of the middle class

Question 49

Janelle has just moved to a highly industrialized city that is projected to become one of the world's ten largest cities by 2015.Where does she live?

A) Tokyo, Japan
B) Chicago, United States
C) Mexico City, Mexico
D) Sao Paulo, Brazil

Question 50

Billie-Bob lives in a nation where there are only 98 females for every 100 males.What is this rate comparison known as?

A) the sex ratio
B) life expectancy
C) the age-sex pyramid
D) the doubling effect

Question 51

While some portions of Marxists' analysis of overpopulation appear to be incorrect,one of Marx's core ideas does appear correct.Which of the following Marxist ideas appears correct?

A) The social organization of capitalism is the cause of overpopulation.
B) Social inequality is the root cause of overpopulation.
C) Bourgeoisie domination of workers is the cause of overpopulation.
D) Positive checks on population growth do work in most places.

Question 52

Why is the ratio of females to males lower than 1:1 in some places?

A) because of an overall preference for female babies
B) because of an overall preference for male babies
C) because of lower than average fertility rates
D) because of higher than average fertility rates

Question 53

Kasem is a Marxist who believes that overpopulation is a problem that can be solved.Which of the following does he most likely believe must be solved first?

A) contraception education
B) social inequality
C) inadequate medical care
D) inadequate child care

Question 54

By 2030,approximately what proportion of North America is predicted to be urbanized?

A) 25 percent
B) 45 percent
C) 65 percent
D) 85 percent

Question 55

Which of the following strategies did the government in Kerala,India,use to lower the fertility rate?

A) The government helped create a realistic alternative to a life of continuous childbirth.
B) The government initiated forced abortions and sterilizations.
C) The government threatened to disallow women's further participation in the paid labour force.
D) The government created a one child policy, modelled on China's policy.

Question 56

The Indian state of Kerala had a total fertility rate of 1.7 in the most recent census,much lower than the fertility rate for India as a whole.How did Kerala achieve this reduced fertility rate?

A) through high levels of industrialization and technological development
B) through increases in state expenditures on contraception
C) by annual campaigns about the dangers of overpopulation
D) by increasing the education of women and their participation in the paid labour force

Question 57

In what type of country are most of the fastest-growing cities in the world today?

A) industrialized nations
B) semi-industrialized nations
C) peripheral nations
D) post-industrial nations

Question 58

Padma lives in a province where the fertility rate has dropped from a rate of 2.6 to 1.7.Considering the experience of people Kerala,what may account for this enormous decrease?

A) high levels of industrialization and technological development
B) an increase in the status of women
C) annual campaigns about the dangers of overpopulation
D) increases in state expenditures on contraception

Question 59

Shannon and her family decide that a move from rural Ireland to Dublin is the best bet for them to find employment.Which of the following factors is most likely to underlie this family's decision to move?

A) Christianity
B) social inequality in their rural environment
C) urban government programs that advocate for social equality
D) industrialization

Question 60

What did the government of Kerala,India,lower to solve its overpopulation problem?

A) the level of class inequality
B) the level of gender inequality
C) the level of ethnic inequality
D) the level of age inequality

Question 61

Members of Heritage Front,a white supremacist organization,are angry about their perception that that non-white immigrants are taking over large portions of the city they live in.Which process of human ecology theory do their beliefs reflect?

A) differentiation
B) ecological succession
C) concentric zones
D) competition

Question 62

Nathan is an old man who recalls vividly his work on urban life in the 1920s.He and his colleagues carried out many interviews and surveys with city dwellers,and they mapped the social landscape.Which of the following traditions was Nathan likely a part of?

A) social demography
B) the postmodernist school
C) the Chicago school
D) Marxism

Question 63

Urban sociologists have studied patterns of migration in and around urban areas.They have discovered one consistent pattern involves members of the middle class moving to the suburbs,with poor immigrants moving into the inner city.What is this pattern an example of?

A) ecological succession
B) competition
C) differentiation
D) differential organization

Question 64

In 1900,what was the world's largest city?

A) New York, United States
B) London, England
C) Paris, France
D) St. Petersburg, Russia

Question 65

Over the years,Barbara has watched as older parts of the city are torn down and replaced by modern office towers.Which process of human ecology theory has Barbara been witnessing?

A) differentiation
B) ecological succession
C) concentric zones
D) competition

Question 66

Jillian,who recently moved to Victoria,British Columbia,and joined the Fernwood Community Association,is in charge of organizing the most recent community potluck and dance.Which of the following does her experience reflect a critique of?

A) Wirth's characterization of the urban way of life
B) the applicability of the concentric zone model
C) urban growth a natural process
D) urban competition and differentiation

Question 67

Bill has lived all his life in a place where his neighbours get together every weekend to barbecue after church and where most of the community goes out to support the local hockey team when they play games against other communities.According to Louis Wirth,what is Bill's experience typical of?

A) urban life
B) suburban life
C) rural life
D) social life

Question 68

Franklin is studying the social structure of medieval European cities and wondering about the differences between them and cities today.What difference is he likely to find between the medieval cities and contemporary cities?

A) Medieval cities were more densely populated.
B) Medieval cities had more social equality.
C) Medieval cities were usually smaller.
D) Medieval cities were more socially complex.

Question 69

According to Louis Wirth,what is city life characterized by?

A) retreatism through television and other media viewing
B) heightened cross-cultural involvement
C) emotional isolation
D) increased intensity of social interaction

Question 70

Christopher,a gay man living in a small town,gets his social needs met mainly through Internet chat rooms with other gay men and lesbians in big cities.Which of the following does his experience reflect a critique of?

A) urban competition and differentiation
B) Gans's characterization of rural villagers
C) urban ecological succession
D) Wirth's characterization of the urban way of life

Question 71

Sophia's community consists of many different immigrant groups,as well as a large population of gays and lesbians.According to Louis Wirth,what is Sophia's experience typical of?

A) urban life
B) suburban life
C) rural life
D) social life

Question 72

Members of the Chicago School have defined the city of Chicago as having a particular way of life that was reflected in people's attitudes and behaviours.What term did they use to describe this?

A) urban culture
B) urban beats
C) acculturation
D) urbanism

Question 73

Amanda is studying human ecology theory and is interested in the process of urban growth.Which of the following is one way that urban growth is encouraged?

A) stratification
B) urbanism
C) competition
D) suburbanism

Question 74

Roxie has been informally studying urban life for several years.She has observed that people in the city seem to think and behave in ways that are very different from the ways that people thought and behaved in the small town where she grew up.What would the Chicago School members call what Roxie has observed in the city?

A) urbanism
B) urbanization
C) urban beats
D) urban acclimatization

Question 75

The idea that cities develop in ever widening ripples outward is associated with which of the following theories?

A) urban sprawl theory
B) concentric zone theory
C) differentiation theory
D) urban expansion theory

Question 76

In 2015,which of the following cities is projected to become the world's largest city?

A) Los Angeles, United States
B) Tokyo, Japan
C) Jakarta, Indonesia
D) Sao Paulo, Brazil

Question 77

Which theory highlights the linkages between urban physical and social components,and identifies the features of urban growth?

A) zonal theory
B) inorganic differentiation theory
C) differential organization theory
D) human ecology theory

Question 78

James has watched his small city grow from hosting a couple of "ethnic" restaurants to having distinct whole parts of the expanding city offer services to members of various ethnic groups.Which process of human ecology theory is he watching?

A) differentiation
B) ecological succession
C) concentric zones
D) competition

Question 79

Many of the world's largest cities grew alongside the development of the modern factory.Which of the following best reflects sociological theorizing about this growth?

A) Urbanization causes industrialization.
B) Industrialization causes urbanization.
C) To some degree, urbanization results from industrialization.
D) Industrialization and urbanization are coincidental developments.

Question 80

What city has been recently identified by the United Nations as the most multicultural city in the world?

A) New York
B) Toronto
C) Los Angeles
D) Seoul