Deck 12: Innovation and Exploration,1453-1533

Question 1

Leonardo da Vinci's paintings sometimes display a keen understanding of human psychology by presenting their subjects as:

A)always having balanced,controlled emotions.
B)experiencing multiple emotions at the same time.
C)always experiencing only a single emotion.
D)emotionless.
E)excessively emotional.

Answer 1

experiencing multiple emotions at the same time.

Question 2

In the fifteenth century,the majority of the great painters were from:

A)Venice.
B)Rome.
C)Pisa.
D)Florence.
E)Naples.

Answer 2

Florence.

Question 3

Raphael's School of Athens is of interest in part because:

A)many of Raphael's contemporaries are used as models for the various philosophers.
B)it is the first painting to make use of the newly discovered technique of single-point perspective.
C)it was the first painting to be completed in Italy using the new medium of oil.
D)it was the last painting of the Italian Renaissance done using the fresco technique.
E)Raphael utilized many of his apprentices to complete the work rather than work on it directly.

Answer 3

many of Raphael's contemporaries are used as models for the various philosophers.

Question 4

The printing press was a tool of European monarchs because:

A)it enabled the establishment of printed money.
B)it enabled the widespread circulation of propaganda.
C)a king's license was necessary to own a printing press.
D)books were heavily taxed.
E)kings were able to choose which books would be printed and which would not.

Question 5

Plato's works were translated from Greek into Latin by:

A)Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.
B)Niccolò Machiavelli.
C)Petrarch.
D)Lorenzo Valla.
E)Marsilio Ficino.

Question 6

In Michelangelo's Last Judgment,the mood portrayed by the artist is one of:

A)exaltation of God.
B)awe.
C)fear and guilt.
D)celebration.
E)national pride.

Question 7

The invention of the printing press in Europe increased the volume and rapidity of communication,thereby:

A)increasing the cost of books.
B)encouraging greater levels of censorship.
C)making it more difficult to censor problematic or dissenting opinions.
D)making books even more precious than they had been in the Middle Ages.
E)creating the circumstances for the invention of broadsheets in the fifteenth century.

Question 8

The great painters of Florence improved upon techniques developed by:

A)Albrecht Dürer.
B)Hans Holbein the Younger.
C)Masaccio.
D)Bernardino Lanino.
E)Lorenzo Sabatini.

Question 9

Machiavelli admired Cesare Borgia for his:

A)civic-mindedness and sense of duty.
B)military achievements and humility.
C)Christian morality tempered with a willingness to avenge wrongs.
D)levity and immorality.
E)ruthlessness and shrewdness.

Question 10

The advent of printing was aided by:

A)the use of paper rather than parchment.
B)the growth of numerous large publishing houses.
C)the spread of literacy among the peasantry.
D)the increasing number of female writers.
E)the decline of urban populations.

Question 11

Although Leonardo da Vinci was born in Florence,he ended his career in:

A)Germany,where the Holy Roman Emperor was his patron.
B)Milan,where the Sforza duke was his patron.
C)Rome,where the pope was his patron.
D)Naples,where the king of Spain was his patron.
E)France,under the patronage of the French king.

Question 12

Machiavelli became an official in the Florentine government following:

A)an invasion by Russia.
B)the removal of the Medici.
C)his marriage into a prominent family.
D)his bribery of a public official.
E)Italy's becoming a monarchy.

Question 13

Italian artists of the Renaissance experimented with all of the following techniques EXCEPT:

A)vanishing point perspective.
B)the effects of light and shade.
C)realistic portrayals of the human body.
D)portraiture.
E)brass rubbing.

Question 14

For Michelangelo,the central feature of Renaissance humanism was:

A)classical learning.
B)the ethics and virtues taught by Plato.
C)the drive to understand the place of a disembodied soul.
D)a practical,secular education.
E)the drive to understand an embodied,masculine mind.

Question 15

Marsilio Ficino taught that human beings are capable of attaining their own salvation:

A)by understanding the separation of their souls from their bodies.
B)through a complete rejection of this world and constant prayer and solitude.
C)by engaging fully in ethical civic action.
D)through participating in all the sacraments.
E)by exercising their own talents to the fullest degree possible.

Question 16

The retelling of the Song of Roland in fifteenth-century Italy differed from the original by its:

A)setting,which was changed to Italy from Spain.
B)lack of any suggestion of heroic idealism.
C)language: the original was in vernacular French and the retelling in Latin.
D)ending,which had Roland surviving to be rewarded for his heroism by Charlemagne.
E)use of irony to stress the heroic idealism of Roland.

Question 17

According to Machiavelli,the ideal form of government was a(n):

A)republic modeled on the Roman example.
B)oligarchy modeled on Venice.
C)monarchy modeled on France.
D)principality,the model of which he sketched in The Prince.
E)republic modeled on Plato's Republic.

Question 18

Castiglione's description of the "Renaissance man" as accomplished,witty,cultured,and stylish was:

A)a rejection of the older Renaissance ideal of education in the classics for the purpose of creating virtuous citizens.
B)an acceptance of the older Renaissance ideal of education in the classics for the purpose of creating virtuous citizens.
C)impossible to achieve.
D)believed to apply to all individuals regardless of class.
E)made the basis for curriculum reforms in Italian lay schools.

Question 19

In contrast to the civic humanists,Castiglione's Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility:

A)strenuous public service on behalf of the city-state.
B)an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court.
C)the necessity for a courtier to be an accomplished scholar.
D)being as widely read in the classics as possible.
E)the ability to take as lovers as many of the women at court as possible.

Question 20

Machiavelli advocated for tyrants like Cesare Borgia to take control of Italy because:

A)he believed dictatorships were the only legitimate form of government.
B)his patron was such a tyrant.
C)he believed most Italian people were too poorly educated to participate in government and so a true republic was impossible.
D)he believed that sixteenth-century Italy was so chaotic that it needed strong dictators to lead it into a more settled state favorable to self-governance.
E)the Roman Republican model that informed his political theory had been ruled by a series of dictators.

Question 21

Among the writers of the Northern Renaissance,this literary form became particularly important:

A)autobiography.
B)epistolary novels.
C)satire.
D)sonnet.
E)free verse.

Question 22

Donatello is regarded as one of the first great:

A)Renaissance painter.
B)Renaissance musicians.
C)Renaissance sculptors.
D)Renaissance poets.
E)Renaissance philosophers.

Question 23

Sculpture during the Renaissance broke with the recent past in that statuary:

A)would now be created only to use as memorials for those who had died.
B)could now be used as a part of tombs to honor the dead.
C)would now be incorporated into the supporting columns of triumphal arches.
D)could now be used instead of columns at the front of buildings.
E)now became freestanding figures "in the round."

Question 24

After the end of the Hundred Years' War,the French king Charles VIII attempted to expand his territory even further by invading _________ in 1494.

A)the Holy Roman Empire
B)northern Italy
C)the kingdom of Aragon
D)the kingdom of Navarre
E)Holland

Question 25

One result of the "Reconquista" was to end the Spanish convivencia,which was the:

A)relative harmonious coexistence of different religious and ethnic groups in Spain since 750 c.e.
B)homogeneous Christian identity that had existed in Spain since 750 c.e.
C)tax regularly paid by residents of Spain to the Ottoman empire.
D)Muslim practice of exiling Jews.
E)Muslim practice of persecuting Christians.

Question 26

Erasmus was perhaps most skilled in his use of:

A)literary criticism.
B)irony.
C)political history.
D)epic poetry.
E)classical drama.

Question 27

Renaissance architecture emphasized the importance of:

A)rotundas.
B)geometrical proportions.
C)vaulted arches.
D)large,impressive buildings.
E)buildings with large windows.

Question 28

Thomas More's Utopia was a(n):

A)political treatise about the best form of government.
B)etiquette guide for courtiers.
C)light-hearted fictional story.
D)epic poem modeled on Arthurian texts.
E)devastating critique of contemporary culture.

Question 29

Ferdinand and Isabella conquered this last remaining Muslim principality in 1492:

A)Granada
B)Valencia
C)Cordoba
D)Barcelona
E)Seville

Question 30

One important difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance that followed was the northern:

A)reluctance to compose classical Latin prose in the style of Cicero.
B)appreciation for scholasticism and its central texts.
C)rejection of the Church Fathers as religious authorities.
D)interest in traditional Christian wisdom over classical virtues.
E)rejection of classicism in their approach to art.

Question 31

As a textual scholar,Erasmus's crowning achievement was his:

A)edition of the New Testament in Greek and in Latin.
B)edition and translation of Plato's dialogues.
C)Colloquies.
D)commentary on the works of Cicero.
E)commentary on Utopia.

Question 32

The last Muslim territory to fall in Spain was:

A)Toledo in 1085.
B)Murica in 1243.
C)Seville in 1248.
D)Faro in 1249.
E)Granada in 1492.

Question 33

Many Renaissance sculptors adopted their work from the writings of:

A)Vitruvius.
B)Erasmus.
C)Plato.
D)Virgil.
E)Homer.

Question 34

After the Council of Constance,the papacy entered into a series of agreements with national monarchies called concordats.The result of these concordats was:

A)a centralization of religious authority in the papacy.
B)the increasing wealth of the papacy.
C)the monarchs' promise not to interfere with the election of bishops.
D)the granting of extensive authority to monarchs over the churches in their domain.
E)the promise that monarchs would have the right to tax church lands.

Question 35

Albrecht Dürer was the first northern European artist to master:

A)Italian Renaissance developments in oil painting.
B)Italian Renaissance techniques of engraving.
C)Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion and perspective.
D)the anatomical precision of Italian Renaissance nudes.
E)the Italian Renaissance technique of tempura painting.

Question 36

The conversos were:

A)Jewish converts to Christianity.
B)Muslim converts to Christianity.
C)Christian converts to Islam.
D)atheists who refuse to adopt any religion,even under force.
E)women who were accused of witchcraft.

Question 37

The most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power was the:

A)exile of the Jews from Spain.
B)end of the Hundred Years' War.
C)unification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile.
D)defeat and annexation of Muslim Granada.
E)construction of the Great Armada to subjugate the other European powers.

Question 38

Among Italian rulers,support for Renaissance artists was often:

A)a means of competition for political rivals.
B)a means of promoting Italian universities.
C)a way for ruling families to develop their own artistic skills.
D)a way of beautifying the homes of wealthy Italians.
E)a way of restoring the beauty of Florence following a destructive war.

Question 39

Michelangelo's painting and sculpture both became_________ as the artist aged.

A)more crudely crafted
B)more skilled in the use of light and shadow
C)less technically well executed
D)less idealized
E)more perfectly naturalistic

Question 40

Francois Rabelais was known primarily for his:

A)poetry.
B)satire.
C)historical fiction.
D)religious dogma.
E)account of the Punic Wars.

Question 41

Thomas More was put to death for not allowing Henry VIII to remarry.

Question 42

Niccolò Machiavelli's work suggests that he was more of a political theorist than a political realist.

Question 43

In the long history of slavery in Western civilization,the basic patterns of slavery were not racialized (in other words,directly related to ethnicity or skin color)until:

A)Europeans needed slave labor to develop the Atlantic colonies of Madeira,the Canaries,and the Azores.
B)Lisbon became a significant market for enslaved Africans in the middle of the fifteenth century.
C)Columbus returned with indigenous people from the New World in 1492.
D)Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec empire of Mexico between 1519 and 1521.
E)Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan empire of South America in 1533.

Question 44

The massive influx of silver from New World Spanish colonies resulted in:

A)greater wealth for almost all Europeans.
B)a massive devaluation of gold.
C)the production of fine silver jewelry for the aristocratic class.
D)the Spanish crown hording silver.
E)massive inflation.

Question 45

The Incas were finally toppled by:

A)Cortes.
B)Columbus.
C)Pizarro.
D)Magellan.
E)DeSoto.

Question 46

Desiderius Erasmus wrote a book that was also known as a "handbook for tyrants."

Question 47

A "Renaissance Man" as defined in Castiglione's book The Courtier was considered to be one who could subordinate his personal morality to political ends.

Question 48

Although Cortes had superior weaponry,he was forced to adopt the tactics of the Aztecs themselves because:

A)his men were not trained to use firearms.
B)the humid climate made gunpowder unpredictable.
C)they were afraid to demonstrate to the Aztecs how firearms were used.
D)neighboring native peoples came to the defense of the Aztecs.
E)they were impressed by the prowess of the Aztecs.

Question 49

In their voyages along the west coast of Africa,the Portuguese were initially in search of:

A)slaves.
B)a sea route to India.
C)spices.
D)gold.
E)silver.

Question 50

The printing press was instrumental in the spread of humanist ideas.

Question 51

The discovery of the New World was initially shocking to Europeans because:

A)it was a land of incredible wealth.
B)it appeared to completely uninhabited.
C)its existence was not foretold by Christianity or ancient texts.
D)its inhabitants refused to adopt Christianity.
E)it was much smaller than they had previously believed.

Question 52

Which country was responsible for instituting slave-based sugar plantations in the Cape Verde islands?

A)Spain
B)Portugal
C)England
D)Italy
E)France

Question 53

Beginning in the 1440s,design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to:

A)use a larger rudder,allowing for more accurate navigation.
B)use square sails,promoting faster travel into the wind.
C)employ larger crews on smaller ships.
D)utilize oars in addition to sails.
E)sail with two masts and faster,triangular sails.

Question 54

Portugal came to dominate the Far East spice trade by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

A)sending trading fleets to India regularly.
B)blockading the mouth of the Red Sea.
C)blockading the Strait of Gibraltar.
D)establishing a series of forts along the west Indian coastline.
E)seizing Malacca,a well-known center for the spice trade on the Malay Peninsula.

Question 55

Michelangelo's David was created to celebrate Florentine civic ideals.

Question 56

Erasmus believed that the entire society of his day was caught up in despair because of the inflexibility of ecclesiastical reform.

Question 57

St.Peter's Basilica in Rome was based on the proportions of the human body.

Question 58

Hernán Cortés was aided in his conquest of the Aztec empire by all of the following EXCEPT:

A)people subjugated by the Aztecs who wanted to rebel.
B)a consort who was indigenous and spoke the common language of the empire.
C)the European rifles he had brought with him.
D)European bacteria.
E)the tactical planning of his native allies.

Question 59

Leonardo da Vinci considered artists to be skilled craftsmen.

Question 60

Leonardo believed in the divinity of all things,and worked assiduously in his study of nature.

Question 61

Under Ferdinand and Isabella,the conversos ( Jews who had converted to Christianity)had all the same privileges as those who had been born into Christian families.

Question 62

In what ways did Erasmus embody the ideals of the Northern Renaissance?

Question 63

How is it possible to reconcile the two different political positions presented in Niccolò Machiavelli's works,The Discourses on Livy and The Prince?

Question 64

Why were the values of the Renaissance later in reaching northern Europe?

Question 65

How did the invention of the printing press impact the exchange of knowledge in the early modern world?

Question 66

Albrecht Dürer was the first northerner to master the techniques of proportion and perspective and to embrace classical subjects.

Question 67

What new techniques characterized Renaissance art?

Question 68

What were the long-term consequences of the conquest of the New World?

Question 69

How do the Reconquista and Spanish conquests in Central and South America reflect the Crusading ethos of the late Middle Ages?

Question 70

How was the conquest of the Aztec empire achieved?

Question 71

What role did slavery play in the empires of the fifteenth century?

Question 72

How did the Portuguese and Spanish motives for exploration and colonization differ?

Question 73

The voyages of both Columbus and Magellan were attempts to reach Asia from Europe.

Question 74

Few if any people believed the world was flat when Columbus began his voyage.

Question 75

In the rule of the Papal States the pope,as a churchman,was unable to lead armies or make alliances with other princes.