Deck 10: The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-Century Society

Question 1

The British "navvies" were:

A)feminists who argued for "equal pay for equal work."
B)the construction workers who built the railways.
C)sailors of Her Majesty's navy serving in India.
D)the construction workers who built factories throughout the British empire.
E)natives who worked for British companies in the colonies.

Answer 1

the construction workers who built the railways.

Question 2

One of the developments that hastened the Industrial Revolution was the steam engine,originally developed to remove water from mines by:

A)Thomas Newcomen.
B)James Hargreaves.
C)Matthew Boulton.
D)James Watt.
E)John Kay.

Answer 2

Thomas Newcomen.

Question 3

A central difference in the development of industrialization in Great Britain and the United States on the one hand and continental Europe on the other was the involvement of:

A)private companies in Europe and the exclusive involvement of government in Great Britain.
B)the Roman Catholic Church to the exclusion of government and private companies in Europe.
C)government through subsidies,incentives,and direct development in Europe.
D)foreign investors only in Great Britain and a mix of foreign and national investors in Europe.
E)the peasantry who moved to the urban centers and provided the needed labor on the Continent.

Answer 3

government through subsidies,incentives,and direct development in Europe.

Question 4

What did the British poet William Blake describe as "these dark satanic mills?"

A)Linen factories.
B)Railroad terminals.
C)Grain mills.
D)Textile mills.
E)Shipyards.

Question 5

One explanation for Britain's lead in the Industrial Revolution was that:

A)the majority of its entrepreneurs were from the aristocracy.
B)the government subsidized all rural industry.
C)the pursuit of wealth was perceived as a worthy goal in life.
D)Oxford and Cambridge produced a surplus of engineers.
E)Britain had been untouched by the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 6

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793,the cotton gin:

A)had little effect on the process of cotton textile manufacture.
B)produced sixteen threads at once.
C)combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame.
D)mechanically separated the seeds from the cotton fibers.
E)did the work of fifteen men.

Question 7

Despite the advances of the Industrial Revolution,many countries still had a high percentage of the population that was engaged in food production.Which of the following countries had the highest percentage of the population engaged in food production?

A)Russia.
B)France.
C)Belgium.
D)Germany.
E)Switzerland.

Question 8

Which pairing is correct?

A)Matthew Boulton-spinning jenny
B)Richard Arkwright-water frame
C)James Hargreaves-steam engine
D)George Stephenson-flying shuttle
E)Richard Corey-cotton gin

Question 9

There were many inventions that improved textile manufacturing in the 1700s,but the first of these was the "flying shuttle," which was invented by:

A)Samuel Compton.
B)James Hargreaves.
C)John Kay.
D)James Watt.
E)Matthew Boulton.

Question 10

The Crédit Mobilier,founded in 1852,was:

A)a society created to monitor the price of European coal.
B)responsible for importing British textile technology to Europe.
C)the first credit union to be founded in the world.
D)the name given to a trade union of ironworkers.
E)one of the first joint-stock investment banks.

Question 11

The rapid expansion of the textile industry in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had at least one unintended consequence: a revolution in:

A)marketing.
B)clothing.
C)shopping.
D)shipping.
E)canal building.

Question 12

Even with industry interconnected,where an improvement in one area led to improvements in other areas,there was one dual foundation on which the rest was built;that foundation was:

A)steel and iron.
B)wheat and potatoes.
C)steam and speed.
D)capital and land.
E)corn and land.

Question 13

The mining industry in England expanded rapidly with industrialization due to the increased demand for:

A)steel.
B)iron.
C)coke.
D)coal.
E)copper.

Question 14

The development of the steam engine decisively transformed the nineteenth-century world.__________ was one of its many applications.

A)Iron-clad ships
B)Railroad locomotives
C)Factory looms
D)Automobiles
E)Electric generators

Question 15

The domination of the world by European industry was,in general,a result of:

A)the use of military force and financial agreements.
B)the Protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
C)patented improvements in the iron industry.
D)the abolition of the European peasantry through enclosure.
E)the patents held by Europeans for the machinery needed to industrialize.

Question 16

The nineteenth-century banking revolution was accompanied by scandal;the greatest of the banks involved was the Péreire brothers' bank,the:

A)Belgian Société Générale.
B)Austrian Creditanstalt.
C)Banque de Paris.
D)Crédit Mobilier.
E)Crédit Agricole.

Question 17

Which of the following was not a factor in why continental Europe lagged behind Great Britain in industrializing?

A)Much of central Europe was divided into small principalities.
B)The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
C)It had a less developed transportation system.
D)A different pattern of land-holding formed obstacles to commercial agriculture.
E)A change in climate that prompted massive immigration from Europe.

Question 18

Which statement best describes the Industrial Revolution?

A)It was centrally planned in Europe and developed evenly across the Continent.
B)It took place with amazing speed throughout Europe within the course of a single generation.
C)Steam engines were very quickly adopted in the chemical,textile,and iron industries.
D)It was largely a planned event,building on centuries of technological accomplishments.
E)It was unplanned and affected different industries in different countries at different rates of speed.

Question 19

One of the most important preconditions of industrialization that was best established in Great Britain was:

A)an extensive system of paved highways maintained by the government.
B)a small urban population.
C)its widespread railway system wholly owned by the government.
D)a commercialized system of agriculture.
E)a small rural population.

Question 20

Great Britain's small size in the early stages of industrialization:

A)encouraged the development of a well-integrated domestic market.
B)severely hampered the development of a market economy.
C)aided in the establishment of foreign business monopolies in Great Britain.
D)caused Great Britain to lag behind continental Europe in developing industry.
E)allowed foreign investors to take over most English heavy industry.

Question 21

The Great Famine of 1845-1849:

A)took place during a period when the Irish population was naturally declining.
B)affected only the Irish;it did not occur anywhere else in Europe.
C)was responsible for the deaths of at least 1 million Irish.
D)led to open class war between Irish peasants and their English landlords.
E)virtually wiped out the Irish population,allowing the English to take over the country as a colony.

Question 22

By the late nineteenth century,the core industrial countries of Europe included:

A)Great Britain,France,and Greece.
B)France,Russia,and Italy.
C)Bulgaria,Russia,and Greece.
D)Great Britain,Germany,and Russia.
E)Germany,Italy,and Switzerland.

Question 23

One consequence of the industrialization of Europe was its detrimental effect on the environment.This was first noted in its effect on air quality,as typified by Coketown,the fictional city in the novel Hard Times by:

A)Charles Dickens.
B)George Eliot.
C)Honoré de Balzac.
D)Victor Hugo.
E)George Sand.

Question 24

Fully one and a half centuries after industrialization began in Great Britain,the largest single occupational category was that of __________ workers.

A)iron
B)agricultural
C)railroad
D)textile
E)office

Question 25

Samuel Smiles is best known for advancing the middle-class ethic of:

A)the "angel in the house."
B)state intervention.
C)"separate spheres."
D)self-help.
E)the welfare state.

Question 26

The Luddites were opposed to:

A)the rise of the middle class that threatened the old aristocracy.
B)the growing number of prostitutes in the urban areas.
C)the "unseemliness" of "loose" middle-class women of Victorian England.
D)the increasing use of machines that replaced individual artisans.
E)the use of child labor in industry.

Question 27

Most of the labor force in Russia was made up of __________,who remained bound to the land and did not profit from their labor until 1861.

A)serfs
B)children
C)peasants
D)women
E)men

Question 28

Great Britain began to lose its lead in the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the nineteenth century due to new industries being developed by other countries,such as:

A)explosives and iron.
B)chemical processes and energy.
C)transportation and energy.
D)iron and communications.
E)transportation and communications.

Question 29

Irish emigration-even before the Potato Famine-accounted for _____ of voluntary migration to the New World.

A)10%
B)20%
C)33%
D)50%
E)75%

Question 30

In the nineteenth century,middle-class success stories were mostly a myth because:

A)the nineteenth century remained very stagnant as far as social mobility was concerned.
B)no one from the middle class ever broke through into the upper class;class distinctions were rigidly enforced by law.
C)they were entirely the creation of the popular novelists of the day.
D)Europe had,by that time,developed a truly classless society based on merit.
E)those that occurred were from the middle class itself,the sons of well-off farmers or professionals.

Question 31

The Victorian attitude toward gender roles is best summarized by the lines "Man for the field and woman for the hearth;man for the sword and for the needle she....All else is confusion," written by:

A)Jane Austen.
B)Charlotte Brontë.
C)Walter Scott.
D)Alfred,Lord Tennyson.
E)George Sand.

Question 32

Working people had an advocate for their plight in the writings of:

A)Honoré de Balzac.
B)Victor Hugo.
C)George Sand.
D)Guy de Maupassant.
E)Walter Scott.

Question 33

Many political leaders,social scientists,and public health officials across all of Europe issued thousands of reports detailing the problems with urban life including:

A)increasing crime.
B)insufficient clean water.
C)inadequate sewer systems.
D)rising unemployment.
E)All of these.

Question 34

The many environmental changes caused by the Industrial Revolution included all of the following EXCEPT:

A)air pollution caused by industries.
B)water pollution caused by population increases in urban centers.
C)air pollution caused by home heating with wood.
D)water pollution caused by mining detritus.
E)diminishing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Question 35

Middle-class "respectability" required:

A)hard work,character,and financial independence.
B)an education at Oxford or Cambridge.
C)a household containing at least five servants.
D)owning one's own business.
E)a professional vocation.

Question 36

Some of the ecological problems brought about by the Industrial Revolution include:

A)coal mines producing mountains of slag.
B)iron smelting plants releasing smoke into the air.
C)Industrial plants dumped waste into local rivers.
D)the increased use of coal in factories in homes produced more air pollution.
E)All of these were results of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 37

Deaths attributed to air pollution from the multiple coal burning sources in England in the nineteenth century hovered around _____.

A)10%
B)25%
C)35%
D)45%
E)55%

Question 38

Thomas Malthus argued that:

A)society was suffering from a decline in morals due the changes stemming from industrialization.
B)famine,disease,poverty,and infant malnutrition were "positive" checks on population growth.
C)women should maintain their sexless role in society.
D)Europe had a right to access raw materials from lesser developed nations.
E)passage of new laws was necessary because of the increasing number of capital crimes.

Question 39

By the mid-nineteenth century,the world economy had divided into two major groups:

A)the producers of fine,luxury goods and those who produced ordinary consumer goods.
B)those who produced manufactured goods and those who supplied the necessary raw materials.
C)countries that provided the financing for industrialization and those who produced.
D)wealthier countries and the rest of the world which the first group supported through grants.
E)those who produced the goods and those who consumed them.

Question 40

Direct communication between the United States and Europe was not possible until:

A)1825.
B)1848.
C)1865.
D)1883.
E)1900.

Question 41

As a result of the Industrial Revolution,people of the nineteenth century viewed one another through the lens of:

A)class.
B)wealth.
C)birth.
D)religion.
E)national origin.

Question 42

In 1860,the largest single occupational category in Great Britain was the agricultural laborer.

Question 43

Which of these countries abolished serfdom last?

A)France.
B)Italy.
C)Russia.
D)Prussia.
E)The Habsburg Empire.

Question 44

The Industrial Revolution led to the development of a great many capital-intensive enterprises,new ways of organizing people's labor,and the rapid growth of cities.

Question 45

Population growth in the nineteenth century was mainly the result of:

A)improved medicine.
B)medical breakthroughs.
C)slowly falling death rates and continuing high birth rates.
D)improved sanitation in the cities.
E)more premarital sex.

Question 46

Britain's cotton industry was a direct result of the tariffs protecting the British wool industry,which prohibited imports of Indian cottons.

Question 47

The Industrial Revolution intensified human labor much more often than it eased it.

Question 48

By the end of the nineteenth century,England was importing almost 80% of the wheat it consumed.

Question 49

Of all the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution,perhaps the most revolutionary was in the new forms of energy that were discovered.

Question 50

Many nineteenth-century doctors and scientists attributed women's supposed moral superiority to their:

A)advanced capacity for abstract thought.
B)total lack of any ability for abstract thought.
C)lack of sexual feeling or passionlessness.
D)ability to totally control their passions.
E)concentrated attention to spouse and children.

Question 51

An average house in the United States today contains approximately 1,500 to 2,000 square feet.In Leeds,England,in the 1840s,an average house contained _____ square feet for an entire family.

A)150
B)500
C)750
D)1,000
E)1,200

Question 52

What determined the division of the working class into subgroups?

A)Location of workplace.
B)Gender.
C)Skills and workplace.
D)Skills,wages,and gender.
E)Industry worked in.

Question 53

Queen Victoria of England ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country's most successful monarchs,in no small measure because she:

A)met with her subjects regularly in very informal settings to find out what she could do to help them.
B)embodied the traits important to the middle class,whose habits of mind we now call Victorian.
C)waged a successful series of wars with virtually every nation in Europe to wipe out the last vestiges of Marxist thought.
D)bowed to public pressure and reestablished Roman Catholicism as the state religion of Great Britain.
E)returned to the principle of absolutism that had been abandoned by the British monarchy two centuries earlier.

Question 54

Employers preferred employing women and children in the textile industry because they were considered more docile and less likely to make trouble and because it was believed that their smaller hands were better suited to the intricate job of tying threads on the power looms.

Question 55

According to advice manuals,poetry,and middle-class journals,middle-class wives and mothers were supposed to occupy a "separate sphere" of life,in which they lived in subordination to their spouses.

Question 56

The French novelist __________ scandalized society by dressing like a man,smoking cigars,and writing about independent women who thwarted convention and unhappy marriages.

A)George Eliot
B)Jane Austen
C)George Hanover
D)Charlotte Brontë
E)George Sand

Question 57

Most prostitutes were women who were trying to manage during a period of unemployment,rather than professional sex workers.

Question 58

Railways were constructed almost entirely without aid of machinery.

Question 59

As far as the middle class,women had very few respectable options outside the home.Which of the following activities was considered acceptable?

A)Finance.
B)Work in textile factories.
C)Campaigning for social reform.
D)Domestic service.
E)Political office.

Question 60

The Industrial Revolution caused changes in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

A)the nature of work.
B)the physical landscape of Europe.
C)the private lives of people.
D)wealth and poverty.
E)the philosophical foundations of scientific culture.

Question 61

Middle-class leisure included concerts,parks,bathing spots,museums,and even department stores.

Question 62

What was the impact of industrialization on the countryside?

Question 63

Balzac believed that the changes of the French Revolution and industrialization had merely replaced an old aristocracy with a new one: a materialistic middle class.

Question 64

What factors were behind the population growth of the nineteenth century?

Question 65

While the housing in the cities did not allow for gardens,families were able to gain access to good,cheap food at city markets,thanks to the increasingly inexpensive transportation systems.

Question 66

One of the most ambitious projects of river engineering was the modification of the Rhine River in Germany in the nineteenth century.

Question 67

What was the effect of industrialization on the city?

Question 68

What was the role of working women in the Industrial Revolution,and what impact did it have on their lives?

Question 69

In what ways did the Industrial Revolution on the Continent differ from that in England?

Question 70

How accurate is the image of "passionless" Victorian sexuality,and why was such an image cultivated?

Question 71

What changes occurred in the second phase of the Industrial Revolution?

Question 72

How did changing textile industry technologies affect society?

Question 73

What social,economic,and natural preconditions for industrialization made Britain the home of the Industrial Revolution?

Question 74

The new innovation of apartment living in Paris meant the rich and the poor would often inhabit the same building.

Question 75

One of the concepts mentioned in the chapter is the developing role of the middle class.Who comprised the middle class? How were they depicted in literature of the time? What were their goals and aspirations? Was social mobility possible for the middle class?