Deck 8: Europe During the Enlightenment

Question 1

The "invisible hand" of Adam Smith's theory could best guide economic activity because:

A)state-owned manufacturing signified the wealth of a nation.
B)it controlled middle-class entrepreneurs with legislative restrictions on trade.
C)it made all mercantilist interests legitimate functions of government.
D)all humans are rational and are the best judges of their own interests.
E)Smith believed that economics was controlled by something beyond human understanding.

Answer 1

all humans are rational and are the best judges of their own interests.

Question 2

The genesis of the Enlightenment may be found in the:

A)Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century.
B)Catholic Reformation of the seventeenth century.
C)scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
D)writings of Voltaire and Rousseau.
E)art of the High Renaissance.

Answer 2

scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 3

Although the majority of the philosophes held relatively disparaging views of Judaism,_________,a German philosopher,was a notable exception.

A)Felix Mendelssohn
B)Gotthold Lessing
C)Alexander von Humboldt
D)Immanuel Kant
E)Paul Henri d'Holbach

Answer 3

Gotthold Lessing

Question 4

In general,the philosophes considered Judaism and Islam:

A)as religions in need of rational reform.
B)to be enlightened partners in human progress.
C)superstitious and backward religions.
D)the objects of necessary persecutions.
E)the equal of Christianity as all were religions "of the Book."

Question 5

In The Spirit of the Laws,Baron de Montesquieu argued:

A)that all political institutions ought to conform to environmental conditions.
B)that Christianity was solely responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire.
C)that the government that governs least governs best of all.
D)in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government.
E)in favor of a strong monarchy balanced by a strong nobility.

Question 6

John Locke is best known today as a political philosopher,but in the eighteenth century,he was better known for his studies of:

A)thermodynamics.
B)sociology.
C)human knowledge.
D)morals and ethics.
E)medicine.

Question 7

A philosophe may be defined as an individual who was a[n]:

A)free thinker.
B)trained philosopher.
C)ordained cleric.
D)member of the nobility.
E)philosopher by avocation.

Question 8

Although the philosophes condemned slavery,they did not argue for its immediate abolition and used many different means of avoiding the issue.One of their members,_________,exposed the hypocrisy of this approach by wondering how the Europeans would view slavery if they themselves were being enslaved.

A)Baron de Montesquieu
B)Denis Diderot
C)Voltaire
D)Jean Calas
E)Moses Mendelssohn

Question 9

_________ was a Jewish philosopher who argued that religion should be voluntary,that secular states should promote tolerance,and that progress for everyone would come through humanitarianism.

A)Baruch Espinoza
B)Moses Mendelssohn
C)Nathan Lessing
D)Alexander von Humboldt
E)Felix Mendelssohn

Question 10

For the philosophers,an important implication of John Locke's tabula rasa was:

A)that all human beings are equal in natural and all other rights.
B)its emphasis on political and economic liberalism.
C)that private property was the foundation of all legitimate government.
D)that environment determines all social progress.
E)that human beings were set in their behavior from birth.

Question 11

The Enlightenment battle cry of "Écrasez l'infâme" best represents the ideas of:

A)Denis Diderot.
B)Immanuel Kant.
C)Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
D)François Marie Arouet (Voltaire).
E)John Locke.

Question 12

Deism,the "religion" of the Enlightenment,expressed the belief that:

A)there is no God.
B)humankind is predestined to either heaven or hell.
C)God created the universe,but no longer took any active interest in it.
D)Catholicism had become too liberal and a return to true Christianity was needed.
E)humankind can know God only through nature.

Question 13

Voltaire's attitude toward injustice,fanaticism,and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762;the defendant in the case was:

A)Jean Le Rond.
B)François Arouet.
C)Jean Calas.
D)Cesare Beccaria.
E)Giovanni Vico.

Question 14

The life and career of Cesare Beccaria was dedicated to the idea that:

A)the only legitimate rationale for punishment was to maintain the social order.
B)the philosophes should become,following Plato,the rulers of the world.
C)the philosophes were atheists and should be persecuted as heretics.
D)human progress would result from a completely new scientific method.
E)the laws ought to be reformed to protect middle-class private property.

Question 15

Which of the following statements best expresses the philosophes' attitude toward slavery?

A)Slavery corrupted its victims,and so slaves were not ready for freedom.
B)Slavery was compatible only with a society based on paternalism and deference.
C)All slavery is inhuman,and governments ought to take steps to eradicate it immediately.
D)Slavery was uneconomical and contrary to laissez-faire principles.
E)Slavery was justified by ancient practice and by the Bible and should,therefore,be allowed everywhere Europeans ruled.

Question 16

The philosophes of the Enlightenment,as exemplified by Voltaire,particularly admired England because of:

A)the deistic position taken by the Church of England.
B)the literary genius of Chaucer,Shakespeare,and Fielding.
C)its constitutional monarchy and policy of religious toleration.
D)the continued success and expansion of its mercantile empire.
E)the support by the Church of scholarly research at Oxford and Cambridge.

Question 17

Of the few Enlightenment thinkers who were atheists,the most famous was:

A)Voltaire.
B)Moses Mendelssohn.
C)Gotthold Lessing.
D)Baron de Montesquieu.
E)Paul Henri d'Holbach.

Question 18

Unlike the French physiocrats who believed that the wealth of a nation came from the land and agricultural production,Adam Smith believed that the wealth of a nation came from its:

A)gold and silver.
B)labor.
C)natural resources.
D)trade.
E)slaves.

Question 19

According to the Abbé Guillaume Thomas François Raynal,the one event that had a profound impact on Europeans was the:

A)legal decision in the Calas case.
B)discovery of the New World.
C)trial of Galileo Galilei.
D)fall of the Roman Empire.
E)publication of Copernicus's theory.

Question 20

Although most Enlightenment thinkers did challenge certain central tenets of eighteenth-century culture and politics,a few held truly radical views.Among this radical group was:

A)Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
B)René Descartes.
C)Edmund Burke.
D)Maria Theresa.
E)John Locke

Question 21

Which of the following rulers did not attempt at least some enlightened reforms inspired by the philosophes?

A)Maria-Theresa
B)Catherine the Great
C)Joseph II
D)Louis XV
E)Frederick the Great

Question 22

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau,freedom meant:

A)the worst corruption of the "social contract."
B)equal citizens obeying the laws they had made themselves.
C)the total absence of any restraints within a society.
D)the ability of human beings to think on their own.
E)having nothing left to lose.

Question 23

The Enlightenment encouraged critical reflection on all of the following except:

A)religion.
B)law.
C)power of the state.
D)dignity of the individual.
E)natural science.

Question 24

Mary Wollstonecraft believed that equality laid the basis for virtue and thus argued that society ought to seek "the perfection of our nature and capability of:

A)order."
B)affection."
C)redemption."
D)happiness."
E)peace."

Question 25

The general culture that developed from the eighteenth-century Enlightenment was:

A)artistic.
B)focused exclusively on science.
C)anti-intellectual.
D)nationalistic.
E)literary.

Question 26

Which of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's books sold especially well among women?

A)Julie
B)Emile
C)The Social Contract
D)Sense and Sensibility
E)Meditations on a First Philosophy

Question 27

In his novel Emile,Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that:

A)children are by nature good and are equal in their capacity to learn.
B)children should be taught to use reason very early in life.
C)women ought to have the same education as men.
D)the state should be responsible for creating an elaborate system of public education.
E)children are selfish by nature and need to be restrained and taught by rote.

Question 28

Enlightenment critiques took on many forms;which is not one of those forms?

A)Essay.
B)Political tract.
C)Mathematical formula.
D)Satirical engraving.
E)Novel.

Question 29

Catherine the Great's effort to codify Russian Law along enlightened models was abandoned after:

A)the Russian nobility threatened to revolt.
B)her husband,Peter III,was assassinated.
C)the Ottomans suddenly invaded.
D)a massive peasant revolt intervened.
E)Catherine herself decided to pursue enlightened reforms through the more efficient means of royal decree.

Question 30

In her Vindication of the Rights of Woman,Mary Wollstonecraft argued that:

A)republicanism was an ill-conceived idea dedicated to the violent disruption of society.
B)there was no such thing as a natural division of labor in any human society.
C)women were deserving of the protection of men since they were the weaker sex.
D)virtue ought to mean different things to men and women.
E)all men and women share a common humanity.

Question 31

The philosophes of the eighteenth century used people's houses in which to meet and converse on a more informal basis than that provided by the royal academies.These informal meetings were known as:

A)salons.
B)lodges.
C)aeries.
D)teahouses.
E)coffeehouses.

Question 32

The eighteenth century saw the birth of a new literary genre,the novel,and the growing acceptance of women as authors.The most famous woman from this period,as recognized today,was the English novelist:

A)George Eliot.
B)George Sand.
C)Moll Flanders.
D)Jane Austen.
E)Mary Ann Evans.

Question 33

Poland suffered repeated losses of its territory to which countries?

A)Lithuania,Russia,Hungary
B)Hungary,Prussia,Austria
C)Ottoman Empire,Denmark,Prussia
D)Russia,Denmark,Austria
E)Russia,Austria,Prussia

Question 34

In the war against its American colonists,Britain found itself opposed also by:

A)France and Russia.
B)France and Spain.
C)the Netherlands and Spain.
D)Russia,France,and Spain.
E)France,Spain,and the Netherlands.

Question 35

All of the following describe attitudes or policies of Frederick the Great except:

A)started the most professional and efficient bureaucracy in Europe.
B)opposed to capital punishment and judicial torture.
C)encouraged religious tolerations of Jews.
D)dependent on a foreign policy of diplomacy in the service of maintaining peace with his neighbors.
E)dedicated to agricultural innovation and improvement.

Question 36

With the rise in literacy and the book business in the eighteenth century,censorship was:

A)surprisingly nonexistent.
B)institutional throughout Europe.
C)uneven in its implementation.
D)left to the Roman Catholic Church.
E)applied only to books for children.

Question 37

Even with the literacy rate that Europe enjoyed,formal schooling remained an unattained goal.For example,by the end of the eighteenth century in Russia,only _________ out of a population of 40 million had attended any kind of school.

A)12,000
B)22,000
C)32,000
D)42,000
E)62,000

Question 38

Although not well understood when first published in the eighteenth century,Jean-Jacques Rousseau's book,_________,would become very influential during the French Revolution later in the same century.

A)The Social Contract
B)Julie
C)Emile
D)La Nouvelle Helios
E)Meditations on a First Philosophy

Question 39

Closely following voyages of discovery,many Enlightenment thinkers such as Denis Diderot believed that the Tahitians best represented humanity:

A)as Europeans ought to attempt to emulate.
B)in its natural state.
C)in its degenerate state.
D)as innocent yet corrupted by Europeans.
E)as corrupt but possible to be saved through conversion to Christianity.

Question 40

Although the majority of people possessed few books,at most a Bible and one or two other religious works,it appears now that literacy rates were much higher than had previously been believed,perhaps as high as _________% for men and _________% for women in European urban centers.

A)85;60
B)70;30
C)55;25
D)40;20
E)20;10

Question 41

Unlike the writers of the scientific revolution,the Enlightenment writers wrote for large audiences.

Question 42

Rousseau argued that men and women should receive the same education to enable them to be and create good citizens.

Question 43

Tabula rasa means "human mind."

Question 44

The Spirit of Laws by Montesquieu had an important impact on:

A)the authors of the U.S.Constitution.
B)the Declaration of Independence.
C)the American Civil War.
D)John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
E)Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations.

Question 45

Of all thinkers from the scientific revolution,John Locke had the widest-ranging impact on Enlightenment scholars.

Question 46

Mary Wollstonecraft differed from her fellow philosophes in that:

A)she was an atheist.
B)applied Enlightenment critique of monarchy and inequity to the family.
C)supported the status quo with regard to wealth and privileges shared by the nobility.
D)sought to isolate women from the world of politics.
E)died in defense of her philosophical beliefs.

Question 47

Among the fastest growing group of readers in the eighteenth century was the female middle class.

Question 48

Which philosophe's novel Emile,emphasized that women were inherently dependent on men?

A)Diderot.
B)Voltaire.
C)Rousseau.
D)Locke.
E)Wollstonecraft.

Question 49

Laissez-faire economics originated in the writings of the Scottish economist Adam Smith who argued against state monopolies and for the encouragement of individual interests in the economy.

Question 50

For Rousseau,___________ was the source of inequity in society and the corruptor of the social contract:

A)religion.
B)marriage.
C)private property.
D)government.
E)war.

Question 51

Literacy rates were highest in the country where industry was slower and communities were closer to enable education and the borrowing of books.

Question 52

In 18th century Britain,the fastest growing segment of the economy was:

A)agriculture.
B)manufacturing.
C)shipping.
D)mining.
E)service sector.

Question 53

Voltaire's reputation stemmed not from his philosophy,but from his effectiveness as an advocate.

Question 54

The first daily newspaper was printed in London.

Question 55

Due to the high regard the philosophes such as Voltaire had for England,English became the language of the Enlightenment.

Question 56

According to Kant,humanity's self-imposed parental figure was:

A)Catholic Church.
B)science.
C)reason.
D)superstition.
E)monarchies.

Question 57

The classic argument for laissez-faire policy came from:

A)Thomas Jefferson.
B)John Locke.
C)Adam Smith.
D)Voltaire.
E)Rousseau.

Question 58

Which of the following statements concerning the Seven Years War is true?

A)The combined forces of Austria,France,and Russia conquered Prussia.
B)The French defeated the British in India.
C)The British defeated the French in North America,opening the way for England to become the world's greatest colonial power.
D)It led to a permanent end to Europe's balance of power.
E)The war was fought mainly on European soil.

Question 59

Reasons for demographic growth in European cities in the eighteenth century include all of the following except:

A)cheaper food.
B)declining mortality rates due to infectious diseases.
C)new agricultural systems that produced more food per acre.
D)immigration from the New World to Europe.
E)improvement in transportation of food to market.

Question 60

Some of the new goods appearing in middle class homes in the 18th century include all of the following except:

A)glassware.
B)books.
C)toys.
D)weapons.
E)shoes.

Question 61

How did the Enlightenment affect the lower classes of Europe?

Question 62

Rousseau,like most Philosophes,stressed reason as the most important attribute of human beings.

Question 63

What was the Enlightenment,and what role did the scientific revolution play in its creation?

Question 64

What was the effect of print culture on the eighteenth century?

Question 65

How did the Enlightenment thinkers approach European colonization and did they have a strong impact on the growth of the various European colonial empires in the eighteenth century?

Question 66

While many philosophes were against slaver,none was interested in addressing the issue of gender inequity.

Question 67

France entered into war with Britain on behalf of the American colonies following the battles at Lexington and Concord.

Question 68

How did Mary Wollstonecraft challenge the position of women in the Enlightenment?

Question 69

Voltaire was against religion in all forms

Question 70

What impact did the Enlightenment have on government in the eighteenth century?

Question 71

How did the writers and thinkers of the Enlightenment deal with the topic of slavery?

Question 72

The Philosophes were largely atheists.

Question 73

What was the impact of John Locke's theories on the thinkers of the Enlightenment?

Question 74

What was the impact of the exploration of the Pacific world on Europe?

Question 75

How can the American Revolution be seen as an example of putting the ideals of the Enlightenment into place?