Deck 18: Industry, Society, and Environment

Question 1

What remarkable event of the 1700s enabled the Industrial Revolution to take place?

A)an agricultural revolution
B)a sharp increase in population
C)more democratic governments
D)an end to colonization
E)higher food prices

Answer 1

an agricultural revolution

Question 2

What was entailed in the "putting out system" of commercial manufacture?

A)a system in which rural workers did spinning and weaving for urban firms
B)a system by which rural workers sold produce directly to consumers
C)a plan for setting up independent home-based small businesses
D)a process of selling manufactured goods to rural workers
E)an arrangement by which farm workers went into factories for part of the year

Answer 2

a system in which rural workers did spinning and weaving for urban firms

Question 3

A defining characteristic of the proletariat was

A)dependence on wages.
B)ownership of a private home.
C)possession of land.
D)economic self-sufficiency.
E)offering specialized skills.

Answer 3

dependence on wages.

Question 4

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Western Europe and not in China?

A)Chinese culture did not value merchants and artisans.
B)China lacked the resources for industrialization.
C)China lagged behind the West in production of luxury goods.
D)China lacked a central government.
E)China's population was too small.

Question 5

What difficulties did a woman worker face that her husband did not?

A)She had to take care of the family in addition to working.
B)She had to run manufacturing equipment.
C)She was not allowed to work outside the home.
D)She needed more education for her job.
E)She had to choose between marriage and work.

Question 6

The Industrial Revolution began in

A)Britain.
B)France.
C)Germany.
D)Spain.
E)the Netherlands.

Question 7

The first significant invention that revolutionized textile production was

A)John Kay's flying shuttle.
B)James Watt's steam engine.
C)Richard Arkwright's water-powered spinning machine.
D)James Hargreaves' spinning jenny.
E)Edmund Cartwright's power loom.

Question 8

Thomas Edison developed the

A)light bulb.
B)steam engine.
C)flying shuttle.
D)spinning jenny.
E)power loom.

Question 9

Which of the following did farmers raise more of just before the Industrial Revolution,making protein more widely available to people?

A)swine and cattle
B)sheep and chickens
C)soybeans and wheat
D)corn and potatoes
E)barley and oats

Question 10

Which of the following did Josiah Wedgwood make?

A)pottery
B)steel
C)automobiles
D)leather goods
E)cloth

Question 11

Using the assembly line and interchangeable parts allowed Henry Ford to make products that

A)his workers could afford.
B)his workers made to order.
C)were mainly sold to the upper class.
D)required little technological innovation.
E)his workers would craft by hand.

Question 12

Which of the following was a feature of Manchester,England,as noted by Friedrich Engels?

A)piles of filth and trash
B)wide,long roadways
C)a lack of industrial development
D)a feeling of local pride
E)severe underpopulation

Question 13

The Industrial Revolution resulted in a striking increase in

A)urbanization.
B)the gap between elites and common people.
C)the economic isolation of rural areas.
D)food prices.
E)workers' leisure time.

Question 14

As a result of the agricultural revolution,land increasingly came to be treated as

A)a commodity to be exploited.
B)unnecessary for economic growth.
C)a feudal possession.
D)public property.
E)free for all to use.

Question 15

The new political movements that resulted from the Industrial Revolution reflected the concerns of which of the following groups?

A)unskilled and semiskilled workers
B)academics and scholars
C)women in middle class households
D)merchants and businessmen
E)aristocrats and landowners

Question 16

Which of the following fears began to fade after 1850 in the nations west of Russia?

A)famine
B)job loss
C)illness
D)population growth
E)technological innovation

Question 17

The first stage of the Industrial Revolution came with new machinery and techniques in what industry?

A)cotton production
B)coal mining
C)steel production
D)food processing
E)transportation

Question 18

In the early 1800s,who were the wealthiest members of the middle class?

A)merchants and traders
B)soldiers and sailors
C)politicians and lawyers
D)artisans and farmers
E)carpenters and laborers

Question 19

Which of the following developments contributed most to the Industrial Revolution?

A)new inventions encouraged by competition
B)the growth of state power
C)the development of new nations
D)development of new foods
E)a close relationship with nature

Question 20

How many people lived west of the Ural Mountains by 1900?

A)190 million
B)150 million
C)60 million
D)80 million
E)100 million

Question 21

Middle-class women differed from lower-class women in that middle-class women

A)were not expected to work outside the household.
B)had greater legal and political rights than lower-class women.
C)were the center of the family economy.
D)worked for higher wages than lower-class women.
E)were encouraged to enter professions and seek higher education.

Question 22

What role did Karl Marx play in nineteenth century industrialization?

A)He was a harsh critic of industrialization.
B)He was a leading technological innovator.
C)He was the father of the modern banking system.
D)He was a supporter of laissez-faire economics.
E)He was a leading labor union organizer.

Question 23

Alfred Krupp made his fortune in

A)armaments.
B)banking.
C)textiles.
D)railroads.
E)labor union leadership.

Question 24

Which of the following conditions in Britain allowed for the development of industry?

A)extensive physical and financial resources
B)nobles who felt that business pursuits were suspect
C)determination to rule the world
D)reverence for the scholar but not the artisan
E)lack of willingness to take risks

Question 25

One of the few early industrial innovations for which an American was responsible was the development of

A)steam-powered boats.
B)the railroad locomotive.
C)the power loom.
D)mass production of armaments.
E)the putting out system.

Question 26

One of the last impacts of industrialization,mainly after the 1840s-60s,was

A)advancement in medicine and public health.
B)sustained population growth.
C)transportation improvements.
D)new forms of land ownership and use.
E)rapid urbanization.

Question 27

Historians refer to an "Industrial Revolution." How would people living through it have described it?

A)It was a process of slow,incremental changes.
B)Society changed too fast for most people to keep up.
C)It was the most important set of events in Europe at the time.
D)There were no real changes to everyday life that most people noticed.
E)It made conditions of life worse for most people.

Question 28

Which of the following statements best describes the "cottage industry"?

A)It was a system by which rural laborers could produce work at home for merchants.
B)It was the trend toward urbanization,in which rural citizens gravitated to factories in industrial centers.
C)It was an intricate system of urban cloth guilds.
D)It was a dangerous but highly lucrative manufacturing practice.
E)It was monotonous,dangerous,and ill paying.

Question 29

As a consequence of the shift to steam power,Western economies

A)became more reliant on fossil fuels.
B)shifted from railroad construction to canal building.
C)could build smaller,more widely scattered factories.
D)suffered from rising prices for raw materials.
E)stopped seeking technological innovations.

Question 30

How did migration facilitate the growth of industry in Europe?

A)Europeans abroad often built economies that would supply raw materials to Europe.
B)Europeans abroad provided more efficient,higher quality labor than did local Europeans.
C)Migration meant that local Europeans had better access to the jobs that were available.
D)Migration led to a more even distribution of the skilled workforce.
E)Europeans abroad brought skills learned at home to their new destinations.

Question 31

What was the approximate population of Europe by 1914?

A)450 million
B)350 million
C)250 million
D)150 million
E)50 million

Question 32

Between 1800 and 1914,European labor unions

A)struggled to gain political recognition.
B)organized most of Europe's industrial workers.
C)were encouraged by factory owners.
D)refused to strike out of loyalty to their employers.
E)were legalized in Germany,but nowhere else.

Question 33

Charles Dickens became a best-selling nineteenth century author by writing novels that focused on

A)the social costs of industrialization.
B)romantic stories for women.
C)celebrating industrial innovators as heroes.
D)the American Wild West.
E)England's romanticized distant past.

Question 34

From the workers' viewpoint,the main problem of the cottage system was that it was

A)monotonous and poorly paid.
B)extremely dangerous.
C)too highly skilled for most workers to perform.
D)mainly done by cheap immigrant labor.
E)only available in a few large cities.

Question 35

What made fast trans-Atlantic communication of information possible after 1866?

A)the first telegraph cable
B)the invention of radio
C)introduction of air travel
D)regular steamship service
E)improvements in the newspaper industry

Question 36

Which of the following played the most important role in Britain's early leadership in the Industrial Revolution?

A)extensive rivers and canals
B)well-established public schools
C)strict government regulation of business
D)low labor costs
E)high tariffs

Question 37

After the loss of its American colonies,what happened to Britain's colonial empire?

A)It remained enormous in both size and power.
B)It was instantly destroyed by such a significant loss.
C)It was only slightly damaged but continued to fall apart.
D)It was rejuvenated after a period of weakness and slow growth.
E)It was not significantly impacted but remained weak.

Question 38

Who pioneered the first efficient steam engine?

A)James Watt
B)Thomas Edison
C)Henry Ford
D)Robert Fulton
E)John Kay

Question 39

What problem did the nineteenth-century United States share with Germany and Italy that slowed industrial development?

A)challenges to national unification
B)lack of natural resources
C)government resistance to economic change
D)noble classes that resisted innovation
E)a culture that elevated the scholar and rural gentry over the merchant and artisan

Question 40

What was one reason that compulsory public education was appealing to the upper class?

A)It would defuse the potential threat of large numbers of poorly paid urban dwellers.
B)It would raise the lower class to a level closer to the upper class.
C)It would create a whole new workforce of professional teachers.
D)It would give the poor a chance to improve their living situation and better themselves.
E)It would allow poor children to learn how to think creatively and critically.

Question 41

Who gained the least from convertible husbandry?

A)workers who could be hired and dismissed as needed
B)landowners who lost control of their property
C)urban dwellers who saw food prices rise
D)industrial employers who could not find sufficient workers
E)farm workers driven into serfdom

Question 42

What did farmers who left the land give up when they went to cities for factory jobs?

A)their connection to nature
B)their chance to move up in class
C)their fear of going hungry
D)their need to work hard
E)their dependence on the upper class

Question 43

Which of the following introduced by Samuel Cunard revolutionized passenger travel?

A)published schedules of arrivals and departures
B)transatlantic passenger and freight service
C)providing inexpensive third-class cars
D)around-the-world service
E)steam-powered sailing vessels

Question 44

Which of the following was an important factor in the growth of the consumer culture?

A)advertising in mass-circulation publications
B)emergence of stocks and stockholders
C)laying the transatlantic telegraph cable
D)burgeoning service organizations
E)changing agricultural practices

Question 45

Which of these statements would French education reformer François Guizot have been most likely to support?

A)Public schools improved society by making people less likely to challenge the political system.
B)Public schools made people more self-reliant and self-sufficient.
C)Public education was necessary for the middle class,but not the working class.
D)Too much education made people irresponsible and selfish.
E)The natural wisdom of man was more important than formal education.

Question 46

An ironic consequence of Alfred Krupp's industrial success was that he

A)sold armaments to potential enemies of Germany as well as to his home country.
B)saturated the market with his products and put himself out of business.
C)treated his workers so badly that he could no longer recruit a labor force.
D)became so widely hated that he could not leave his family estate.
E)drove Germany into bankruptcy by buying too many armaments.

Question 47

White-collar workers differed from factory workers mainly in that white-collar workers

A)mainly served the middle class.
B)had much less job security.
C)were freed from the uncertainties of the marketplace.
D)controlled their own economic destiny.
E)mainly did manual labor.

Question 48

How were workers' lives most changed by the shift from agricultural to industrial labor?

A)Farm work was set by natural rhythms,but factory work was set by artificial rhythms.
B)Industrial workers had a higher standard of living than farm workers.
C)While men and women alike did farm work,only men did industrial work.
D)Farm work was organized around the village,while factory work was organized around the family.
E)Factory workers had more leisure time for sports and entertainment than farm workers.

Question 49

How did the political climates of Europe and North America change in response to industrialization?

A)They became more inclusive,granting women the right to vote.
B)They limited the ability of certain groups of people to hold public office.
C)They returned to the previous system of absolute monarchy.
D)They increased the size of their governing bodies.
E)They eliminated the obstacles that kept all men from military service.

Question 50

Which of the following would have been the most important advance in controlling the spread of disease in cities?

A)improving the sewer systems
B)reducing the number of residents
C)controlling the number of hours people worked
D)improving the transportation systems
E)building more private homes

Question 51

How did the spinning jenny increase the speed of production?

A)It produced more and stronger thread.
B)It assisted weavers in their work.
C)It took only one worker to run.
D)It wove wider bolts of fabric.
E)It filled the spinning wheels more quickly.

Question 52

What did governments in developed industrial states do to lessen the chance that social conflict would erupt?

A)They invested in education,housing,sanitation,and other beneficial programs.
B)They prohibited working-class unionization.
C)They refused to give government assistance to business and industry.
D)They identified potential troublemakers and sent them to other countries.
E)They raised taxes on the rich to redistribute wealth.

Question 53

Charles Dickens and Edward Baines would have agreed on which of the following?

A)Industrialization had transformed almost all aspects of English society.
B)Industrial society shattered the lives of workers.
C)All classes of society benefitted from laissez-faire economics.
D)The injustices of industrial society made a workers' revolution inevitable.
E)England would have been much better off had there been no Industrial Revolution.

Question 54

How was the life of a child in Europe or America in 1900 most likely to be different from the life of his parents?

A)The child was being educated in a public school.
B)The child was working longer hours in a factory.
C)The child was earning a better wage than his parents did.
D)The child had fewer brothers and sisters.
E)The child had a less nutritious diet than his parents did.