Deck 21: Global Empire and European Culture

Question 1

Which language did educated Indians use to forge a unified nationalist movement challenging British colonial rule?

A)English
B)Sanskrit
C)Urdu
D)Hindi
E)Bengali

Answer 1

English

Question 2

What were cohongs?

A)a group of Chinese commercial firms with the exclusive right to trade with Western merchants
B)the derogatory term used by the Chinese to describe barbarian Westerners
C)Chinese opium addicts
D)the Chinese rebels who attempted to expel foreigners in 1900
E)the six Chinese ports opened to foreign traders after the first Opium War

Answer 2

a group of Chinese commercial firms with the exclusive right to trade with Western merchants

Question 3

The ancestors of the Boers were

A)Dutch.
B)Danish.
C)German.
D)French.
E)English.

Answer 3

Dutch.

Question 4

Which African territory became part of Germany's "place in the sun" in the late nineteenth century?

A)Tanganyika
B)Somalia
C)Libya
D)the Congo
E)Liberia

Question 5

Who coined the word "sociology"?

A)August Comte
B)Emile Durkheim
C)Max Weber
D)Leopold von Ranke
E)Olympe de Gouges

Question 6

Who was the botanist whose research helped solve the puzzle of the genetic origin of chance variations among plants and animals?

A)Hugo De Vries
B)Alfred Russel Wallace
C)Charles Darwin
D)Erasmus Darwin
E)Sir Charles Lyell

Question 7

Who was the German philosopher who developed a theory of a heroic Übermensch or "super-man"?

A)Friedrich Nietzsche
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Carl Jung
D)Max Weber
E)Thomas Mann

Question 8

What do historians call the aggressive seizure of colonies by Western powers in the late nineteenth century?

A)the new imperialism
B)the new colonialism
C)paternalistic aggression
D)social Darwinism
E)global enlightenment

Question 9

Arthur de Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain were proponents of

A)pseudoscientific racism.
B)the economic superiority of Europe over the Americas.
C)Christians' duty to do missionary work.
D)the navy as the main instrument of a nation's power.
E)non-Europeans' right to self determination.

Question 10

Who revealed that simple matter contained tremendous amounts of energy,leading to the development of the atomic bomb?

A)Albert Einstein
B)Friedrich Nietzsche
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Carl Jung
E)Max Weber

Question 11

Who wrote Origin of Species and Descent of Man?

A)Charles Darwin
B)Herbert Spencer
C)Hugo De Vries
D)Gregor Mendel
E)Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 12

Prior to the 1870s,Tunisia,Libya,and Egypt were autonomous provinces of which empire?

A)the Ottoman Empire
B)the British Empire
C)the French Empire
D)the Belgian Empire
E)the Muslim Empire

Question 13

Who was the emperor under whom Japan experienced an intensive program of modernization?

A)the Meiji Emperor
B)the Qing Emperor
C)the Ming Emperor
D)the Manchu Emperor
E)the Shogun Emperor.

Question 14

Which country had NOT laid claim to spheres of influence on the Chinese mainland by the 1890s?

A)Great Britain
B)the United States
C)Russia
D)Japan
E)Germany

Question 15

The "scramble for Africa" began with an international conference in 1884 in

A)Berlin.
B)Paris.
C)Rome.
D)Cairo.
E)London.

Question 16

Who was the owner of De Beers Consolidated Mines,Ltd. ,the dominant producer and marketer of fine diamonds worldwide?

A)Cecil Rhodes
B)King Leopold II of Belgium
C)HenryStanley
D)Otto de Beers
E)Jules Ferry

Question 17

What was a Western food product that provided immense benefits when it was introduced into Chinese agriculture?

A)American maize,or corn
B)rice
C)Irish,or white potatoes
D)wheat
E)coffee

Question 18

The driving force behind nineteenth-century imperialism was

A)economic competition between industrial powers.
B)pursuit of outlets for the excess European population.
C)to improve the quality of life for colonial peoples.
D)scientific curiosity.
E)a belief in the equality of all races.

Question 19

What German social theorist warned that charismatic leaders who promised easy solutions to problems could easily rise to power in times of economic crisis?

A)Max Weber
B)Thomas Mann
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Leopold von Ranke
E)Friedrich Nietzsche

Question 20

Who were the sepoys?

A)a private army of native troops in the service of the East India Company
B)a small elite British civil service stationed in India
C)a political organization of Indians motivated by nationalism
D)the caste of Indians who were most often the targets of racial discrimination
E)the ethnic nickname most British used for Indian leaders that they disliked

Question 21

Why did imperial powers often discover that colonies were not as profitable as they expected?

A)Colonies were far more costly to secure,protect,and maintain than anyone anticipated.
B)Few colonies could produce raw materials profitably.
C)Most of the capital was consumed by European settlers and their descendants who emigrated to the colonies.
D)As native elites became more educated,they tended to take over the colonies and use the profits for their own benefit.
E)Welfare programs for colonial people were more expensive than anyone anticipated.

Question 22

Who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams and Civilization and Its Discontent,pioneering modern psychology?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Emile Durkheim
C)Leo Tolstoy
D)Gustave Courbet
E)Arnold Schoenberg

Question 23

What woman was a pioneer in science,winning Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry?

A)Marie Sklodowska Curie
B)Mary Ann Evans
C)Anna Freud
D)Mary Wollstonecraft
E)Emmeline Pankhurst

Question 24

Kipling's Poem,"The White Man's Burden"

A)assumed that non-white people could become the equals of whites under proper tutelage.
B)argued that imperialism was an expensive mistake.
C)justified imperialism as carrying out God's will.
D)rejected the concept of differences between races.
E)claimed that whites had no responsibility for the fate of non-whites.

Question 25

Who wrote the realistic novel Middlemarch under the pen name George Eliot?

A)Mary Ann Evans
B)Emile Zola
C)Henrik Ibsen
D)Leo Tolstoy
E)Virginia Woolf

Question 26

Painters such as Degas and Monet were part of what mid-nineteenth century style?

A)Impressionism
B)Modernism
C)Realism
D)Romanticism
E)Surrealism

Question 27

Which Indian leaders were most likely to challenge the Raj?

A)those who had been educated in the English language,technology,and political values
B)those who had refused to be educated by British colonialists and who spoke one of the indigenous Indian languages
C)sepoys who had previously been part of the private army of the East India Company
D)those who had been given access to the highest levels of colonial administration
E)those who remained true to traditional Indian political values

Question 28

What was the key stipulation of the Berlin conference?

A)Claims to African territory must be based on actual occupation by an imperial power.
B)The costs of colonialism to native peoples could be disregarded in the name of profits.
C)Borders did not need to take the concerns of indigenous people into consideration.
D)The United States did not need to be consulted,as it was not a European power.
E)The imperial powers would never threaten armed combat with each other on African soil.

Question 29

What was the cause of the first Opium War?

A)The Chinese government wanted to stop England and the United States from smuggling opium into the country.
B)The Chinese government wanted to gain access to the East India Company's opium supplies.
C)The British government wanted to use its naval power to prevent China from exporting opium to the West.
D)The British government wanted to pay for Chinese goods it exported with gold and silver,rather than Western goods.
E)The Chinese government wanted to restrict foreign trade to Hong Kong and five other ports.

Question 30

What major Enlightenment assumption did European thinkers began to question during the late nineteenth century?

A)Humans were reasonable creatures capable of investigating natural laws in an objective manner.
B)Time,space,matter,and energy were not independent realities but were relative to each other.
C)The human condition was improved through religious and moral means alone,not through science.
D)Emotions were a more reliable guide to truth than reason.
E)The laws that governed God's universe were utterly beyond human comprehension.

Question 31

What did Cecil Rhodes promote in his "Confession of Faith"?

A)exporting Britons overseas to bring despicable human beings under Anglo-Saxon influence
B)creating wealth by gaining control of raw materials in the Third World and exporting them at great profit
C)bringing the message of Christianity to primitive peoples by encouraging the work of missionaries
D)expanding the industrial and military prowess of the West globally,by violent means if necessary
E)extending Darwin's theory of biological evolution to moral,intellectual,and political development

Question 32

What was the main reason for the Boer War?

A)discovery of gold and diamonds in areas settled by the descendants of Dutch settlers
B)the traditional nationalist rivalry between Great Britain and the Netherlands
C)an attempt by Boers to take over Cape Town as a Dutch colony
D)Germany's refusal to support the Boers
E)emotion-laden calls for heroic action in the tabloid press

Question 33

What did the Russian communist Lenin believe was the main motive behind imperialism?

A)Capitalist economies needed new markets for their surplus products.
B)European countries needed places to send their surplus population.
C)Colonies were necessary sources of raw materials such as petroleum.
D)Imperialism was a way for political leaders to enhance popular support for the state.
E)Christians were motivated to spread their faith to non-Christians.

Question 34

Which concept made up the essence of the pseudoscience racism?

A)Some people are culturally and intellectually superior to others.
B)White Europeans led other cultures in their transportation and communications networks.
C)Darwin had shown that evolution was driven by natural selection.
D)Superior races have the responsibility of civilizing inferior races.
E)All cultures are equally valuable once their differences are appreciated.

Question 35

What was an important political benefit that educated non-Europeans gained from the West?

A)introduction to ideas of responsible self-government and individual freedom
B)social and political equality with their colonial masters
C)Christian moral values taught by missionaries
D)Western-style architecture,replacing indigenous styles
E)the scientific quest for certainty and useful truths

Question 36

Whose Rite of Spring incorporated a variety of musical styles and used discord to great,if controversial,effect?

A)Igor Stravinsky
B)Claude Debussy
C)Arnold Schoenberg
D)Gustave Courbet
E)Franz Kafka

Question 37

What was the most immediate result of Japan's rise to power under its reformist leadership?

A)It became an imperialist aggressor in East Asia.
B)It became the leader of an anti-colonial coalition that opposed further Western aggression.
C)Its change into a modern industrial economy inspired pro-Western sentiments in Asia.
D)It developed a strong nationalist sentiment that rejected all European concepts.
E)It suffered a sharp military defeat at the hands of Russia and lost all its colonies.

Question 38

What was a major benefit that British rule brought to India?

A)the introduction of Western medical practices
B)elimination of racial discrimination in hiring practices
C)the opening of British clubs,hotels,and other private venues to the Indian elite
D)introduction of American maize or corn),peanuts,and sweet potatoes
E)raising the quality of life for average Indians

Question 39

How did Japanese and Chinese responses to pressure from Western powers compare?

A)While China resisted Westernization,Japan embraced it.
B)Both Japan and China resisted Westernization.
C)Both Japan and China embraced Westernization.
D)While Japan resisted Westernization,China embraced it.
E)China and Japan both became major Asian powers by different routes.

Question 40

How did the rise of nationalism contribute to the new imperialism?

A)Political leaders enhanced support for the state by boasting about their achievements in colonial wars.
B)Winning new lands overseas increased European states' ability to win military victories at home.
C)Imperialism secured overseas ports and coaling stations for European navies.
D)European investors were encouraged to put more of their capital in overseas possessions.
E)Territorial expansion allowed Western states to show their moral superiority to savage peoples.

Question 41

Why were Freud's psychological theories unsettling for European audiences?

A)By focusing on the unconscious,he challenged Europeans' confidence in their rationality.
B)He argued that "primitive" people were actually more evolved than Europeans.
C)He proved that human progress depended on following one's impulses.
D)He identified the quest for the love of God as the primal human motivation.
E)He argued that humans were bundles of nerves whose actions had no motivations or meaning.

Question 42

When nonindustrial peoples responded to imperialism by producing cash crops and raw materials for a global market,what was the result?

A)Rural economies became more dependent on unpredictable global economic conditions.
B)Rural economies became more self-sufficient.
C)Colonial societies rapidly urbanized.
D)Colonies became sources of increasing profits for European industries.
E)Colonial societies became indistinguishable from that of their European masters.

Question 43

What was the most important factor in the French Academy of Science's decision to deny Marie Curie admission?

A)her gender
B)her colleagues' sense that her scientific work was unremarkable
C)her poor health
D)her disinterest in research that might have practical medical benefits
E)her lack of college teaching credentials

Question 44

How did both Durkheim and Weber see modern civilization as a mixed blessing to society?

A)They both admired the achievement of the sciences,but felt that the weakening of collective beliefs made it difficult to find meaning in life.
B)They both felt that the rise of science was counterproductive and argued for a return to preindustrial customs and beliefs.
C)They longed for the emergence of a charismatic "super-man" who would use science to provide wide-ranging and easy solutions to common problems.
D)They were both optimistic that the achievements of rationalism would provide modern men and women with common values and companionship.
E)They felt that changes in technology increased anxiety,but also immersed modern citizens in material abundance.

Question 45

Why did providing a Western-style education for native leaders fail to solidify colonial allegiance to the imperial state?

A)Study of European political institutions and philosophical ideas encouraged native leaders to seek national self-determination.
B)Native leaders were neither culturally nor intellectually sophisticated enough to benefit from Western education.
C)Western education was in general limited to males,while indigenous cultures were often matriarchal in structure.
D)When colonial subjects received university training in Western Europe,they remained there instead of returning to their native countries.
E)Increasingly,Western thinkers were criticizing standard scientific and philosophical ideas as naïve and no longer relevant.

Question 46

How did Darwin include a creator God in his evolutionary theory?

A)God provided the physical matter and the natural laws by which life emerged.
B)God designed evolution to generate more and more superior beings,leading to man.
C)God expected only the fittest of human cultures to survive.
D)God was a constant presence in all scientific truth.
E)God manipulated nature so that favorable characteristics would emerge at the right times.

Question 47

In the 1840s,Britain used its naval might to force China to start importing

Question 48

What was the main focus of the artistic movement called Impressionism?

A)to turn away from the representational form and experiment with personal interpretations of external reality
B)to imitate the world as the senses perceive it
C)to paint whatever the artist sees,no matter how distasteful it seems
D)to represent the process of expression,rather than the final outcome or outside reality
E)to impress viewers with the artist's technical virtuosity

Question 49

Why was primitivist music a radical challenge to the audiences who first heard it?

A)Rather than reflecting a culture of order and progress,it turned to the customs and practices of peoples who avoided modernization.
B)It was played on unfamiliar African and Asian instruments.
C)It presented reality as no longer confined within the boundaries of sense experience.
D)It often highlighted female artists,a departure from the male-dominant musical world.
E)It relied on simple folk-like tunes accompanied by only the most familiar chords.

Question 50

Which of these jobs taken by Marie Sklodowska Curie were typical of the work most women were allowed to do at this time?

A)tutor and governess
B)laboratory assistant
C)director of a research institute
D)professor
E)x-ray technologist

Question 51

What was the image of industrialization presented in realist and naturalist fiction?

A)It invalidated traditional norms and values,making social life more complex.
B)Using technology,it was creating an idealistic and progressive future.
C)It reflected the inner psychological conflicts and antisocial penchants of men and women.
D)By allowing irrational women to become active in science,it placed society at grave risk.
E)Realists believed industrial society could not affect the immortal soul.

Question 52

Three major motives for New Imperialism are

Question 53

King Leopold II's private domain in Africa was

Question 54

The geologist who argued that Earth had evolved over many millennia was

Question 55

How did Herbert Spencer apply evolutionary theory to ethics?

A)Giving aid to poor people who fail in competition undermines the best qualities of the species.
B)If nature has no enduring order or design,then moral laws are unreliable too.
C)Since evolution is true,the Bible has no place in science or public education.
D)Those that rise to economic predominance are morally obligated to assist the weak.
E)Humans are animals,so individuals are justified in using violence to ensure their survival.

Question 56

What was Freud's attitude toward primal instincts in the human mind?

A)He feared them and offered a clinical approach to controlling them.
B)He celebrated them as humanity's true source of strength.
C)He believed that they were less important than reason in motivating human actions.
D)He felt that they should be repressed as completely as possible.
E)He had faith that they could be channeled into productive religious experience.

Question 57

The Prelude to "The Afternoon of a Faun" was composed by

Question 58

The rise of the social sciences in the later nineteenth-century Europe demonstrated

A)a return to Enlightenment rationality and a rejection of Romantic emotionalism.
B)an increasing failure of European intellectuals to make sense of the world around them.
C)a belief that science and the humanities had nothing to contribute to each other.
D)a confidence that spiritual man was as significant as scientific man.
E)that women were,by their nature,doomed to be second-class citizens.

Question 59

Where did Nietzsche find meaning in a hostile world lacking divine order?

A)in the struggle to create new values by cultivating long-submerged instincts
B)in a revival of Christianity true to its original primitive roots
C)in recognizing white Europe as the home of the heroic Aryan superior race
D)in mass democratic politics and parliamentary government
E)in the simple values of ordinary middle-class people

Question 60

Which element of Darwin's theory of evolution had been discussed among scientists for more than a century before?

A)Life on Earth had been changing and developing for millions of years.
B)Some species are more successful than others in adapting to changes in the environment.
C)Individuals who survive will pass on their attributes to the next generation.
D)Chance variations give some organisms an advantage over others.
E)Genetic mutations can allow some individuals to become dominant.