Deck 10: Reproductive Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following are examples of sexually dimorphic behaviors in rats?

A) eating
B) parenting
C) mating
D) sleeping
E) all locomotion

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The adulthood psychological adjustment achieved by Bruce-Brenda-David, the male twin whose penis was ablated during a botched circumcision procedure at age 7 months, suggests that

A) nature's impulse is to create a female.
B) sexual identity may not be easily shifted by the upbringing of a child.
C) regular injections of testosterone can shift sexual identity.
D) genetic type is less important than are social factors.
E) normal circumcision can alter sexual identity.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is true of the sex chromosomes?

A) Factors coded on the Y chromosome control the development of the male sex glands.
B) The Y chromosome contains the blueprints for the male fetus.
C) The sex chromosomes are the largest among the 23 pairs.
D) The mother donates her Y chromosome to form a female fetus.
E) The Y chromosome contains the blueprints for the female fetus.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Gametes are unique reproductive cells that

A) secrete Müllerian-inhibiting substance.
B) contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
C) carry half the genetic information of other cells of the body.
D) are formed by the union of an egg and a sperm during fertilization.
E) will eventually form the sex organs of the fetus.

Question 5

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the female

A) requires the suppression of the Müllerian system by anti-Müllerian hormone.
B) requires secretion of estradiol by the pituitary.
C) is caused by secretion of progesterone.
D) requires no hormone.
E) requires secretion of androgens.

Question 6

The structures of the Wolffian system are the precursors to the

A) male internal sex organs.
B) ovaries.
C) female internal sex organs.
D) testes.
E) penis and scrotum.

Question 7

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the male requires

A) activation of the Müllerian system by anti-Müllerian hormone.
B) secretion of estradiol by the pituitary.
C) secretion of progesterone.
D) secretion of androgens.
E) secretion of progresterone.

Question 8

The key factor that determines whether the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes is the

A) gene Sry located on the Y chromosome.
B) secretion of testosterone from the adrenals.
C) gene Sry located on the X chromosome.
D) 21st pair of chromosomes.
E) secretion of androgens from the gonads.

Question 9

A hormone that prevents the prenatal development of the Müllerian system is said to have a(n)

A) defeminizing effect.
B) activational effect.
C) masculinizing effect.
D) feminizing effect.
E) nonselective action on the undifferentiated gonads.

Question 10

An example of a sexually dimorphic behavior noted in humans would be

A) breathing.
B) eating.
C) breastfeeding.
D) grooming of hair.
E) vigorous exercise.

Question 11

A hormone that promotes the prenatal development of the Wolffian system is said to have a(n)

A) defeminizing effect.
B) activational effect.
C) masculinizing effect.
D) feminizing effect.
E) nonselective action on the undifferentiated gonads.

Question 12

An example of an activational effect induced by the hormone estradiol would be

A) growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle.
B) growth of axillary hair in females.
C) differentiation of the Wolffian system into the fimbriae, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
D) maturation of the ovaries in a female.
E) alteration of the vocal cords to create a "deep" voice.

Question 13

Which of the following terms belong together?

A) Wolffian system; clitoris
B) Müllerian system; Fallopian tubes
C) Müllerian system; uterus
D) Wolffian system; uterus
E) Müllerian system; vas deferens

Question 14

The genetic sex of a fetus is determined by

A) the hormones produced by the pituitary during fetal development.
B) a single gene on the X chromosome.
C) the gonads.
D) the father's sperm.
E) the phase of the menstrual cycle during which fertilization occurs.

Question 15

Which of the following is considered to be a human sex organ?

A) ovaries
B) adrenal gland
C) pancreas
D) pituitary
E) thyroid

Question 16

The Müllerian system structures are the precursors to the

A) male internal sex organs.
B) ovaries.
C) female internal sex organs.
D) testes.
E) penis and scrotum.

Question 17

The key distinction between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that

A) activational effects are permanent.
B) organizational effects are permanent.
C) organizational effects only occur during adulthood.
D) activational effects are mediated by receptors, whereas organizational effects are due to temporary changes in neurotransmitter secretion.
E) organizational effects only occur in the brain.

Question 18

The hormone ________ exerts a defeminizing action during prenatal development.

A) testosterone
B) dihydrotestosterone
C) estradiol
D) ghrelin
E) anti-Müllerian hormone

Question 19

The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by

A) the Sry gene.
B) testosterone.
C) the X chromosome.
D) the Y chromosome.
E) no factor.

Question 20

The protein that dictates the conversion of the undifferentiated gonads into the testes is controlled by the

A) ob/ob protein.
B) leptin protein.
C) gene Tny.
D) gene Sry.
E) X chromosome.

Question 21

Which of the following is known to speed up the onset of female puberty?

A) forced exercise and dieting
B) low levels of body fat
C) high plasma levels of leptin
D) malnutrition
E) consumption of a low-energy diet

Question 22

In ________ one might expect to observe both male and female internal reproductive structures.

A) adrenogenital syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Sry syndrome
D) persistent Müllerian duct syndrome in a genetic male
E) androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Question 23

Which of the following is true of the rat estrous cycle?

A) The uterine lining is lost on day 4 of the cycle.
B) The estrous cycle is controlled by adrenal hormones.
C) Ovulation is not required for sexual behavior during the estrous cycle.
D) The rat estrous cycle lasts 4 days.
E) Removal of the ovaries does not disrupt the estrous cycle once it has been established in the adult female.

Question 24

The key effect of luteinizing hormone is to

A) stimulate beard growth.
B) guide the implantation of the fertilized ovum.
C) impair the growth of ovarian follicles.
D) induce ovulation.
E) promote the growth of axillary hair.

Question 25

A genetic male has a hormone receptor deficiency that resulted in this person having a penis and both sets of internal sex organs. The most likely explanation for this case is that the person might

A) lack the Y chromosome.
B) have undergone plastic surgery.
C) have persistent Müllerian duct syndrome.
D) have testes that oversecreted anti-Müllerian hormone.
E) have Turner's syndrome.

Question 26

The primary feature that distinguishes a menstrual cycle from an estrous cycle is that

A) females can mate at any time during the estrous cycle.
B) females can only mate around the time of ovulation in the menstrual cycle.
C) there is no cycle of growth/loss of the uterine lining in the estrous cycle.
D) the estrous cycle does not involve the secretion of estrogens.
E) the estrous cycle is longer than the menstrual cycle.

Question 27

Ovulation involves a surge in ________which in turn ________.

A) estrogen; promotes the longevity of the uterine lining
B) estrogen; disrupts the ovarian follicle
C) leptin; promotes the loss of the uterine lining
D) follicle-stimulating hormone; causes the release of luteinizing hormone
E) luteinizing hormone; ruptures the ovarian follicle and releases an ovum

Question 28

The prenatal development of the external male genitalia requires the presence of

A) alpha-feto protein.
B) melatonin.
C) estradiol.
D) dihydrotestosterone.
E) anti-Müllerian hormone.

Question 29

The growth of pubic and axillary hair is promoted by

A) androgens secreted from the adrenal cortex.
B) leptin.
C) estrogens secreted from the adrenal cortex.
D) progesterone.
E) kisspeptin.

Question 30

The key event that starts sexual maturation at the onset of puberty is that

A) the ovaries and testes release gonadotropic hormones.
B) estradiol and testosterone are released from the hypothalamus.
C) the pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones.
D) LH and FSH are released from the hypothalamus.
E) the adrenals release adrenaline.

Question 31

Menstruation is triggered by

A) reduced secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum.
B) implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus.
C) androgens from the adrenal cortex.
D) estrogens from the adrenal cortex.
E) increased secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Question 32

A person who suffers from androgen-insensitivity syndrome would be expected to

A) show male external genitalia.
B) have ovaries.
C) secrete androgens.
D) lack female internal reproductive structures.
E) lack anti-Mullerian hormone

Question 33

In which disorder would the external genitals of a female develop in conjunction with testes?

A) adrenogenital syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Sry syndrome
D) persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
E) androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Question 34

The hormone ________ controls the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

A) leptin
B) LH
C) ghrelin
D) kisspeptin
E) cortisol

Question 35

A person suffering from untreated androgen-insensitivity syndrome would exhibit

A) XX chromosomal pattern.
B) ovaries
C) male external genitals.
D) female internal genitals.
E) an inability to have children.

Question 36

Which of the following pairs represent an example of a primary sex characteristic and an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

A) penis; beard growth
B) enlarged breasts; wide hips
C) testes development; ovaries
D) clitoris; ovaries
E) deep voice; beard growth

Question 37

An example of a secondary sex characteristic is

A) ovary development.
B) a deep voice.
C) development of a clitoris.
D) development of a vagina.
E) formation of a penis.

Question 38

The enzyme ________ converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.

A) tyrosine hydroxylase
B) 5-alpha reductase
C) seminal hydroxylase
D) 3,4 galactase
E) tryptophan hydroxylase

Question 39

A secondary sex effect of androgens would be the

A) development of a penis.
B) growth of pubic hair.
C) raising of the voice.
D) growth of head hair.
E) suppression of the ovaries.

Question 40

The key principle demonstrated by Turner's syndrome is that

A) male fetuses produce Müllerian-inhibiting substances.
B) female secondary sexual characteristics appear without the ovaries.
C) ovaries are necessary for development of the Müllerian system.
D) different hormones are required to develop or to suppress the development of the male reproductive organs.
E) ovaries are NOT necessary for development of the Müllerian system.

Question 41

Lordosis is considered to be an example of ________ in the female rat.

A) receptivity
B) perceptivity
C) proceptivity
D) attractivity
E) reactivity

Question 42

According to the Coolidge effect, a novel female

A) elicits motor responses that are incompatible with intromission.
B) strengthens the sexual refractory period after ejaculation.
C) diminishes the sexual refractory period of the male after ejaculation.
D) fails to elicit sexual satiety.
E) reduces the circulating levels of testosterone in the male rat.

Question 43

A female rat is ovariectomized and then injected with testosterone immediately after birth. In adulthood, this rat is injected with estrogen and progesterone and placed in a cage with a male rat. This female rat will

A) show evidence of maternal aggression.
B) attempt to mount the male.
C) show lordosis to the male rat.
D) not show female sexual behaviors.
E) show behavioral masculinization.

Question 44

A female rat is ovariectomized and then injected with testosterone immediately after birth. In adulthood, this rat is injected with testosterone and placed in a cage with a receptive female rat. This female rat will

A) show evidence of maternal aggression.
B) attempt to mount the female.
C) show lordosis to the female rat.
D) show female sexual behaviors.
E) show intermale aggression.

Question 45

Sexual behavior in a female rodent would be reduced or prevented by

A) an ovariectomy.
B) targeted mutations of androgen eceptors.
C) targeted mutations (deletions) of aldosterone receptors.
D) damage to the medial preoptic hypothalamus.
E) damage to the prefrontal cortex.

Question 46

The ________ is the most common subject for studies of sexual behavior.

A) dog
B) cat
C) human
D) rat
E) mouse

Question 47

The physiological and behavioral cues in a female rat to which a male rat will respond are termed

A) receptive behaviors.
B) attractiveness.
C) perceptive behaviors.
D) proceptivity behaviors.
E) refractory behaviors.

Question 48

After ejaculation, a male rat will refrain from further copulation for a period of time. This is known as

A) the refractory period.
B) sexual satiety.
C) sexual inhibition.
D) the Coolidge effect.
E) the cold-shower effect.

Question 49

________ is sexual behavior displayed by male rodents.

A) Lordosis
B) Ear wiggling
C) Intromission
D) Rapid hopping movements
E) Approaching another male

Question 50

A proposed function of lordosis is to

A) prevent sexual contact with the male rat.
B) expose the male rat to vaginal pheromones.
C) prepare the female rat for a rapid escape response from the male.
D) facilitate intromission by the male rat.
E) allow the female rat to release additional pheromones.

Question 51

Impairment of oxytocin secretion in a ________ would be expected to ________.

A) male; reduce ejaculatory force
B) female; permanently lower the voice
C) male; produce hair loss
D) male; reduce sexual refractory periods
E) female; increase sexual desire

Question 52

A brain that is exposed to androgen during prenatal development will not show female sexual behavior in adulthood. This effect is referred to as

A) feminization.
B) emasculinization.
C) behavioral masculinization.
D) aromatization.
E) behavioral defeminization.

Question 53

Sexual behavior in the male rat requires the presence of

A) testosterone.
B) estrogen
C) sensory factors.
D) adrenaline.
E) an X chromosome.

Question 54

A male rat is castrated immediately after birth and then given injections of estradiol and progesterone in adulthood. This male rat would be expected to

A) exhibit enhanced inter-male aggression.
B) attempt to copulate with a female in heat.
C) show lordosis to another male.
D) attempt to copulate with a nonestrous female.
E) show maternal aggression.

Question 55

Which of the following is true of the hormone oxytocin?

A) Oxytocin is released from the adrenal gland during orgasm.
B) Oxytocin relaxes smooth muscle.
C) Oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female.
D) Orgasm causes the release of oxytocin only in females.
E) Oxytocin release is controlled by the anterior pituitary.

Question 56

Sexual behavior in a female rat is ________ after removal of the ________.

A) absent; medial preoptic area
B) absent; ovaries
C) absent; nucleus accumbens
D) augmented; ovaries
E) augmented; nucleus accumbens

Question 57

In considering male sexual behavior, it is true that

A) orgasm requires intromission.
B) ejaculation refers to the discharge of semen from the penis.
C) intromission refers to a break between bouts of sexual behavior.
D) pelvic thrusting is limited to males.
E) the sexual behavior of human males requires high levels of testosterone.

Question 58

An adult rodent that was NOT exposed to prenatal androgens is injected estrogen and progesterone as an adult. You would expect that rodent to display

A) female sexual behaviors.
B) male sexual behaviors.
C) signs of behavioral depression.
D) defeminization.
E) a tendency to be timid in social situations.

Question 59

Which sequence of hormone treatment is most likely to restore sexual receptivity in an ovariectomized female rat?

A) a small dose of estradiol alone
B) a small dose of oxytocin alone
C) an oxytocin dose followed thereafter by a progesterone dose
D) a small dose of progesterone alone
E) a small dose of estradiol followed by a progesterone dose

Question 60

The principle that best describes an organizational effect of androgens during prenatal development that enables an animal to engage in male sexual behavior as an adult is

A) feminization.
B) emasculinization.
C) behavioral masculinization.
D) aromatization.
E) behavioral defeminization.

Question 61

A key indicator of the likelihood that a person will engage in adult homosexual behavior is

A) prolonged in utero exposure to heavy metals.
B) being raised by a harsh, punitive father.
C) a self-report of homosexual feelings.
D) a history of birth complications.
E) being raised by a warm, loving mother.

Question 62

Damage to the ________ impairs the Lee-Boot, Whitten, and Bruce effects in mice.

A) thalamus
B) hippocampus
C) prefrontal cortex
D) lateral hypothalamus
E) vomeronasal organ

Question 63

A pheromone is a

A) chemical located on the tongue that detects sugar.
B) chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species.
C) hormone released from the gut after the ingestion of fat.
D) substance used to disinfect surgical instruments.
E) type of enzyme that deactivates cyclic nucleotides.

Question 64

Which statement best describes the Bruce effect?

A) The odor of a male mouse accelerates the onset of puberty in a female mouse.
B) Spontaneous abortion in female mice is noted after exposure to the odor of a novel male.
C) Group-housed female mice show a faster estrous cycle.
D) Estrous cycles of group-housed female mice are synchronized after exposure to the odor of an intact male mouse.
E) Group-housed female mice show slower estrous cycles.

Question 65

Administration of a GnRH antagonist to human males is most likely to cause

A) a loss of tactile sensitivity.
B) a decrease in sexual interest and intercourse after two weeks of treatment.
C) a loss of erections during REM sleep, but no change in sex drive.
D) no change in sexual activity because the adrenals also secrete testosterone.
E) increased secretion of testosterone.

Question 66

The vomeronasal organ

A) projects to the accessory optic area.
B) of a human is heavily innervated.
C) is the receptive organ for pheromones.
D) is critical for sexual behavior in dolphins.
E) is found in all mammals.

Question 67

Which of the following is true of pheromone action in humans?

A) Menstrual cycles are delayed by exposure to human sweat.
B) Women are attracted to the underarm sweat from men.
C) Men rate T-shorts worn by women during their fertile phase as more pleasant than T-shirts worn during their non-fertile phase.
D) Men and women show decreased sexual behavior after exposure to pheromones.
E) Men are quite attracted to the underarm sweat from women.

Question 68

Sensory cells of the vomeronasal organ project to the

A) olfactory bulb.
B) nasal cavity.
C) optic bulb.
D) accessory olfactory bulb.
E) dorsal nucleus of the amygdala.

Question 69

The Whitten effect and the Vandenbergh effect are induced in a female rodent by exposure to ________ from a(n) ________.

A) urine; intact male rodent
B) sweat; castrated male rodent
C) urine; intact female rodent
D) ultrasounds; stranger
E) sweat; pregnant female rodent

Question 70

Both men and women appear to show increased secretion of ________ in anticipation of renewed sexual contact.

A) cortisol
B) kisspeptin
C) leptin
D) estradiol
E) testosterone

Question 71

The ________ effect refers to the situation in which a group of female mice that are housed together show a slowing down and then a termination of their estrous cycles.

A) Whitten
B) Bruce
C) Bruce-Lee
D) Lee-Boot
E) Vandenbergh

Question 72

A key difference between rodent and human females is that

A) a human female requires a progesterone surge for sexual receptivity.
B) the rat estrous cycle is longer than the human menstrual cycle.
C) rats are capable of mating at any point during the estrous cycle.
D) a female rat can only mate during estrus.
E) rats mate during diestrus as a form of birth control.

Question 73

The odor of human female underarm sweat can

A) delay the onset of puberty.
B) synchronize menstrual cycles in women.
C) influence men's attractiveness to women.
D) enhance sexual activity in men, but not women.
E) induce the release of corticosterone from the adrenal glands.

Question 74

Imagine that you have developed a new pheromone that induces male subjects to approach females. You create a perfume laced with this pheromone, name it Passion, and then begin your marketing plan. Which of the following actions would you take as you introduce your pheromone-laced perfume to the market?

A) You would introduce your new product in early February.
B) You would advertise this perfume in men's magazines.
C) You would not hand out free samples during the cold and flu season.
D) Your advertising would suggest that Passion leads to passion.
E) You would advertise in hockey and hunting magazines.

Question 75

The ________ is critical for the ability of a rodent to identify the sex of another rodent.

A) orbitofrontal cortex
B) vomeronasal organ
C) prefrontal cortex
D) lateral hypothalamus
E) thalamus

Question 76

An increased rate of homosexuality/bisexuality is noted in

A) women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
B) women with Turner's syndrome.
C) men born during the late winter months to stressed mothers.
D) men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
E) men with an XYY chromosomal type.

Question 77

The ________ effect refers to the situation in which the odor of a male rodent will accelerate the onset of puberty in a female rodent.

A) Whitten
B) Bruce
C) Bruce-Lee
D) Lee-Boot
E) Vandenbergh

Question 78

Based on the impact of prenatal androgenization in rodents, the text author suggests that the brains of human

A) female homosexuals are neither masculinized nor defeminized.
B) male homosexuals are masculinized and defeminized.
C) bisexuals are neither masculinized nor defeminized.
D) male homosexuals are masculinized, but not defeminized.
E) bisexuals are masculinized, but not defeminized.

Question 79

A human female is more likely to initiate sexual activity with her partner

A) when her estradiol levels are lowest.
B) just prior to menstruation.
C) in the winter months.
D) just after a surge in testosterone from her adrenals.
E) at a point in the menstrual cycle when estradiol levels are highest.

Question 80

Which of the following is the current conclusion regarding the role of androgens in female sexual activity?

A) Androgens amplify the effects of estradiol.
B) Androgens' effects in women are no more than a placebo effect.
C) Androgens act to increase genital blood flow in older females.
D) Androgens inhibit the actions of estradiol in female sexual behavior.
E) Androgens and estradiol are interchangeable hormones for female sexual behavior.