Deck 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Question 1

Which of the following pairs belong together?

A) amplitude; pitch
B) complexity; pitch
C) purity; timbre
D) amplitude; loudness
E) hue; wavelength

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The cochlea is located within the

A) outer ear.
B) inner ear.
C) organ of Corti.
D) pinna.
E) middle ear.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sound is funneled into the auditory canal via the

A) outer channel.
B) inner ear.
C) tectorial membrane.
D) tympanic membrane.
E) pinna.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as

A) cilia.
B) rods.
C) intrafusal fibers.
D) extrafusal fibers.
E) villi.

Question 5

Which of the following is a physical dimension of sound perception?

A) timbre
B) pitch
C) amplitude
D) saturation
E) loudness

Question 6

High frequency of vibration, as measured in hertz (Hz), would create

A) high pitch.
B) low pitch.
C) loudness.
D) softness.
E) timbre.

Question 7

Humans can detect sound pressure waves that cycle between ________ and ________ times per second.

A) 30; 700
B) 25; 4,000
C) 30; 20,000
D) 25; 9,000
E) 300; 45,000

Question 8

_______________ are necessary for hearing, as demonstrated by the mutant mice who lack them and, subsequently, cannot hear at all.

A) Deiter's cells
B) Glial cells
C) Outer hair cells
D) Inner hair cells
E) Cilia cells

Question 9

The loudness of a sound is related to

A) the amplitude of sound vibration.
B) the distance between the successive air vibrations.
C) the complexity of the sound waves.
D) its frequency of vibration.
E) the total duration of the sound stimulation.

Question 10

The ratio of inner to outer hair cells in the human cochlea is approximately

A) 1:1.
B) 8:1.
C) 1:4.
D) 1:8.
E) 2:7.

Question 11

The ossicles are found within the

A) outer ear.
B) inner ear.
C) organ of Corti.
D) pinna.
E) middle ear.

Question 12

Which of the following transforms sound into action potentials?

A) hair-cell cilia
B) the basilar membrane
C) the tympanic membrane
D) the tectorial membrane
E) Deiters's cells

Question 13

Sound can best be thought of as

A) compression of air molecules by an object.
B) changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object.
C) particles of energy that travel at better than 20 miles per hour.
D) packets of energy.
E) expansion of air molecules produced by an object as it moves through air.

Question 14

Another name for the eardrum is the

A) outer membrane.
B) basilar membrane.
C) tectorial membrane.
D) tympanic membrane.
E) pinna.

Question 15

The complexity of a sound wave determines the psychological dimension known as

A) hue.
B) pitch.
C) loudness.
D) saturation.
E) timbre.

Question 16

The pitch of a sound stimulus is related to the physical characteristic of

A) vibration amplitude.
B) the distance between the sound source and the detector.
C) sound wave complexity.
D) frequency of vibration.
E) sound intensity.

Question 17

The mechanical stimulus that induces movements of the hair cells is the

A) movement of the stapes against the oval window.
B) contraction of the muscle fibers within the middle ear.
C) movement of the malleus against the round window.
D) movement of the stapes against the round window.
E) movement of the scala tympani.

Question 18

The ossicles are

A) receptive cells in the inner ear.
B) positioned within the pinna of the ear.
C) auditory receptors.
D) tiny bones located within the middle ear.
E) neurons that innervate the middle ear.

Question 19

The malleus, incus, and stapes

A) are tiny bones located within the outer ear.
B) are located within the inner ear.
C) provide a mechanical advantage for transferring sound energy to the inner ear.
D) are the formal names for the oval, round, and tympanic membranes, respectively.
E) comprise the pinna of the ear.

Question 20

What is the order of the ossicles from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea?

A) stapes, incus, malleus
B) malleus, incus, stapes
C) incus, malleus, stapes
D) pinna, malleus, stapes
E) malleus, stapes, incus

Question 21

Low-pitched sounds are detected by the use of ________ by the cochlea.

A) place coding
B) rate coding
C) phase coding
D) tonotopic codes
E) phase shifts

Question 22

The dorsal stream in the auditory cortex ends in the ___________ and is involved in the ____________.

A) parietal cortex; location of sound
B) parietal cortex; perception of form
C) inferior temporal cortex; location of sound
D) inferior temporal cortex; perception of form
E) inferior temporal cortex; analysis of complex sounds

Question 23

Higher-frequency sounds produce maximal distortion of the basilar membrane

A) near the stapes.
B) at the apical end of the membrane.
C) farthest from the stapes.
D) farthest from the basal end of the membrane.
E) nearest the tympanic membrane.

Question 24

Which of the following outcomes strongly supports the notion that a place code is involved in detecting medium to high-pitched sounds?

A) Antibiotics can kill hair cells in a basal to apical direction and produce corresponding deficits in pitch perception.
B) Damage to the posterior temporal cortex impairs hearing.
C) Mutant mice that lack inner hair cells are unable to hear.
D) Overgrowth of bone over the round window impairs the hearing of high- but not low-pitched sounds.
E) Antibiotics can degenerate hair cells in an apical to basal direction and produce corresponding deficits in intensity perception.

Question 25

Which of the following is true of hair cells?

A) Most afferent axons form connections with the outer hair cells.
B) Damage to the inner hair cells impairs hearing.
C) Outer hair cells play a more important role in hearing than do inner hair cells.
D) Thin unmyelinated axons form connections with inner hair cells.
E) Thick myelinated axons form connections with outer hair cells.

Question 26

Place coding for pitch indicates that ____________ frequencies are caused by neurons of the basilar membrane becoming activated. Specifically, these neurons are located __________ the oval window.

A) higher; closer to
B) higher; further from
C) lower; closer to
D) lower; further from
E) middle; closer to

Question 27

The posterior auditory stream starts in the ________ and is involved in ________.

A) posterior parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; sound localization
B) posterior occipital cortex; sound localization
C) parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; complex sound analysis
D) posterior parietal cortex; complex sound analysis
E) posterior parietal cortex; sound localization

Question 28

The neurotransmitter at the afferent synapses of the auditory nerve is ________, while the efferent terminal buttons secrete _______.

A) acetylcholine; GABA
B) GABA; glycine
C) glutamate; dopamine
D) glutamate; acetylcholine
E) acetylcholine; dopamine

Question 29

The branch of the eighth cranial nerve that conducts auditory signals to the brain is called the

A) auditory lemniscus.
B) organ of Corti.
C) somatoacoustic nerve.
D) trigeminal nerve.
E) cochlear nerve.

Question 30

Cochlear implants restore the ability to understand speech by

A) electrically stimulating the 8th cranial nerve at > 500 pulses per second.
B) allowing pressure changes to occur within the cochlea.
C) opening a larger aperture within the round window.
D) electrically stimulating different regions of the basilar membrane.
E) changing the overall rate of firing of cochlear cells.

Question 31

Identify the correct pathway by which auditory information flows to the brain.

A) auditory nerve -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> superior colliculus -> auditory cortex
B) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
C) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
D) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
E) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior colliculus -> lateral geniculate -> auditory cortex

Question 32

Adjacent cilia on a hair cell are joined together by

A) strands of actin.
B) the outer edges of the tectorial membrane.
C) tip links.
D) insertional plaques.
E) intrafusal fibers.

Question 33

A mutation that resulted in the loss of inner hair cells within the organ of Corti would be expected to result in

A) difficulty in locating the source of a sound.
B) total impairment of hearing.
C) the inability to detect differences in sound intensity.
D) the inability to detect differences between different musical instruments.
E) difficulty in recognizing the voice of another person.

Question 34

A tip link connects two cilia. Movement of the cilia in the direction of the tallest cilia will

A) open an ion channel.
B) reduce the amount of neurotransmitter released.
C) cause a hyperpolarization.
D) close an ion channel.
E) reduce the activity of the cell.

Question 35

The anterior auditory stream involved in

A) analysis of timbre.
B) analysis of sound intensity.
C) analysis of musical tunes.
D) complex sound analysis.
E) sound localization.

Question 36

Which of the following is true of the neurons of the cochlear nerve?

A) The neurons of this nerve are of the bipolar type.
B) The cell bodies of these neurons are located within the medulla.
C) The neurons of this nerve are of the multipolar type.
D) These nerve cells are hyperpolarized by release of transmitter from the hair cells.
E) These cells conduct local potentials, which can produce action potentials in downstream nerve cells.

Question 37

The force that causes the tips of the hair cells to bend in response to movement of the basilar membrane arises from the

A) linkage between the hair cells and the tectorial membrane.
B) mechanical linkage between the hair cells and the tympanic membrane.
C) movement of the round window.
D) movement of the hair cells through the tectorial membrane.
E) movement of fluid past the tips of the hair cells.

Question 38

Whether ion channels open or close within the hair cell cilia

A) is a function of the voltage of the cilia membrane.
B) reflect the action of a second messenger within the cilia.
C) is controlled by ionotropic membrane receptors.
D) reflects tension exerted by the tip links on the insertional plaques.
E) involves the breakdown of cyclic AMP.

Question 39

The receptor potential of a hair cell is triggered by cilia movements that

A) allow the entry of sodium ions into the hair cell.
B) open a channel to potassium in the insertional plaque.
C) allow the efflux of potassium ions out of the hair cell.
D) close a channel to potassium in the insertional plaque.
E) allow chloride ions to flow into the cilia.

Question 40

The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.

A) frequencies; retinotopic
B) intensities; somatotopic
C) intensities; tonotopic
D) frequencies; tonotopic
E) timbres; tonotopic

Question 41

The anterior stream of the human auditory system performs analyses of ________, while the posterior stream provides analyses of ________.

A) sound location; sound loudness
B) object form; object location
C) complex sounds; perception of form
D) loudness; pitch
E) tone loudness; timbre

Question 42

The utricle and saccule are components of the

A) middle ear.
B) cochlea.
C) vestibular sacs.
D) semicircular canals.
E) pain reactivity system.

Question 43

When determining location of a sound, we use ___________ for low frequencies and ___________ for high frequencies.

A) phase differences; intensity differences
B) intensity differences; phase differences
C) loudness differences; intensity differences
D) loudness differences; phase differences
E) phase differences; loudness differences

Question 44

Functional imaging studies of the human association cortex indicate that judgments of sound ________ activate the ________.

A) timbre; dorsal stream
B) identity; posterior stream
C) timbre; ventral stream
D) timbre; anterior stream
E) pitch; dorsal stream

Question 45

The recognition of auditory patterns is accomplished by

A) cells within the 8th cranial nerve.
B) neural circuits within the superior olivary complex.
C) coincidence detectors within the medial geniculate thalamic nuclei.
D) circuits within the auditory cortex.
E) the inner hair cells.

Question 46

In the human auditory system, the analysis of "what" corresponds to ________, whereas the analysis of "where" corresponds to ________.

A) sound identity; location of a sound
B) object form; object location
C) location of a sound; loudness
D) loudness; pitch
E) loudness; timbre

Question 47

Match up the auditory system structure with the correct music analysis function.

A) timing of musical rhythms; inferior frontal cortex
B) recognition of harmony; inferior frontal cortex
C) perception of underlying beat; left auditory cortex
D) perception of harmony; cerebellum
E) musical emotional tone; cerebellum

Question 48

The ________ sense sudden changes in the rotation of the head.

A) cochlear microphones
B) semicircular canals
C) organs of Corti
D) vestibular sacs
E) utricles

Question 49

_____________ respond(s) to the force of gravity.

A) Vestibular sacs
B) Semicircular canals
C) The ampulla
D) The cupulla
E) Circular canals

Question 50

A unique aspect of the loss of function shown by Patient I.R. after aneurysm surgery involved her

A) inability to understand verbal and written instructions.
B) inability to perceive or produce music.
C) ability to recognize the emotional tone of a musical piece but not the melody.
D) apparently normal hearing.
E) inability to read sheet music.

Question 51

The lowest and usually most intense frequency of a complex sound is its

A) attack phase.
B) decay phase.
C) overtone.
D) characteristic frequency.
E) fundamental frequency.

Question 52

The ability to estimate the elevation of a sound

A) is a genetic trait.
B) involves the analysis of left-right phase arrival differences.
C) is a function of experience.
D) is better in blind than sighted people.
E) involves the analysis of right-left loudness differences.

Question 53

Axons of the ______________ inform the brain of the loudness of a stimulus by altering their rate of firing of action potentials.

A) geniculate nerve
B) auditory nerve
C) cochlear nerve
D) trochlear nerve
E) trigeminal nerve

Question 54

Damage to the auditory association cortex can

A) induce deafness.
B) produce auditory hallucinations similar to those of schizophrenia.
C) impair the understanding of sound meaning but not impair hearing.
D) produce auditory-visual synesthesia.
E) alter the function of the vestibular system.

Question 55

Low-frequency stimulation of the vestibular sacs would be expected to produce

A) no definable sensation.
B) a low humming sound.
C) dizziness.
D) nystagmus.
E) nausea.

Question 56

The capacity to detect whether a high-frequency sound comes from the left or right of a person reflects an analysis of

A) the fundamental overtones.
B) a sonic shadow that reflects differences in loudness.
C) differences in arrival times at the eardrums.
D) differences in sound phase.
E) differences in movement of the tympanic membrane.

Question 57

Neurons that use binaural differences in loudness as a cue to the source of a sound are located within the

A) lateral superior olivary complex.
B) medial geniculate.
C) parabelt region.
D) medial superior olivary complex.
E) organ of Corti.

Question 58

Loudness of high pitch sounds is determined by _________, whereas loudness of low pitch sounds is determined by _______________.

A) rate of firing; the number of axons active at a time
B) the number of axons active at a time; rate of firing
C) rate of firing; rate of firing
D) the number of axons active at a time; the number of axons active at a time
E) perception; sensation

Question 59

TRPA1 receptor molecules are used by

A) hair cells of the semicircular canals.
B) hair cells of the utricle.
C) hair cells of the saccule.
D) hair cells of the semicircular canals and the utricle.
E) hair cells of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule.

Question 60

Congenital amusia is found in about ________ percent of the population.

A) 0.1
B) 0.4
C) 2
D) 4
E) 8

Question 61

Damage to fibers containing the TRPM8 receptor would be expected to

A) impair sensing of extreme cold.
B) increase the emotional response to a painful stimulus.
C) alter reactivity to high-temperature stimuli.
D) alter reactivity to mechanical stimuli.
E) impair the detection of itch.

Question 62

Hair cells within the vestibular sacs are activated by

A) movements of the otoconia.
B) distortion of the tympanic membrane.
C) a traveling sine wave.
D) movements of the cupula.
E) movements of the basilar membrane.

Question 63

Patient G.L. suffered damage to large-diameter myelinated axons that serve her face; we would expect that she would have difficulty in detecting a(n)

A) cold probe applied to the face.
B) warm probe applied to the face.
C) tickle of her forehead.
D) slap of her cheek.
E) itch on her nose.

Question 64

_______________ are free nerve endings that response to intense pressure.

A) TRPV1 receptors
B) TRPV1 receptors
C) Merkel's disks
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) High-threshold mechanoreceptors

Question 65

The function of a nociceptor is to detect

A) pain.
B) cold.
C) heat.
D) salt in a food.
E) the bitterness of a drink.

Question 66

The ____________ cranial nerve consists of vestibular and cochlear nerves.

A) second
B) fifth
C) eighth
D) tenth
E) twelfth

Question 67

________ are a component of the somatosenses.

A) Free nerve endings in the skin
B) Stretch receptors in cardiac muscle
C) Receptors located within the semicircular canals
D) Hair cells within the cochlea
E) Cilia within the otoconia

Question 68

There are _______ categories of free nerve ending thermal receptors.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 69

The primary function of the Meissner corpuscle is to detect

A) edge contours.
B) cold.
C) heat.
D) texture.
E) harmful stimulation.

Question 70

The term "glabrous," as it pertains to skin, means

A) smooth.
B) thin.
C) hairy.
D) thick.
E) rough.

Question 71

________ detect changes in temperature and pain.

A) Ruffini corpuscles
B) Free nerve endings
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) Dieter's cells

Question 72

The presence of chemicals that induce inflammation is uniquely detected by

A) free nerve endings.
B) TRPA1 receptors.
C) Pacinian corpuscles.
D) Ruffini corpuscles.
E) ATP-sensitive free nerve endings.

Question 73

Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with

A) the external surface of the skin.
B) the hair cells of the vestibular sacs.
C) receptors of the muscles.
D) receptors that line the surfaces of internal organs.
E) muscles of the gut.

Question 74

Hair cells within the semicircular canals are activated by

A) traveling sine waves.
B) distortion of the tympanic membrane.
C) movements of the otoconia.
D) movements of the cupula.
E) movement of the basilar membrane.

Question 75

As you jog, your eyes are bouncing yet the visual scene seems relatively stable. The _____________ is to thank for this correction.

A) vestibulo-ocular reflex
B) oculo-vestibular reflex
C) visual reflex
D) motion reflex
E) visuo-ocular relfex

Question 76

Which of the receptors below are used by the body to detect vibration?

A) Ruffini corpuscles
B) free nerve endings
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) Dieter's cells

Question 77

Glabrous ________ skin is usually found on the ________.

A) hairy; soles of the feet
B) non-hairy; legs
C) hairy; top of the head
D) non-hairy; top of the head
E) non-hairy; palm of the hand

Question 78

____________ detect thermal and noxious stimuli.

A) Ruffini corpuscles
B) Free nerve endings
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) Dieter's cells

Question 79

The pain associated with bone cancer is partly caused by the activation of

A) free nerve endings with mechanoceptor properties.
B) TRPV1 receptors.
C) Pacinian corpuscles.
D) Ruffini corpuscles.
E) ATP-sensitive free nerve endings.

Question 80

Cutaneous receptors signal information regarding

A) cardiac pressure.
B) blood flow to the muscles.
C) events that damage the skin.
D) brain temperature.
E) head movement.