Question 1

Freud believed that the _____________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.&#10;A)id&#10;B)preconscious mind&#10;C)manifest awareness&#10;D)unconscious mind

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, the unconscious mind holds the key to understanding human behavior and personality. It is the repository of repressed feelings, memories, and experiences that shape our thoughts, feelings, and actions. The id, preconscious mind, and manifest awareness are important concepts in Freud's theory, but they are not considered to be as central to personality development as the unconscious mind.

Question 2

Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory.You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and,therefore,must point out problems in the theory.Which of the following will be at the top of your list?

A)Children do not have sexual motives.
B)Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test.
C)Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety.
D)Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only.

Accepted Answer

One of the main criticisms of Freud's theory is that it is difficult to test scientifically since many of his concepts (such as the unconscious mind and the Oedipus complex) cannot be observed or measured directly. Therefore, pointing out this problem would be a strong argument against Freudian theory in a debate. The other options are not as strong since A is actually a misunderstanding of Freud's theory (he believed that children have sexual impulses but they are repressed), C is only partially true (defense mechanisms can temporarily reduce anxiety but can also lead to negative consequences), and D is too narrow and ignores the fact that psychoanalytic therapy has been used effectively for a variety of mental health issues beyond just psychotics.

Question 3

Which of the following is correct concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories?&#10;A)No evidence has been found to support these theories.&#10;B)Research in this area is too new to report any findings.&#10;C)Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures.&#10;D)Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated.

Accepted Answer

Evidence for the five trait dimensions (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism) has been found in several cultures, including but not limited to the United States, China, Japan, and Germany. Cross-cultural studies have identified these universal dimensions, as well as cultural variations in the manifestation of these traits.

Question 4

According to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality,cultures that are __________ are assertive and competitive.&#10;A)collectivistic&#10;B)masculine&#10;C)high in power distance&#10;D)high in uncertainty avoidance

Accepted Answer

According to Hofstede's dimensions, cultures that are masculine tend to value assertiveness, competitiveness, and material success. Therefore, option B is the best choice as it describes cultures that are assertive and competitive.

Question 5

As part of an application for a job,Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as "I feel sad most of the time," or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking?

A)a behavioral log
B)the TAT
C)a projective test
D)an inventory

Accepted Answer

The type of psychological test described involves responding to a series of items with true or false answers, indicating that it is likely an inventory. The other options presented (behavioral log, TAT, and projective test) involve different types of assessments that wouldn't fit with the description given.

Question 6

In Sigmund Freud's theory,the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle.&#10;A)id&#10;B)ego&#10;C)thanatos&#10;D)superego

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, the id operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of its desires and impulses. The id is the most primitive part of the personality and is present at birth.

Question 7

The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the ____ stage.&#10;A)oral&#10;B)anal&#10;C)phallic&#10;D)genital

Accepted Answer

The oral stage occurs from birth to around 18 months old, during which the primary mode of interaction with the world is through the mouth. Weaning, or the process of transitioning a baby from breast or bottle feeding to solid foods, occurs during this stage and can have a significant impact on a child's oral development and psychological attachment to their caregiver.

Question 8

Carl Rogers believed people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive ______.&#10;A)conditional esteem&#10;B)unconditional esteem&#10;C)conditional positive regard&#10;D)unconditional positive regard

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that people experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive conditional positive regard, which is an evaluation of worth that is based on meeting certain conditions or standards. Unconditional positive regard, on the other hand, is an attitude of acceptance and support regardless of a person's behavior or characteristics. While Rogers believed that unconditional positive regard is important for promoting growth and self-acceptance, he also recognized that it is difficult for people to provide this consistently, as it requires a nonjudgmental and empathic attitude.

Question 9

A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ____________.&#10;A)current events&#10;B)daydreaming themes&#10;C)maladaptive patterns of behavior&#10;D)unconscious thoughts and feelings

Accepted Answer

Projective tests assume that a person's responses are influenced by unconscious thoughts and feelings, rather than current events or daydreaming themes. These tests are used to uncover deeper aspects of a person's personality and psychological state. Therefore, the best choice is D, as it best reflects the purpose and foundation of projective testing.

Question 10

_____________ theory is called the &#34;third force&#34; in personality theory.&#10;A)Psychoanalytic&#10;B)Behaviorist&#10;C)Cognitive&#10;D)Humanistic

Accepted Answer

The third force in personality theory is the humanistic theory, which emphasizes the importance of conscious experience and the inherent goodness and potential of individuals to strive towards self-actualization. Psychodynamic (including psychoanalytic) theory is often referred to as the first force, and behaviorism as the second force. Cognitive theory is not usually categorized as a force in personality theory.

Deck 14: B: Psychological Therapies