Deck 7: Deviance

Question 1

________ theory asserts that through interaction and close association with deviants, one learns to be a criminal.

A) Labeling
B) Conflict
C) Cultural transmission
D) Cultural deprivation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In explaining deviance, victim blamers point to children's ________, which implies that the culture of the group is not only deficient but also inferior.

A) cultural deprivation
B) cultural transmission
C) primary deviance
D) secondary deviance

Answer 2

A

Question 3

________ is the episode of rule breaking that happens prior to the deviant being labeled.

A) Primary deviance
B) Secondary deviance
C) Radical nonintervention
D) Stigmatization

Answer 3

A

Question 4

________ theories consider the source of deviance to be conditions of the individual's mind or personality.

A) Sociological
B) Psychological
C) Biological
D) Physiological

Question 5

________ point out that all views of rule violations have political implications.

A) Order theorists
B) Conflict theorists
C) Labeling theorists
D) Social Darwinists

Question 6

Edwin Sutherland's theory of ________ proposes that pro-criminal sentiments are acquired by association with other individuals in a process of social interaction.

A) culture of poverty
B) differential opportunities
C) differential association
D) inadequate socialization

Question 7

_____ argue that punishment of rule breakers says to the masses that the norms that have been violated are legitimate.

A) Labeling theorists
B) Conflict theorists
C) Order theorists
D) Social Darwinists

Question 8

According to ________, deviance gives the nondeviants a sense of solidarity by reasserting the importance of the rule being violated.

A) order theorists
B) conflict theorists
C) labeling theorists
D) systemic theorists

Question 9

_______ claim that ex-criminals return to crime because they are greedy, aggressive, have weak impulse control, etc.

A) Victim blamers
B) Social Darwinists
C) Conflict theorists
D) Order theorists

Question 10

Person-blame interpretations provide justification for a form of ________, that is, a person's placement in the stratification system is a function of ability and effort.

A) labeling
B) social Darwinism
C) stigmatization
D) culture of poverty

Question 11

Victim blamers contend that racial minorities are ________, have high rates of illegitimacy, and a high proportion of transient males, largely because their families have matriarchal structures.

A) biologically deprived
B) culturally deprived
C) physically deprived
D) psychologically deprived

Question 12

________ proposed that people turn to deviance because they are denied access to the approved means of achieving the goals of society.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Robert Merton
D) William Ryan

Question 13

The ________ view asserts that a unique (and deviant) morality and set of norms make a person turn to criminal activities in order to achieve success.

A) culture of poverty
B) systemic bias
C) primary deviance
D) secondary deviance

Question 14

By ________ deviants, the group expresses collective indignation and reaffirms its commitments to the rules.

A) rewarding
B) punishing
C) ignoring
D) shunning

Question 15

Crime, from the order perspective, has a ________ function for society as it serves to reaffirm the legitimacy of the society and creates the boundaries for what is acceptable behavior in society.

A) destabilizing
B) positive
C) validating
D) detrimental

Question 16

Treating the ________ as the source of deviance is the central thesis of biological, psychological, and some sociological theories.

A) aggregate
B) group
C) individual
D) minority group

Question 17

Because the rates of crime and mental illness vary by different social groups (class, ethnicity, race, place of residence, and sex), proponents of the ________ approach assume that social and cultural factors are operative in the emergence of delinquent patterns.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) sociological
D) physiological

Question 18

________ contends that society in defining what is illegal assigns deviant status to particular individuals, which in turn dominates their identities and behaviors.

A) Labeling theory
B) Conflict theory
C) Order theory
D) Stigmatization theory

Question 19

________ explanations for deviance focus on physical features, genetic anomalies, and brain malfunctions.

A) Biological
B) Psychological
C) Sociological
D) Physiological

Question 20

________ argue that society creates deviance by creating rules, the violation of which constitutes deviance.

A) Social Darwinists
B) Labeling theorists
C) Conflict theorists
D) Order theorists

Question 21

The ________ to social problems focuses on laws and customs of society, which are seen as constructed to serve the powerful; consequently, the solution to deviance is to restructure society instead of rehabilitating the criminal.

A) conflict approach
B) order approach
C) labeling approach
D) differential approach

Question 22

According to order theorists, deviance ________.

A) is an integral part of a healthy society
B) gives non-deviants a sense of solidarity
C) reasserts the importance of the rules when they are violated
D) All of the above

Question 23

________ argue that deviance is not limited to troubled individuals; organizations can also be deviant.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Order theorists
C) Labeling theorists
D) Interaction theorists

Question 24

System blamers cite failures of schools and the penal system as causes of ________.

A) stigmatization
B) recidivism
C) radical nonintervention
D) primary deviance

Question 25

From the conflict perspective, such acts as CIA intervention in the domestic affairs of other nations or imperialism are examples of ________.

A) political crime
B) corporate crime
C) street crime
D) radical crime

Question 26

Radical nonintervention is a strategy of leaving juvenile delinquents alone as much as possible rather than ________ them through the criminal justice system.

A) treating
B) punishing
C) segregating
D) labeling

Question 27

________ assume that the law and the state are often tools of the powerful used to keep them in power; the political order itself may be criminal because it can be unjust.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Labeling theorists
C) Order theorists
D) Victim blamers

Question 28

The ________ focuses on deviants themselves and believes that deviants have had inadequate socialization and should be rehabilitated so they will conform to society's norms and standards.

A) conflict perspective
B) order perspective
C) labeling perspective
D) differential perspective

Question 29

The practice of ________ frees the government, the economy, and the systems of stratification, justice and education from blame or the need to change.

A) stigmatization
B) blaming the victim
C) resocialization
D) social segregation

Question 30

________ holds that observations that society's underdogs engage in more deviance than their middle and upper class counterparts are invalid because the response of society to deviance is socially differentiated at every phase of the criminal justice system.

A) Conflict theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Order theory
D) Social Darwinism

Question 31

The tendency toward ________ is especially strong when the labeling is accompanied by a sense of injustice.

A) secondary deviance
B) stigmatization
C) segregation
D) solidarity

Question 32

________ is an ethnocentric term implying that the culture of another group is not only deficient but also inferior.

A) Cultural deprivation
B) Cultural transmission
C) Systemic bias
D) Stigmatization

Question 33

________may be seen as a public, nonviolent breach of the law with the purpose of calling attention to unfair laws or practices..

A) Corporate crime
B) Civil disobedience
C) Individual deviance
D) Radical nonintervention

Question 34

Social Darwinists propose that a person's placement in the stratification system is a function of ________.

A) systemic bias
B) discrimination
C) innate ability
D) culture

Question 35

Conflict theorists focus primarily on ________ crimes.

A) corporate
B) political
C) street
D) Both a and b

Question 36

________ is the illegal and/or socially harmful behaviors that result from deliberate decision making by corporate executives in accordance with the operative goals of their organizations.

A) Political deviance
B) Corporate crime
C) Street crime
D) Secondary deviance

Question 37

________ theorists are critical of ________ and ________ approaches for their tendency to emphasize street crimes and to ignore the crimes of the elites, such as corporate crimes and crimes by governments.

A) Labeling/conflict and order
B) Order/conflict and labeling
C) Conflict/order and labeling
D) None of the above

Question 38

________ is the view that the poor are qualitatively different in values and lifestyles from the rest of society and that these cultural differences explain continued poverty and deviance.

A) Cultural transmission
B) Stigmatization
C) Culture of poverty
D) Cultural deprivation

Question 39

________ say society assigns a deviant status to individuals, which in turn dominates their identities and behaviors.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Labeling theorists
C) Order theorists
D) Social Darwinists

Question 40

The ________ on deviance has been criticized for its tendency to assume a conspiracy by the well-to-do and for proposing a utopian solution.

A) deterministic perspective
B) order perspective
C) conflict perspective
D) labeling perspective

Question 41

As a result of the person-blame approach, the authorities

A) must pay attention to the criticisms of the dissidents.
B) can control the dissidents under the guise of being helpful.
C) must acknowledge the flaws in the system and make changes.
D) will address corporate crime as a serious social problem.

Question 42

Differential treatment for similar behavior by different categories of people within a single society

A) is further proof that deviance is a property of the act.
B) is further proof that deviance depends on the reaction of the audience.
C) illustrates that it is the act that determines whether behavior is seen as deviant.
D) proves that the audience's reaction to the act is insignificant.

Question 43

According to labeling theory, who gets labeled as a deviant is

A) a matter of luck.
B) a type of random selection.
C) a result of systematic social bias against the powerless.
D) all of the above.

Question 44

The individual-blamer would explain the high recidivism rate of criminals by

A) criticizing the penal system.
B) identifying limited employment opportunities.
C) condemning the school system in the slums.
D) pointing out the flaws in the person.

Question 45

The most blatant example of bias due to labeling is

A) who receives the death penalty.
B) who gets legal counsel in their trial.
C) who is found guilty of misdemeanors.
D) who gets to use an insanity defense.

Question 46

A strength of the labeling theory is

A) it concentrates on the role of societal reaction in the creation of deviance.
B) it focuses on the question of causation.
C) it disregards undetected deviance.
D) it assumes all deviants are normal.

Question 47

The person-blame interpretations of deviance reinforce

A) the idea that the social system is flawed.
B) the emphasis on changing the correctional system.
C) a focus on labeling theory.
D) social myths about the degree of control we have over our fate.

Question 48

Deviance is

A) a property inherent in a particular kind of behavior.
B) an absolute notion.
C) a relative notion.
D) independent of how others react to it.

Question 49

According to Edward Banfield, lower class individuals have

A) weak ego strength.
B) present time orientation.
C) a propensity for taking risks.
D) all of the above

Question 50

According to labeling theory, the behavior that occurs prior to labeling is called ________ .

A) secondary deviance.
B) residual deviance.
C)
D) primary deviance.
Tertiary deviance

Question 51

Emile Durkheim is a/an ________ who proposed that deviance is a normal function of society.

A) labeling theorist
B) order theorist
C) conflict theorist
D) None of the above

Question 52

Previous criminal offenders are arrested, on the average, ________ after leaving prison.

A) six weeks
B) six months
C) one year
D) two years

Question 53

The most serious deficiency of labeling theory is that

A) it insists that some people are dangerous.
B) it focuses on some types of deviance but ignores others.
C) it emphasizes the individual's responsibility for the deviant act.
D) its preoccupation is with the crimes of the well-to-do.

Question 54

One problem with Robert Merton's theory of deviance is that Merton

A) accepts the U.S. success ethic.
B) endorses innovative techniques for success.
C) condemns the corporate world as a cause of poverty.
D) exaggerates the use of differential association to explain crime.

Question 55

Deviance refers to

A) behavior that does not conform to social expectations.
B) biologically created reality.
C) behavior that is inherently wrong.
D) behavior consistently condemned from society to society.

Question 56

A particular danger in the system-blame orientation is that it tends to

A) ignore the reality that some individuals are malicious for psychological reasons.
B) not recognize that some people need therapy or help.
C) be only part of the truth.
D) all of the above

Question 57

In a heterogeneous society, what constitutes deviance

A) is almost unanimously agreed upon.
B) results in severely punitive response.
C) is the source of widespread disagreement.
D) is determined by law.

Question 58

According to __________, poor people are more likely to be arrested, to come to trial, to be found guilty, and to receive harsh punishment than middle- and upper-class people.

A) Marxist thought
B) conflict perspective
C) labeling theory
D) all social theorists

Question 59

A basic flaw with the approach to screening the population for presumed flaws is

A) a tendency to overpredict.
B) imperfect screening devices.
C) the solution emphasizes the social system as the problem.
D) both a and b

Question 60

According to labeling theory, the criminal is

A) a product of the judicial system.
B) a maladjusted lower-class person.
C) a result of blaming the victim.
D) an outgrowth of differential association.

Question 61

Social Darwinism is the sociological perspective that attributes a person's placement in the stratification system as a function of innate ability.

Question 62

Based on Merton's theory, deviance is a result of

A) individual pathology.
B) differential association.
C) psychological trauma.
D) social structure.

Question 63

Radical nonintervention involves apprehending and labeling juvenile delinquents and placing them early into the criminal justice system.

Question 64

According to Durkheim, the true function of punishment is

A) to prevent future crimes.
B) to reassert the importance of the rule being violated.
C) to satisfy the need for revenge.
D) all of the above.

Question 65

The "blaming the victim" approach to deviance

A) locates the source of deviance in the person.
B) claims the social structure is flawed.
C) accuses society, not the person, as responsible for deviant behavior.
D) emphasizes the culture of poverty as an explanation for deviance.

Question 66

Biological explanations of deviance have focused on

A) physiognomy.
B) phrenology.
C) somatology.
D) all of the above

Question 67

If a person is found guilty of murder, the worst sentence occurs when the victim is _____ and the perpetrator is ____.

A) black, white
B) white, black
C) Hispanic, black
D) black, black

Question 68

Edward Banfield is the leading theorist associated with the labeling hypothesis.

Question 69

Order theorists propose that powerful economic interest groups are able to get laws passed and enforced that protect their own interests and punish those whose actions are contrary to those interests.

Question 70

Street crimes cause many times more economic damage and harm to people than do political and corporate crimes.

Question 71

Psychological theories of deviance would focus on

A) early life experiences.
B) chromosomal abnormality.
C) physique.
D) facial features.

Question 72

The tendency for secondary deviance is especially strong when the imposition of the label is accompanied by

A) a sense of injustice.
B) a substantial time lapse.
C) public humiliation.
D) retribution.

Question 73

William Ryan is the sociologist who proposed a theory of differential association.

Question 74

Solutions to deviance proposed by the biological theories are aimed at changing the individual, while solutions proposed by psychological theories are aimed at changing the system.

Question 75

Genetic anomalies theorists have investigated the connection between ________ and deviance.

A) XYY chromosomes in males
B) the configuration of the skull
C) facial features
D) phrenology

Question 76

Durkheim believed that the true function of punishment was the prevention of future crimes.

Question 77

Although socialization theories focus on forces external to individuals, they also find fault within the individual.

Question 78

In conflict perspective, the bias of dominant norms preserves the status quo and the current distribution of power.

Question 79

Some acts or qualities are inherently deviant.

Question 80

In Freudian theory, the deviant is a person who has not developed an adequate ______ to control the _______ .

A) superego, ego
B) ego, id
C) ego, superego
D) libido, ego