Deck 4: Culture

Question 1

________ is the knowledge of how to make and use things.

A) Material technology
B) Shared knowledge
C) Social technology
D) Material progress

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The current U.S. policy of promoting democracy around the world, because it is based on a feeling that the U.S. style of democracy is best for all people, is an illustration of

A) cultural diffusion.
B) liberation.
C) ethnocentrism.
D) benevolence.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

________ is the knowledge about how to establish, maintain, and operate the technical aspects of social organization.

A) Material technology
B) Shared knowledge
C) Social technology
D) Material progress

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The concept of linguistic relativity implies that ________.

A) customs of one society should be evaluated based on how they compare to the corresponding customs of another society.
B) individual members of one society can relate to cultural norms and customs of another society.
C) language shapes and influences thought throughout society
D) all of the above.

Question 5

___________ is the knowledge that members of a social organization share.

A) Belief
B) Culture
C) Emoticon
D) Social Construction

Question 6

________ is the process through which society's demands become part of the individual's psychological identification and act to control his/her behavior.

A) Social control
B) Symbol-making
C) Social construction of reality
D) Internalization

Question 7

________ is essential to the maintenance of any social system because it provides two critical functions: predictability of action and stability.

A) Deferred gratification
B) Culture
C) Technology
D) Shared knowledge

Question 8

While such notions as the beginning of the new millennium are ________, they are powerful determinants of human behavior.

A) technological advances
B) social constructions
C) universally accepted
D) natural phenomena

Question 9

Identify which of the following is true of ideologies.

A) They help individuals interpret events.
B) They provide a rationale for action.
C) They provide group members with factual information.
D) Both A and B

Question 10

________ refers to the information, techniques, and tools used by people to satisfy their needs and desires.

A) Material progress
B) Shared knowledge
C) Technology
D) Culture

Question 11

Examples of ethnocentrism from United States history include all of the following EXCEPT

A) anti-abortion laws.
B) exclusionary immigration laws.
C) Jim Crow segregation laws.
D) the Oriental Exclusion Act.

Question 12

___________influences the ways in which the members of a society perceive reality.

A) Emoticon
B) Value
C) Language
D) Ethnomethodology

Question 13

Culture is a/an ______ process; it is built up slowly rather than being present at the beginnings of social organization

A) deterministic
B) evolutionary
C) emergent
D) liberating

Question 14

________ are relatively unimportant norms and are not severely punished if violated.

A) Folkways
B) Values
C) Mores
D) Taboos

Question 15

________ constrains not only behavior but also how people think about and interpret their world.

A) Social constructions
B) Technology
C) Folkways
D) Culture

Question 16

As individuals ________, they exchange ideas that develop into common beliefs and common ways of doing things.

A) interact
B) compete
C) progress
D) develop

Question 17

The universal tendency to deprecate the ways of people from other societies as wrong, old-fashioned, inefficient, or immoral and to think of the ways of one's own group as superior is known as ________.

A) prejudice
B) ethnocentrism
C) superiority complex
D) positive self-perception

Question 18

Culture is acquired through ________, which is the lifelong process of learning culture.

A) acculturation
B) social construction
C) technological advances
D) socialization

Question 19

________ is the scientific study of the commonplace activities of daily life.

A) Ontology
B) Sociology
C) Ethnomethodology
D) Epistemology

Question 20

________ is/are shared beliefs about the physical, social, and metaphysical worlds.

A) Social technology
B) Shared knowledge
C) Ideologies
D) Social constructions

Question 21

____ are highly salient norms whose violation is considered important enough by society to merit severe punishment.

A) Folkways
B) Values
C) Mores
D) Taboos

Question 22

The criteria used to delineate types of norms, their degree of importance, and the severity of punishment are determined by ________.

A) consensus
B) values
C) the people in power
D) social construction

Question 23

________ are the bases for norms.

A) Moral imperatives
B) Values
C) Roles
D) Symbols

Question 24

Identify which of the following is not true of the globalization of culture.

A) Western pop culture is marketed worldwide.
B) English is becoming the world's dominant language of commerce.
C) The singular nature of American culture creates value uniformity.
D) Multinational corporations manufacture and sell goods compatible with a western lifestyle.

Question 25

________ is highly valued because it is believed that it motivates individuals and groups to be discontented with second best.

A) Competition
B) Cooperation
C) Individual expression
D) Symbolic expression

Question 26

Identify which of the following is not an example of the Judeo-Christian ethic.

A) Humanitarianism and the inherent worth of all individuals.
B) Morality based on the Ten Commandments.
C) The primacy of the common good over the goals of the individual.
D) The biblical injunction to have dominion over all living things.

Question 27

The ________ refers to the process whereby people learn how to define reality from other people in interaction and by learning the culture.

A) sociological perspective
B) iron cage of rationality
C) social construction of reality
D) paradox of culture

Question 28

________ refers to symbols that evoke similar meanings in different people.

A) Values
B) Language
C) Roles
D) Social order

Question 29

In his classic work on________, anthropologist Marvin Harris (1974) explained why sacred cattle are allowed to roam the countryside in India while the people may be starving.

A) cultural relativism
B) linguistic relativism
C) ethnomethodology
D) epistemology

Question 30

Identify which of the following is not an explanation of why the value system in the United States is unique.

A) Geographically, the United States has been relatively isolated for most of its history.
B) Historically, the United States has been unique; it was founded by a revolution that grew out of opposition to tyranny and aristocracy.
C) Religiously, the Judeo-Christian ethic has emphasized humanitarians, the worth of the individual, etc.
D) Culturally, the United States has been peopled largely by immigrants who shared a common culture.

Question 31

Identify which of the following is not one of the ways to determine a society's values.

A) Evaluate what preoccupies people in their conversations and actions.
B) Consider what choices people consistently make.
C) Identify what religious beliefs people subscribe to.
D) Understand what people say is good, bad, moral, immoral, desirable, or undesirable.

Question 32

Identify which of the following is not an example of the value placed on success (individual achievement) in the United States.

A) The self-made person is highly valued in American society.
B) Economic success is the most commonly used measurement of success.
C) There is evidence that today's parents are putting more and more pressure on their children to succeed.
D) Parents push fewer structured activities and more family time for their children.

Question 33

The ________ has been an important determinant of the values that typify most people in the United States.

A) Protestant ethic
B) Judeo-Christian ethic
C) Lutheran doctrine
D) Presbyterian edict

Question 34

________ is the argument that customs should not be evaluated by our standards but theirs.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Cultural relativity
C) Humanitarianism
D) Cultural realism

Question 35

The quickest way to understand a culture is to examine its

A) ethnocentrisms.
B) values.
C) shared knowledge.
D) technology.

Question 36

Identify which of the following is not important to the role geography has played in the U.S. value system.

A) The United States has had an abundance of natural resources.
B) Conservation has seemed unnecessary.
C) Resources have been wasted.
D) Preservation has been valued over conservation.

Question 37

________ are the behavioral expectations for the people who occupy particular social positions.

A) Statuses
B) Values
C) Roles
D) Norms

Question 38

The most commonly used measurement of success is

A) volunteerism in the community.
B) leadership in the community.
C) economic success.
D) a healthy and happy family unit.

Question 39

________ are the criteria used in evaluating objects, acts, feelings, or events as to their relative desirability, merit, or correctness.

A) Values
B) Norms
C) Roles
D) Symbols

Question 40

The ________ is the religious belief that emphasizes hard work and continual striving to prove by one's success that one is saved.

A) Lutheran doctrine
B) Judeo-Christian ethic
C) Protestant ethic
D) Presbyterian edict

Question 41

_______ theorists assume that U.S. values are the source of social problems such as crime, energy crisis, or pollution.

A) Order
B) Conflict
C) Evolution
D) Interaction

Question 42

Achieved status is illustrated by

A) occupation.
B) race.
C) sex.
D) age.

Question 43

Two linguists, Sapir and Whorf,

A) analyzed the cultural practice of the couvade.
B) studied the Pakistani dialects.
C) described mating rituals of the Dinka tribe.
D) explained the different meanings of time between Hopis and Anglos.

Question 44

Reference groups refer to groups

A) to which you automatically belong.
B) to which you wish to belong.
C) you employ as targets of ethnocentrism.
D) you tend to deprecate.

Question 45

According to Harris, a society that fails to adapt to its environment

A) becomes innovative.
B) is doomed to extinction.
C) will encourage rapid social change.
D) creates random and capricious behavior.

Question 46

As people interact over time, two fundamental sources of constraint on individuals emerge, social structure and

A) ethnocentrism.
B) cultural relativity.
C) culture.
D) internalization

Question 47

Culture is

A) instinctive.
B) learned.
C) innate.
D) part of a human's biological equipment.

Question 48

As a result of norms

A) behavior becomes patterned.
B) people know how to behave.
C) interaction occurs smoothly.
D) all of the above

Question 49

A/An ________ is a relatively cohesive cultural system that varies in form and substance from the dominant culture.

A) counterculture
B) subculture
C) dominant culture
D) alternate culture

Question 50

When values and behavior are not congruent, __________is/are a typical response.

A) feelings of perseverance
B) feelings of dissatisfaction
C) feelings of guilt
D) feelings of determination

Question 51

________ promises a brighter tomorrow, a better job, a bigger home, etc.

A) Competition
B) Cooperation
C) Regression
D) Progress

Question 52

The global economy

A) is becoming more and more unified.
B) has been based on a rejection of Western culture.
C) has utilized a number of languages for commercial purposes.
D) is characterized by ethnically based corporations.

Question 53

Identify which of the following is not an example of the discrepancy between American values and behavior.

A) Americans glorify individualism and self-reliance but in order to get along in bureaucracies you have to go along with others and be a "team player."
B) Americans say they place a high value on equality but actively practice discrimination and prejudice.
C) Americans value "law and order" and report to the IRS those who cheat on taxes.
D) Americans display pride in solving difficult technical problems, yet avoid confronting chronic social problems.

Question 54

Which statement illustrates ethnocentrism?

A) My fraternity is the best.
B) Reincarnation is a weird belief.
C) We are God's chosen people.
D) All of the above illustrate ethnocentrism.

Question 55

By definition, language refers

A) to symbols that evoke similar meanings in different people.
B) to ideas shared and understood by all people in the world.
C) universally agreed upon gestures.
D) only written and spoken words.

Question 56

The paradox of culture is that

A) while humans make culture, culture constrains humans.
B) culture prevents social change.
C) culture undermines stability.
D) people tend to resist the dictates of culture.

Question 57

________ creates a belief among people that "work pays off" and that "having things" is a desirable way of life.

A) Social technology
B) Material progress
C) Deferred gratification
D) Social construction

Question 58

People who are industrious are

A) rich.
B) content.
C) self-righteous.
D) valued.

Question 59

Norms

A) are the same from society to society.
B) are situational.
C) are characterized by severe sanction.
D) are free from the influence of powerful people.

Question 60

Identify which of the following is not a consequence of individual freedom being highly valued in American society.

A) unfair competition
B) a caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) philosophy
C) cultural paradox
D) the ecology crises

Question 61

It is cultural relativity that instills a sense of naturalness about the alternatives peculiar to a given society.

Question 62

The contribution of John Calvin was based on

A) his belief in divine compassion.
B) the Christian concept of charity.
C) his belief in predestination.
D) the Jewish concept of retribution.

Question 63

Culture tends to be static.

Question 64

Internalization is the process of society's demands becoming part of the individual and controlling his or her behavior.

Question 65

Such cultural beliefs as the beginning of the new millennium are social constructions, but are powerful determinants of human behavior.

Question 66

Individuals interacting with one another exchange ideas that develop into common beliefs and ways of doing things.

Question 67

Culture is internalized through members' psychological identification with the group to which they belong or to reference groups, which is a group to which they want to belong.

Question 68

Culture establishes a universal tendency for people to think other societies are wrong and that their own is superior.

Question 69

Individuals feel guilt or shame because

A) they have internalized the norms of society.
B) they are intrinsically moral.
C) certain behaviors are universally scorned.
D) all societies share the same mores.

Question 70

Social technology is internalized by providing the individual with an identity, which is socially bestowed, socially sustained, and socially transformed.

Question 71

The strongest opposition to globalization is

A) fundamentalist religion.
B) political demagogues.
C) ethnocentrism.
D) cultural pluralism.

Question 72

The environmental crisis can be traced to

A) competition.
B) deferred gratification.
C) capitalism and private property.
D) emphasis on progress.

Question 73

Social technology is the knowledge that members of a social organization share.

Question 74

Culture channels human behavior by constraining it.

Question 75

The spread of one society's cultural characteristics to another is called

A) cultural relativity.
B) cultural imperialism.
C) cultural epistemology.
D) cultural diffusion.

Question 76

According to Yinger, a subculture refers to

A) a relatively cohesive cultural system that differs from the dominant culture.
B) a group that has not been fully assimilated.
C) a group whose traditions have kept their cultures unique.
D) a homogeneous group in opposition to society.

Question 77

Cultural restrictions on individuals provide for predictability and stability in society.

Question 78

Social technology is the process of learning culture.

Question 79

Barber's phrase "Jihad vs. McDonaldization" refers to

A) the tactics of terrorists.
B) the contradictory forces of globalization and parochialism.
C) the worldwide rejection of cultural diffusion.
D) the formation of a global culture.

Question 80

As a result of cultural diffusion,

A) global culture has disappeared.
B) a common homogeneous culture has diminished in importance.
C) national boundaries are becoming obsolete.
D) traditional institutions have strengthened.