Deck 5: Civil Rights

Question 1

What goal did members of the abolitionist movement pursue?

A) the end of slavery
B) the overthrow of the U.S. Constitution
C) the removal of all tariffs on slave-produced goods
D) the removal of all nonwhites from U.S. territory
E) the end of immigration to the United States

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What best explains the increased attention the federal government paid to the problem of racial discrimination during the 1940s?

A) The NAACP had successfully lobbied members of Congress for better federal legislation against disenfranchisement.
B) Northern migration of African Americans increased their voting strength.
C) In a 1942 decision, the Supreme Court required desegregation in the armed forces.
D) The fight against the Nazis challenged the assumptions of white supremacy.
E) The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment forced the federal government to act on racial discrimination.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When did civil rights become part of the U.S. Constitution?

A) Civil rights have always been part of the Constitution.
B) Civil rights were included in the Bill of Rights.
C) Civil rights were incorporated with the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment.
D) Civil rights were incorporated immediately following World War II.
E) Civil rights were incorporated when Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The Seneca Falls Convention was significant because it

A) marked the starting point of the abolitionist movement.
B) marked the starting point of the modern women's movement.
C) marked the end of the modern women's movement.
D) led to the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments.
E) enacted Jim Crow laws at the federal level.

Question 5

The Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson

A) established the separate but equal rule.
B) upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
C) declared that segregation by race was unconstitutional.
D) ruled that the equal protection clause did not cover private acts of discrimination.
E) ruled that the equal protection clause applied only to the federal government and not to state governments.

Question 6

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

A) a meeting in upstate New York during the mid-nineteenth century regarding women's rights
B) an important gathering that initiated the abolitionist movement
C) a convention of southern leaders in the 1850s debating secession
D) the convention that wrote and debated the Fourteenth Amendment
E) the convention where leaders of the Confederacy and the Union negotiated the end of the Civil War

Question 7

What was the Supreme Court's response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

A) It declared the act constitutional.
B) It declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination.
C) It declared the act unconstitutional because Congress had violated the principles of federalism.
D) It declared the act unconstitutional because Congress had violated the separation of powers.
E) The Supreme Court never heard a case concerning the constitutionality of this act.

Question 8

Suffragists called the Statue of Liberty "the greatest hypocrisy of the nineteenth century" because

A) it was in New York-a state that had prohibited women from owning property throughout its history.
B) it was a gift from France and French women were frequently abused by their husbands during the time.
C) "liberty" had historically been represented as a male figure, not a female figure.
D) it was supposed to represent "liberty," yet women could not vote in the United States.
E) the statue did not wear clothes that were appropriate for women during the time.

Question 9

What does the term Jim Crow refer to?

A) northern whites who sympathized with African Americans
B) the civil rights movement of the mid-twentieth century
C) the system of racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction
D) African American politicians during Reconstruction
E) white politicians from northern states who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era

Question 10

Why did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) rely primarily on the courts to press for black political rights in its early years?

A) Only the courts had the legal authority to grant African Americans political rights, so the litigation strategy was most consistent with the organization's goals.
B) The organization was composed of five members and, due to the fact that they were all lawyers, the strategy of litigation seemed to be the most logical choice.
C) The organization was legally prohibited from contacting elected officials at the state and local level and, therefore, had no other alternative than a strategy of litigation.
D) Many judges were African American and, therefore, more sympathetic to the claims of the organization than legislators.
E) The northern black vote was too small to bring about policy change at the legislative level, so the organization chose a strategy of litigation.

Question 11

Which statement about the Reconstruction era is false?

A) African Americans held many state-level political offices.
B) Two black senators were elected from Mississippi.
C) The Constitution was amended three times.
D) Many areas of the southern states were occupied by federal troops.
E) African American voters supported the Democratic Party.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the abolitionist movement is false?

A) The movement spread primarily through local organizations in the North.
B) The movement spawned two political parties: the Liberty Party and the Free Soil Party.
C) The movement grew in the 1830s.
D) Some members of the movement aided in the escape of runaway slaves through the Underground Railroad.
E) The movement focused most of its energies on eliminating slavery in New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.

Question 13

What is the key question behind civil rights protection?

A) What limits are placed on the government's power over individuals?
B) What is the proper meaning of equal rights?
C) What is the appropriate role of state governments?
D) How has the expansion of the bureaucracy affected democracy?
E) Do the federal courts have the authority to interpret the scope of civil rights as spelled out in the Constitution?

Question 14

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to

A) protect African Americans from discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and theaters.
B) protect African Americans against disenfranchisement in the voting booth.
C) expand the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to recent Asian immigrants.
D) restore civil rights to former Confederate soldiers and sympathizers.
E) protect women against disenfranchisement in the voting booth.

Question 15

The term peculiar institution described

A) dual federalism.
B) the women's rights movement.
C) slavery.
D) the abolitionist movement.
E) the Supreme Court.

Question 16

What did the Thirteenth Amendment accomplish?

A) It abolished slavery.
B) It guaranteed voting rights for African American men.
C) It guaranteed equal protection of the laws.
D) It granted women the right to vote.
E) It gave married women the right to own property.

Question 17

During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was

A) used as a strong tool for engineering racial equality.
B) severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court.
C) ruled to be unconstitutional.
D) more strongly defended by individual states than by the federal government.
E) not implemented because of a lack of tax revenue.

Question 18

Which of the following cases helped lead to the Civil War by deciding that slaves had no due process rights even in free states and territories?

A) Marbury v. Madison
B) Dred Scott v. Sandford
C) Plessy v. Ferguson
D) Brown v. Board of Education
E) McCulloch v. Maryland

Question 19

The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees

A) the right to vote for women.
B) equality of law for all races.
C) the right to vote for African American men.
D) the illegality of state secession.
E) the illegality of slavery.

Question 20

Which amendments to the U.S. Constitution seemed to offer African Americans the most hope for achieving full citizenship rights in the United States?

A) the First, Second, and Third amendments
B) the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh amendments
C) the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth amendments
D) the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments
E) The Twentieth, Twenty-first, and Twenty-second amendments

Question 21

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?

A) Racially segregated schools can never be equal.
B) States that segregate must spend more money to make African American schools equal.
C) States that segregate must spend less money on all-white schools in order to make them equal with African American schools.
D) The federal judiciary, but not Congress, has the power to enforce civil rights.
E) School segregation is unfair but does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 22

Ten years after Brown v. Board of Education, ______ percent of black children in the Deep South attended school with white children.

A) 1
B) 20
C) 33
D) 50
E) 67

Question 23

The constitutional authority of Congress to forbid discrimination in employment is based on the

A) power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.
B) equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
C) privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
D) Thirteenth Amendment.
E) Tenth Amendment.

Question 24

"Strict scrutiny" is the level of judicial review the federal courts give to all cases that involve

A) racial classifications.
B) gender classifications.
C) age classifications.
D) ability classifications.
E) sexual orientation classifications.

Question 25

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Shelley v. Kraemer?

A) Racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts.
B) Universities and professional schools had to desegregate.
C) Public universities were required to admit women, but private colleges could still segregate on the basis of gender.
D) Busing in order to integrate public schools was unconstitutional.
E) Busing in order to integrate public schools was constitutional.

Question 26

What is the name for school segregation that results from racially divided neighborhoods rather than state laws?

A) de facto
B) de jure
C) stare decisis
D) ex post facto
E) habeas corpus

Question 27

Which statement best describes the path to women's suffrage in the United States?

A) Some states granted women the right to vote first, and then a constitutional amendment gave all women the right to vote.
B) A constitutional amendment gave all women the right to vote, and then each state passed laws granting women the right to vote.
C) During the fall of 1920, every state passed a law granting women the right to vote, and the United States Constitution was amended to give women the right to vote.
D) The Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting women's suffrage were unconstitutional, and all states were forced to give women the right to vote.
E) A national ballot initiative granting women the right to vote was passed by a majority of voters in every state.

Question 28

How did the Supreme Court justify its decision to strike down the southern practice of "white primaries?"

A) It claimed that the practice infringed upon Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce.
B) It claimed that parties were "an agency of the State," and therefore any practice of discrimination against blacks was a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment.
C) It claimed that separate but equal elections were inherently unequal and, therefore, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
D) It claimed that only the federal government had the authority to conduct primaries under the Constitution.
E) It claimed that the practice violated the reserved powers clause of the Tenth Amendment.

Question 29

Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ______ discrimination.

A) de facto
B) de jure
C) stare decisis
D) ex post facto
E) habeas corpus

Question 30

Which of the following was not used as a way to limit the electoral influence of African Americans?

A) poll taxes
B) literacy tests
C) restrictive covenants
D) white primaries
E) gerrymandering

Question 31

What was the Supreme Court's record in segregation cases in the years before Brown v. Board of Education?

A) The Court overturned forms of segregation using the separate but equal rule on factual grounds.
B) The Court had struck down forms of segregation through the commerce clause, not the Fourteenth Amendment.
C) The Court consistently refused to strike down any form of segregation.
D) The Court had already struck down separate but equal as a principle before Brown.
E) The Court had refused to hear cases on segregation before Brown.

Question 32

During the late 1940s and 1950s, ______ was the head lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund.

A) John Marshall
B) Thurgood Marshall
C) James Byrnes
D) Frederick Douglas
E) Malcolm X

Question 33

A 1948 report on the problem of racial discrimination, To Secure These Rights, was issued by

A) Congress.
B) the NAACP.
C) the White House.
D) the Southern Conference of Governors.
E) the Supreme Court.

Question 34

After World War II, which government institution first began drawing attention to the problem of racism in America?

A) the Supreme Court
B) the White House
C) Congress
D) state governments
E) the State Department

Question 35

The NAACP had the most success with which political strategies for combating racism?

A) mass marches and protests
B) civil disobedience
C) lawsuits
D) passive resistance
E) radio and television advertising

Question 36

Which of the following did the President's Commission on Civil Rights not discuss in its report, To Secure These Rights?

A) the extent of the problem of racial discrimination
B) the result of experiments with racial integration in the armed forces during World War II
C) the consequences of affirmative action in university admissions on African Americans
D) a proposal to tie civil rights legislation to the commerce power of Congress
E) a proposal to use the treaty power as a source of authority for civil rights legislation

Question 37

Which area of discrimination was touched by the legal principles of Brown v. Board of Education?

A) voting
B) public accommodations
C) racially discriminatory jury selection
D) employment
E) public schools

Question 38

In their response to Brown v. Board of Education, southern states did all of the following except

A) pass laws requiring schools to remain segregated.
B) centralize school boards to prevent local districts from obeying the Supreme Court.
C) protest the constitutionality of the Court's decision.
D) enact "pupil placement" laws that placed the burden of transferring to an all-white school on nonwhite children and their parents.
E) quickly desegregate their schools.

Question 39

In 1890, ______ became the first state to allow women to vote.

A) Massachusetts
B) Wisconsin
C) Wyoming
D) New York
E) California

Question 40

Why did President Dwight Eisenhower deploy federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957?

A) There were massive race riots as a result of a federal court order to bus white children into black neighborhoods for schooling.
B) The governor of Arkansas mobilized the Arkansas National Guard to block the enforcement of a federal court order to integrate Little Rock Central High School.
C) Ku Klux Klan members from Little Rock were making terrorist threats against President Eisenhower if the local school district tried to integrate.
D) It was feared that communists had infiltrated the local government.
E) The local police refused to respond to calls from African American neighborhoods.

Question 41

The Supreme Court's decisions on school desegregation policies since 1991 generally suggest that

A) the Court will uphold all desegregation plans involving predominantly minority schools that lag behind white suburban schools.
B) the Court will uphold all desegregation plans involving white suburban schools that lag behind predominantly minority schools.
C) the Court will refuse to hear any cases in the future about desegregation plans.
D) the Court will be willing to end desegregation plans even when predominantly minority schools continue to lag significantly behind white suburban schools.
E) the Court will always uphold all desegregation plans, regardless of the schools involve.

Question 42

How many civil rights acts were passed during the first decade after the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 3
D) 10
E) 20

Question 43

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was

A) the first civil rights bill Congress ever passed.
B) the first civil rights bill Congress had passed since Reconstruction.
C) the second civil rights bill passed by Congress since World War II.
D) the fourth civil rights bill passed by Congress since Brown v. Board of Education.
E) the last civil rights bill passed by Congress.

Question 44

The right to vote was strengthened in 1975 when Congress

A) made literacy tests mandatory for presidential elections.
B) made literacy tests illegal and mandated bilingual ballots or other assistance for non-English-speaking Americans.
C) gave women the right to vote.
D) gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.
E) made poll taxes illegal.

Question 45

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the Voting Rights Act on voter registration in southern states?

A) A smaller percentage of blacks registered to vote in Southern states after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
B) A much larger percentage of whites registered to vote in Southern states after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
C) The percentage of blacks registering to vote did not change at all after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
D) The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of blacks registering to vote declined significantly after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
E) The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of blacks registering to vote increased significantly after passage of the Voting Rights Act.

Question 46

Which city was the setting for a major racial confrontation concerning school busing?

A) Atlanta
B) New Orleans
C) Boston
D) Dallas
E) Miami

Question 47

To draw voting districts so that one group or party is unfairly advantaged is called

A) disenfranchisement.
B) gerrymandering.
C) busing.
D) logrolling.
E) redlining.

Question 48

Which of the following statements best describes the number of peaceful civil rights demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s?

A) The most demonstrations were held in the mid-1950s, and the number of demonstrations declined throughout the 1960s.
B) There were almost no demonstrations prior to 1968.
C) The number of demonstrations grew in the early 1960s and peaked in 1965.
D) There were many demonstrations in the mid-1950s and many demonstrations in the late 1960s but none in between.
E) There were almost no demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s.

Question 49

In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress vastly expanded the role of the executive branch and the credibility of court orders by

A) mandating that the southern states racially gerrymander their legislative districts to ensure that more African Americans were elected to Congress.
B) creating the strict scrutiny test.
C) creating a Department of Civil Rights.
D) requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local government for education be withheld from any school system practicing racial segregation.
E) ordering the desegregation of the military.

Question 50

In ______, Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

A) 1942
B) 1948
C) 1954
D) 1963
E) 1976

Question 51

Desegregating schools in northern states proved to be difficult because

A) very few minorities lived in the North.
B) segregation in the North was generally de facto, the product of both segregated housing and acts of private discrimination that were hard to prove.
C) discrimination in the South was so visible and pervasive that little attention had been given to other parts of the country.
D) there was less hostility toward segregation in the North.
E) there was less tax revenue to fund integration efforts in the North than in the South.

Question 52

Which of the following best describes the federal courts' trend toward school desegregation in the 1990s?

A) The courts increased the federal supervision of local school desegregation.
B) The courts decreased the federal supervision of local school desegregation.
C) The courts continued the active use of busing.
D) The courts ordered the withdrawal of federal education funds from school districts that did not combat de facto segregation.
E) The courts ordered the federal government to dramatically increase the amount of money spent on integrating public schools.

Question 53

What forbade workplace discrimination based on race?

A) the Fourteenth Amendment
B) the Civil Rights Act of 1875
C) the Civil Rights Act of 1964
D) the Nineteenth Amendment
E) the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education

Question 54

The American experience with civil rights suggests which of the following things about political change in the United States?

A) Political change can only be achieved when citizens bypass the courts and the legislatures entirely.
B) Political change is easiest to achieve when the courts and the legislatures frequently overturn each other's actions.
C) The courts are far more powerful than the legislature and, therefore, can advance political change on their own.
D) The legislatures are far more powerful than the courts and, therefore, can advance political change on their own.
E) Legislatures need constitutional authority to act from the courts, and the courts need legislative assistance to implement court orders and focus political support.

Question 55

Which area was not covered by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

A) employment
B) public accommodations
C) school desegregation
D) voting
E) military service

Question 56

One step taken toward the desegregation of public schools was

A) busing children from poor urban school districts to wealthier suburban ones.
B) outlawing of all forms of de facto segregation.
C) opening numerous private schools and academies.
D) providing white parents with valuable tax credits if they enrolled their children in all-black schools.
E) attracting more black students to white schools by hiring only black teachers.

Question 57

In a case of workplace discrimination, which government institution would most likely handle the complaint?

A) the Supreme Court
B) Congress
C) the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
D) the Department of Commerce
E) the Executive Office of the President

Question 58

The Fair Housing Act of 1968

A) had little effect on housing segregation because its enforcement mechanisms were very weak.
B) had little effect on housing segregation because it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1969.
C) had little effect on housing segregation because most housing segregation had been eliminated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
D) dramatically increased housing segregation.
E) dramatically reduced housing segregation.

Question 59

In ______, the Supreme Court permitted busing children as a way of bringing about desegregation of schools.

A) 1942
B) 1947
C) 1964
D) 1971
E) 1985

Question 60

What does the term redlining refer to?

A) the practice of banks refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods
B) the practice of drawing electoral districts that are biased against minority groups
C) denying someone the right to vote by drawing a red line across a citizen's name in the voter registry
D) the practice of denying someone rights by labeling him or her a communist
E) the practice of drawing school district boundaries in a way that ensures segregated schools

Question 61

The Supreme Court case Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992) is important because it

A) asserted that violations of Title IX of the 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages.
B) permitted public schools to experiment with gender segregation.
C) required states to fund schools on Indian reservations at the same levels as all other public schools.
D) narrowed the free speech rights that students enjoyed at school.
E) found busing to integrate schools unconstitutional.

Question 62

Under what conditions can a plaintiff successfully bring a sexual harassment charge?

A) It is possible only if the plaintiff can prove both economic and psychological harm.
B) It is possible only if the plaintiff can prove either economic or psychological harm.
C) The plaintiff need prove neither economic nor psychological harm.
D) Only quid pro quo forms of harassment may be brought into court.
E) Only harassment that creates offensive or intimidating employment conditions that amount to a hostile environment.

Question 63

Which of the following statements about gender equality is false?

A) Women currently make up a larger percentage of college students than men.
B) Women currently make up a smaller percentage of representatives in state legislatures than men.
C) Women currently make up a smaller percentage of representatives in Congress than men.
D) The percentage of female representatives in state legislatures has declined over the last twenty years.
E) The percentage of female representatives in Congress has increased over the last thirty years.

Question 64

The attempt to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment was an important struggle for

A) African Americans.
B) Native Americans.
C) women.
D) gays and lesbians.
E) Latinos.

Question 65

What was the purpose of California's Proposition 187?

A) It barred unauthorized immigrants from voting.
B) It barred unauthorized immigrants from receiving most public services.
C) It barred unauthorized immigrants from ever receiving green cards.
D) It attempted to limit unauthorized immigration at the border through the use of racial profiling.
E) It attempted to limit unauthorized immigration at the border by building a wall between California and Mexico.

Question 66

Title IX of the 1972 Education Act has had its greatest effect on

A) college recruiting.
B) university athletic programs.
C) school busing.
D) religious freedom on campus.
E) school integration.

Question 67

The rights of disabled individuals to both access public businesses and not be discriminated against in employment are guaranteed by

A) the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
B) the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
C) the amended Civil Rights Act of 1991.
D) the federal courts, not laws passed by Congress.
E) individual laws passed by state legislatures.

Question 68

Which group was excluded from immigrating to the United States from the late nineteenth century until the 1940s?

A) Chinese
B) Japanese
C) Mexicans
D) Russians
E) Italians

Question 69

In 1870, Congress passed a law forbidding which of the following immigrant groups from becoming U.S. citizens?

A) Italians
B) Chinese
C) Russians
D) Mexicans
E) Japanese

Question 70

Before the 1920s, what was the political status of Native Americans?

A) They were federal citizens but not citizens of the states in which they lived.
B) They were considered to be foreigners because their tribes were regarded as separate nations.
C) They were considered to be unauthorized immigrants, unless they lived on reservations.
D) They had the same legal status as any other citizen of the United States.
E) They had no political status.

Question 71

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

A) was a valuable tool for the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it prohibited gender discrimination.
B) was a valuable tool for the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it added the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.
C) significantly hurt the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it only outlawed discrimination on the basis of race.
D) significantly hurt the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it required government to treat men and women differently in many areas of public policy.
E) had no effect on the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

Question 72

It was during the tenure of Chief Justice ______ that the Supreme Court established gender discrimination as a highly visible area of civil rights law.

A) Taft
B) Warren
C) Burger
D) Rehnquist
E) Marshall

Question 73

The 1947 federal court case Mendez v. Westminster was significant because

A) its decision to uphold policies that created separate schools for Mexican American and white students in California was eventually overturned by Brown v. Board of Education.
B) its decision to overturn school segregation of Mexican American students in California served as a precursor to Brown v. Board of Education.
C) it was the first court case in American history to rule on the issue of segregation.
D) it granted amnesty to all unauthorized immigrants.
E) it overturned state laws on who can and who cannot become an American citizen.

Question 74

What did the Supreme Court rule in Bowers v. Hardwick?

A) There was a constitutional right to privacy for consensual homosexual activity.
B) There was no constitutional right to privacy for consensual homosexual activity.
C) The Court extended civil rights protection of gays and lesbians as a class.
D) The Court legalized gay marriages.
E) The Court ruled that employment discrimination against gays and lesbians was a violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Question 75

Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail to pass?

A) It won approval in the House but not in the Senate.
B) It won approval in the Senate but not in the House.
C) It was not ratified by the necessary thirty-eight states.
D) The Supreme Court had declared the amendment unconstitutionally vague before it could be submitted to the states.
E) It was vetoed by President Gerald Ford.

Question 76

In dealing with the issue of gays in the military, President Bill Clinton established a

A) "separate but equal" policy.
B) policy forbidding gays from serving in the military.
C) "don't ask, don't tell" policy.
D) policy for allowing openly gay soldiers to serve in any position within the military.
E) policy for allowing openly gay soldiers to serve only in certain positions within the military.

Question 77

United States v. Wong Kim Ark is an important case because it declared that

A) the Exclusion Act was unconstitutional.
B) anyone born in the United States was entitled to be a citizen.
C) Asian American children could not go to school with white students.
D) English was not the official language of the United States.
E) the 1965 Immigration Act was unconstitutional.

Question 78

What happened to California's Proposition 187?

A) A federal court declared it constitutional.
B) A federal court declared most of it a violation of the U.S. Constitution.
C) It was ruled a violation of the state constitution but not the U.S. Constitution.
D) It was negated by a law passed by the California state legislature.
E) There was never a court challenge to its legality and it remains in effect.

Question 79

The Supreme Court's decision in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. was significant because

A) it signaled that the Court would no longer hear cases on sexual harassment.
B) it overturned significant portions of the Violence Against Women Act.
C) it ultimately led Congress to pass a new law giving workers expanded rights to sue in cases where they learn of discriminatory treatment well after it has started.
D) it struck down Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as unconstitutional.
E) It ruled that state-sponsored schools must be open to both men and women.

Question 80

At what level of scrutiny do courts review cases involving gender discrimination?

A) strict scrutiny
B) intermediate scrutiny
C) loose scrutiny
D) stare decisis
E) rational basis