Deck 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Which of the following factors is credited with more positive outcomes for working high school students?

A)Positive evaluations from the employer
B)Working only 20 hours per week or less
C)Complex jobs that offer opportunities to acquire valuable job skills
D)Parental approval and emotional support

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is most consistent with the concept of a crisis as defined by James Marcia?

A)When Imani failed her calculus test,her parents grounded her for two weeks and imposed a requirement of two hours of supervised study every school night until the next exam.
B)Since she was a child,Lila had planned to become a physician when she grew up.Recently,however,she has become very interested in physics,and now she is evaluating related career options such as engineering.
C)Torrential rains in the Midwest caused major flooding,and thousands of people were displaced from their homes and lost their possessions and livelihoods.
D)For the past two years,Juan has had thoughts of suicide,and recently he was diagnosed with depressive disorder.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following might be an advantage of cultures that have clearly identified rites of passage into adulthood?

A)Teenagers are able to establish a clear transition from childhood to adulthood.
B)Teenagers are able to take on careers earlier.
C)Teenagers are encouraged to make career decisions for themselves.
D)Teenagers can more easily resolve the crisis of identity confusion.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements about teenage employment is true?

A)Working in high school has been positively correlated with college success.
B)The more hours worked in high school,the more likely the teen is to be involved with drugs and alcohol.
C)Adults who worked in high school were more likely to go to college.
D)Employed high school students are less apt to argue with their parents.

Question 5

Which of the following represents Erikson's central crisis of adolescence?

A)Latency versus psychosexual development
B)Industry versus inferiority
C)Intimacy versus isolation
D)Identity versus role confusion

Question 6

Celebrating the attainment of dating age and bar/bat mitzvah are examples of which of the following?

A)Confirmation
B)Trans-pubertal events
C)Identity rituals
D)Rites of passage

Question 7

Juanita is planning to go to nursing school because her parents work at the local clinic.She has never even considered other options.Juanita is in which stage of identity development,according to James Marcia?

A)Achievement
B)Foreclosure
C)Moratorium
D)Diffusion

Question 8

More recent theorists have elaborated on Erikson's definition to include which of the following?

A)Understanding one's unique characteristics and how they are manifested across ages,situations,and social roles
B)The application of social roles as they are manifested in one's personality
C)The addition of morals and values to one's identity
D)Understanding the importance of birth order to understand individual identity

Question 9

A person who has chosen an occupation without having evaluated her values and options is in which stage of identity status,according to Marcia?

A)Achievement
B)Diffusion
C)Foreclosure
D)Moratorium

Question 10

Which of Freud's psychosexual stages is reached in the post-pubertal years?

A)Latency
B)Genital
C)Libidinous
D)Phallic

Question 11

Lionel thinks he wants to be a fireman,but he is not sure.He is working with his high school career counselor to get information about careers and college majors before he makes a decision.According to Marcia,Lionel is in which stage of identity development?

A)Achievement
B)Foreclosure
C)Moratorium
D)Diffusion

Question 12

Ahmed does not know what he wants to do when he graduates from high school,and he is not worried about it.He says,"That decision will take care of itself." Marcia would say that Ahmed is in which stage of identity status?

A)Achievement
B)Foreclosure
C)Moratorium
D)Diffusion

Question 13

Having a personal investment in a specific role,value,goal,or ideology describes which of the following components of Marcia's theory?

A)Crisis
B)Commitment
C)Formal operation
D)Moratorium

Question 14

Which theorist saw the issues of identity and role confusion as critical to adolescent development?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Erik Erikson
C)Albert Bandura
D)Jean Piaget

Question 15

Erikson used which of the following terms to refer to the period when an adolescent is troubled by a lack of identity?

A)Role confusion
B)Identity crisis
C)Identity search
D)Identity dispersion

Question 16

How do teens in the U.S.differ from teens in other countries when it comes to employment?

A)Teens in the U.S.spend a great deal more time working than teens in other industrialized nations.
B)Teens in the U.S.are more likely to remain dependent on their parents for financial support as they grow into young adulthood.
C)U)S.teens work fewer total hours per week than teens in other cultures.
D)Teens in other countries are more likely to work in family-owned businesses than are U.S.teens.

Question 17

According to Erikson,why do teenagers identify with peer groups?

A)To have opportunities to develop intimate relationships and find mates
B)To foster creativity and variety in appearance,activities,and interests
C)To have a secure base as they begin the identity development process
D)To consolidate efforts and resources as they begin to move into adult roles

Question 18

According to James Marcia,a person who has examined her values and choices,and who has committed to a specific role,value,or ideology is in which stage of identity status?

A)Achievement
B)Diffusion
C)Foreclosure
D)Moratorium

Question 19

Marcia's theory of adolescent identity achievement suggests that adolescent identity formation has two key parts.What are they?

A)Confusion and resolution
B)Extrusion and inclusion
C)Crisis and commitment
D)A physical transformation;a psychosocial transition

Question 20

A person who has not made a commitment to an occupation or ideology even though she has reexamined her values and choices is which stage of identity status,according to Marcia?

A)Diffusion
B)Achievement
C)Foreclosure
D)Moratorium

Question 21

At which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning are the standards the child uses to judge right and wrong based on external superior sources of authority and determined by the outcome or consequences?

A)Normative reasoning
B)Preconventional morality
C)Conventional morality
D)Principled morality

Question 22

Which of the following is one of the factors identified by Maria Root that shape a biracial ethnic identity?

A)Cultural archetypes
B)Neighborhood
C)Television
D)Religion

Question 23

Which of the following terms would be applied to someone who is low in masculinity and femininity?

A)Androgynous
B)Undifferentiated
C)Transgendered
D)Animistic

Question 24

Carolina tries to behave well so that she can avoid being punished for anything.She is also polite and friendly so that everyone will like her.Carolina is most likely at which level of moral reasoning?

A)Preconventional morality
B)Principled morality
C)Naive hedonism
D)Conventional morality

Question 25

In terms of writing skills,how do boys and girls differ?

A)Boys perceive themselves as better writers than girls.
B)Girls are likely to score higher on objective tests of writing ability.
C)Girls perceive themselves as better writers than boys.
D)Boys score higher on objective tests of writing ability.

Question 26

According to Kohlberg's theory,which stage(s)of moral reasoning are most commonly found in adolescence?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stages 2 & 3
D)Stages 3 & 4

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true regarding teenagers as they progress through adolescence?

A)Their self-concepts become more concrete.
B)Their self-concepts are increasingly tied to their physical characteristics.
C)They increasingly define themselves in terms of enduring traits,beliefs,moral standards,or personal philosophies.
D)They are increasingly dependent on their parents for their identity.

Question 28

What is the term used by developmentalists to describe the psychological aspects of the sexual self?

A)Gender role identity
B)Gender role assumptions
C)Sexual identity
D)Gender identity

Question 29

Katie is often perceived by others to be a boy because of her style of clothing,her facial characteristics,and mannerisms.Based on this information,which of the following might be applied to Katie?

A)She is transgendered.
B)She is a lesbian.
C)She is androgynous.
D)She is a tomboy.

Question 30

Maria's father is from Mexico and her mother is Caucasian and was born in North Dakota.Maria's father expects Maria to listen to traditional Mexican music,dress conservatively,and attend mass every Sunday.This would be an example of which of the following according to Root's research?

A)Biracial conflict
B)Establishing a biracial identity
C)Proving authenticity
D)Establishing peer acceptance

Question 31

How many stages are there in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 32

Which of the following differentiates teenagers' descriptions of themselves from older children's self-descriptions?

A)Children aren't likely to be able to describe themselves.
B)Teenagers describe themselves more in terms of physical characteristics.
C)Children describe themselves in emotional terms.
D)Teens are more likely to describe themselves in terms of what they believe or feel.

Question 33

Which of the following is one of the four basic sex-role types identified by researchers?

A)Incomplete
B)Defined
C)Masculine
D)Confused

Question 34

The first stage of Phinney's theory of ethnic identity is

A)a role-oriented ethnic identity.
B)an unexamined ethnic identity.
C)ethnic identity search.
D)the exploration stage.

Question 35

The ethnic identity search identified by Phinney might be analogous to which of the following?

A)The transition to formal operational thought identified by Piaget
B)The crisis process described in Marcia's theory of identity development
C)Selman's description of the development of social relationships
D)The identity versus role confusion stage identified by Erikson

Question 36

Mac is noted for baking the best cheesecake in town and is also the person everyone calls when their car won't start.Mac can comfort a crying child and fix a flat tire with equal competence.Mac's gender role identity is most likely

A)transsexual.
B)undifferentiated.
C)indeterminate.
D)androgynous.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true regarding adolescent self-esteem?

A)Teens in ethnic minorities are more likely to experience a drop in self-esteem as they transition from childhood to early adolescence compared to Caucasian teens.
B)Teens of all ethnicities in the U.S.are likely to experience a drop in self-esteem as they transition from childhood to early adolescence.
C)Teens of all ethnicities in the U.S.are likely to experience a brief increase in self-esteem as they transition into early adolescence.
D)White teens in the United States are more likely to experience a steady level of self-esteem as they transition through adolescence.

Question 38

Ben's friend Muhammed broke a window and consequently was punished.Ben said that Muhammed was bad because he had been punished.This would indicate that Ben was at which level and stage of moral reasoning?

A)Preconventional morality/punishment and obedience orientation
B)Preconventional morality/conscience
C)Principled morality/social contract
D)Conventional morality/interpersonal conformity

Question 39

The point at which an adolescent minority individual becomes aware of how she is perceived by the majority culture is part of which stage of Phinney's theory of ethnic identity?

A)Ethnic identity search
B)Unexamined ethnic identity
C)Ethnic identity clarification
D)Ethnic identity achievement

Question 40

At the preconventional stage of Kohlberg's levels of moral development,a child's moral reasoning is based on which of the following?

A)Internal expectations of what is considered fair
B)The expectations of others regarding the child's behavior
C)The outcome or consequences of an action
D)Internalized values and principles

Question 41

Which of the following is the best example of delinquent behavior?

A)The star of the team bullies the other basketball team members into giving him the best opportunities to score.
B)Charles switches the materials and chemicals for the chemistry laboratory exam so that none of the experiments work as they should.
C)Mary angrily threatens to run away from home if her parents won't give her more privileges and be more flexible in their rules.
D)The boys vandalized the park by uprooting trees,spray-painting graffiti,and damaging the park benches.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is correct?

A)Among non-industrialized or agricultural societies,the most frequently displayed form of moral reasoning is the universal ethical principles orientation.
B)Most researchers disagree that the stages of moral reasoning occur in the sequence Kohlberg proposed.
C)Researchers find that,in all cultures,older children engage in higher stages of moral reasoning than younger children.
D)Conventional reasoning dominates in elementary school,and among adults,postconventional reasoning is common.

Question 43

Gardner provides his history class with a syllabus that outlines the rules and procedures the class will follow to ensure a comfortable environment for all.Dr.Gardner emphasizes that if the rules seem unfair or cause a hardship,he is willing to negotiate new rules.This philosophy of class management is most consistent with which stage of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

A)Universal ethical principles
B)Social contract
C)Law-and-order orientation
D)Naive hedonism

Question 44

Which of the following moral principles typically overrides all other concerns of moral judgment in Western societies?

A)Justice
B)Wisdom
C)Fairness
D)Equality

Question 45

What is true about teens that are close to their parents?

A)They are more likely to have sex at an early age.
B)They are less likely to do drugs.
C)They suffer more from peer pressure.
D)They tend to be victims of bullying.

Question 46

Which of the following best defines the term antisocial in psychological theories?

A)Having a moral stance which disregards the norms of society
B)Choosing to live away from other people
C)Going against the rules of one's parents
D)Deciding for one's self what is right and wrong

Question 47

Which of the following refers to the ability to look at a situation from another person's perspective?

A)Role-taking
B)Perspective assumptions
C)Role reversal
D)Egocentrism

Question 48

In the great majority of families,what are conflicts between parents and children generally about?

A)Everyday issues,such as chores
B)Problems with teachers
C)Relationships with peers
D)Work

Question 49

Which of the following best summarizes the importance of parental-teen relationships across cultures?

A)The consistency and quality of peer attachments seem to be more important to most teens than the strength of parental attachments.
B)Teens who are too attached to their parents tend to have poor peer relationships.
C)The consistency and quality of the parental attachment seem to be more important to most teens than the strength of peer attachments.
D)Peer relationships always take precedence over parental relationships during adolescence.

Question 50

Carol Gilligan argues that there are two distinct moral orientations.What are they?

A)Fairness and ethics
B)Intimacy and legality
C)Judgment and nurture
D)Justice and care

Question 51

Smith pays his income taxes and obeys the posted speed limits because "that is the law," he says.Mr.Smith is most likely reasoning at which stage of moral development?

A)Punishment and obedience orientation
B)Preconventional morality
C)Post-conventional morality
D)Social system and conscience

Question 52

The rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs,such as the family,peer group,or religion,become the basis of moral judgments during which level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

A)Conventional morality
B)Punishment and obedience orientation
C)Naive hedonism
D)Social contract orientation

Question 53

Which of the following terms describes antisocial behavior that includes law-breaking?

A)Juvenile behavior
B)Delinquency
C)Acting out
D)Role-taking

Question 54

Which of the following is a necessary condition for the development of advanced moral reasoning?

A)Complete absence of egocentrism
B)Religious upbringing and beliefs
C)Concrete operational and formal operational thinking skills
D)Education to develop character and moral values

Question 55

According to Kohlberg,the highest stage of moral reasoning is

A)individual rights.
B)social contract.
C)universal ethical principles.
D)mutual interpersonal expectations.

Question 56

Which of the following is believed by Kohlberg and others to be the most important contributor to moral reasoning?

A)The decline in egocentrism
B)The concrete thinking found in Piaget's formal operational stage
C)The increase in abstract thinking ability
D)The movement from abstract to hypothetical thinking

Question 57

Like most teens,Annika has two contradictory tasks in her relationship with her parents: to establish autonomy from them and

A)to keep her peer relationships separate from them.
B)to question their authority.
C)to maintain a sense of relatedness with them.
D)to maintain a sense of inferiority.

Question 58

If you believe that there are distinct differences in the way that boys and girls perceive moral dilemmas,which theorist would you most likely support?

A)Lawrence Kohlberg
B)Carol Gilligan
C)Samuel Elkind
D)Nancy Eisenberg

Question 59

Which of the following statements best summarizes the success of programs designed to deter delinquent behavior in adolescents?

A)The programs introduced prior to the 1990s prove to be the most successful.
B)Most programs introduced in the 20th century were not successful,but in the 21st century significant progress is being made.
C)As of 2003,most of these programs have been discontinued.
D)As of 2003,most of these programs have not been successful.

Question 60

Which of the following characteristics is both a cause and a consequence of moral development according to Nancy Eisenberg?

A)Justice
B)Wisdom
C)Equality
D)Empathy

Question 61

Which of the following is a risk factor for early dating and higher levels of sexual experience among adolescent girls?

A)Having same-sex parents
B)Divorced parents
C)Late puberty
D)Higher socioeconomic class

Question 62

Hippies,cowboys,nerds,geeks,and preppies are all terms that might be used to describe which of the following?

A)Cliques
B)Peer groups
C)Crowds
D)Clubs

Question 63

According to your text,which of the following is one of the contributors to interpersonal loyalty,intimacy,and faithfulness within friendships during adolescence?

A)Hormonal changes
B)Temperament
C)Age
D)Gender

Question 64

Which of the following typically helps to prepare adolescents for romantic relationships?

A)Comparing notes with their friends of the same sex
B)Sex education courses
C)Discussions with parents
D)Participation in mixed-gender groups of friends

Question 65

A clique is made up of between ___ and ___ young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another.

A)2;3
B)4;6
C)5;10
D)10;15

Question 66

Erikson used the term ________ to refer to the period when an adolescent is troubled by a lack of identity.

Question 67

An individual whose gender-role identity is ________ would perceive herself or himself as having both feminine and masculine traits.

Question 68

Which statement most accurately describes the progression of peer group structures through adolescence?

A)Same-sex cliques combine into crowds that evolve into heterosexual cliques and associations of couples.
B)Crowds dissolve into cliques that reorganize into heterosexual pairs.
C)Reputation-based groups become identity prototypes that will become either cliques or crowds.
D)Peers separate from cliques to form broader groups based on interests.

Question 69

Don's parents are politically conservative and consider themselves religious.Don's values are very much the same as his parents,but he has several friends who are active in politically liberal causes.Don's friends ask him to join them for a rally to protest the local library's plan to limit teenagers' access to the Internet.What is Don most likely to do?

A)Join his friends at the rally
B)Change his values
C)Find a new group of friends
D)Put pressure upon his friends to change their course of action

Question 70

Which of the following is likely to be true of social interactions in later adolescence?

A)Belonging to a clique of high status becomes more important.
B)Adolescents who don't belong to a clique or a crowd tend to date more frequently.
C)Mutual friendships and dating pairs become more important than cliques or crowds.
D)Dating pairs replace mutual friendships.

Question 71

The identity prototypes associated with reputation-based peer groups most likely serve the developmental purpose of

A)helping teens understand their potential roles as adults.
B)maintaining order and discipline among groups in the educational setting.
C)clarifying appropriate targets for social and romantic interests.
D)helping to create or reinforce adolescents' sense of identity.

Question 72

At what age does peer group conformity peak?

A)11-12
B)13-15
C)15-16
D)16-17

Question 73

Teens whose academic self-concepts are strong tend to take more ________ courses in high school.

Question 74

Which of the following is true of homosexuality in teenagers?

A)Homosexuality is less prevalent in teenagers than any other age group.
B)Many adolescents experience some degree of attraction to both sexes before identifying as homosexual.
C)They are likely to "discover" their sexual attractions much later than their heterosexual peers.
D)Girls who express a homosexual orientation express less certainty about it than homosexual boys do.

Question 75

Which of the following is considered to be the least important characteristic of teenagers' friendships?

A)Shared activities
B)Sexual attractiveness
C)Loyalty and faithfulness
D)Stability

Question 76

Which of the following describes a combination of cliques that includes both male and female members?

A)Crowd
B)Cohort
C)Peer structure
D)Peer group

Question 77

The last of Freud's stages of psychosexual development is the ________ stage.

Question 78

Which of the following is the best example of a clique,as described by Dunphy?

A)Kwame and Mahmoud have been best friends since they played on the same soccer team in fifth grade.
B)Helena and Raoul have been dating since they were 15,and now they are thinking of marrying.
C)The Detroit City basketball team won the state championship by setting team goals,playing unselfishly,and practicing every day.
D)Bobby,Mike,George,and Derrick have shared good and bad times in each other's lives since they were 12 years old.

Question 79

How do peer group pressures affect adolescents?

A)The typical pattern of peer pressure is to encourage misconduct or negative activities.
B)Adolescents are most likely to choose a peer group that shares their values,attitudes,behavior,and identity status.
C)Until their identity is developed,adolescents will be unable to withstand peer pressure to explore attitudes or behaviors that are inconsistent with their basic values and beliefs.
D)The need to conform to the group increases during adolescence and peaks by age 18 or 19.

Question 80

Jewish boys take part in bar mitzvah and girls take part in bat mitzvah.These are both examples of ________.